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閩

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:闽

閩	U+95A9,閩 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-95A9

←閨
[U+95A8]

CJK Unified Ideographs

閪 →
[U+95AA]

Translingual

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Kangxi Dictionary:page 1335, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41315
Dae Jaweon: page 1841, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4295, character 9
Unihan data for U+95A9

Chinese

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trad.		閩
simp.		闽
alternative forms		𨷷

Glyph origin

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Characters in the samephonetic series (門)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蔄	roːs, mruːns
闅	min, mrɯn, *mɯn
閩	mrɯn, mɯn
蕄	mɯːŋ, mrɯːŋ
門	*mɯːn
捫	*mɯːn
悶	*mɯːns
聞	mɯn, mɯns
閿	*mɯn
問	*mɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*mrɯn, *mɯn): phonetic 門(OC*mɯːn) + semantic 虫(“snake”). The虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).

Etymology

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Matisoff (2003) relates it toProto-Sino-Tibetan*s-b/m-ruːl(“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.

In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):mǐn,mín
(Zhuyin):ㄇㄧㄣˇ, ㄇㄧㄣˊ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):min³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):man⁵ /man⁴
(Taishan,Wiktionary):man³
Gan(Wiktionary):min³
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):mén
(Hailu,HRS):men^ˊ
(Meixian,Guangdong):mên²
Jin(Wiktionary):ming²
Northern Min(KCR):mâing
Eastern Min(BUC):mìng
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):mang² / ming²
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):bân /bîn
(Teochew,Peng'im):mang⁵
Wu(Shanghai,Wugniu):⁶min
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):min²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard inMainland andTaiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:mǐn
  - Zhuyin:ㄇㄧㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:mǐn
  - Wade–Giles:min³
  - Yale:mǐn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:miin
  - Palladius:минь(minʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/min²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:mín
  - Zhuyin:ㄇㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:mín
  - Wade–Giles:min²
  - Yale:mín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:min
  - Palladius:минь(minʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/min³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:min³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:min
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/min⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:man⁵ / man⁴
  - Yale:máhn / màhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin:man⁵ / man⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization:men⁵ / men⁴
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/mɐn¹³/, /mɐn²¹/

Note: man4 - uncommon.

- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:man³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ᵐban²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:min³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/min²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:mén
  - Hakka Romanization System:men^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:men³
  - SinologicalIPA:/men³¹/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:men^ˊ
  - SinologicalIPA:/men²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:mên²
  - SinologicalIPA:/mɛn¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:ming²
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/miŋ⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:mâing
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/maiŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:mìng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/miŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian,Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:mang²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:máng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/maŋ¹³/
- (Putian,Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:ming²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:míng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/miŋ¹³/

Note:

mang2 - vernacular;
ming2 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:bân
  - Tâi-lô:bân
  - Phofsit Daibuun:baan
  - IPA (Kaohsiung):/ban²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen,Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Taipei):/ban²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou):/ban¹³/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:bîn
  - Tâi-lô:bîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun:biin
  - IPA (Xiamen,Quanzhou):/bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou):/bin¹³/

Note:

bân - vernacular;
bîn - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:mang⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:mâng
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/maŋ⁵⁵/

Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
  - Wugniu:⁶min
  - MiniDict:min^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):³min
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/min²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:min²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/min¹³/

Middle Chinese:min, mjun

Rime
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)	文 (59)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	武巾切	無分切
Baxter	min	mjun
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiɪn/	/mɨun/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚin/	/miun/
Shao Rongfen	/mien/	/miuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mjin/	/mun/
Li Rong	/mjĕn/	/miuən/
Wang Li	/mǐĕn/	/mĭuən/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯ĕn/	/mi̯uən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mín	wén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man⁴	man⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*mrə[n]/
(Zhengzhang):/*mrɯn/, /*mɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mǐn
Middle Chinese	‹ min ›
Old Chinese	/*mrə[n]/
English	southern tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	8956	8966
Phonetic component	門	門
Rime group	文	文
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	珉	文
Old Chinese	/*mrɯn/	/*mɯn/

Definitions

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閩

(historical)Min people(ancient ethnic group)
(～江)Min River (a river inFujian,China)
Fujian
閩南／闽南 ― mǐnnán ― southernFujian
閩西／闽西 ― mǐnxī ― westernFujian
閩菜／闽菜 ― mǐncài ― Fujian cuisine
(～語,～方言)Min languages
asurname