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車

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:车,倝,and重
車U+8ECA,車
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8ECA
←軉
[U+8EC9]		CJK Unified Ideographs軋 →
[U+8ECB]
⾞U+2F9E,⾞
KANGXI RADICAL CART
←⾝
[U+2F9D]		Kangxi Radicals⾟ →
[U+2F9F]
車U+F902,車
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F902
←更
[U+F901]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs賈 →
[U+F903]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]
See images of
Radical 159車

車 (Kangxi radical 159,車+0, 7 strokes,cangjie input十田十 (JWJ),four-corner50006,composition⿻亘丨 or⿻二申)

  1. Kangxi radical #159,⾞.

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 1239, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38172
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1712, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3511, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8ECA

Chinese

[edit]
trad.車
simp.车*
alternative forms𠦴
𨏖
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 車(Written Standard Chinese?)
  • chhia(Southern Min)

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character車
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Bronze inscriptionsOracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptShizhoupian scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the samephonetic series (車)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
車*kʰlja, *kla
硨*kʰlja
厙*qʰljaːs
庫*kʰaːs

Pictogram (象形) – originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a田 (OC*l'iːŋ). Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character,車 (OC*kʰlja, *kla) is a vertical depiction of a carriage.

Note that倝 (OC*kaːns) and朝 (OC*ʔr'ew, *r'ew) are not derived from車 (OC*kʰlja, *kla).

Etymology

[edit]

    Perhaps a loan from anIndo-European language because the horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compareTocharian Akukäl,Tocharian Bkokale(“wagon; cart”) (Mair, 1990,Bauer, 1994), fromProto-Tocharian*kuk(ä)le, fromProto-Indo-European*kʷékʷlos, a form of*kʷel-(“to turn”). Cognate withEnglishwheel,Ancient Greekκύκλος(kúklos),Lithuaniankaklas(“neck”), etc.

    Sagart and Baxter (2025) specifically pinpoint descent from some reflex ofProto-Indo-Iranian*čakrám. They also suppose that the variation of pronunciations could be attributed to separate borrowing events from Indo-Aryan and Iranian.

    An older variant survives in Mandarin軲轆／轱辘 (gūlu, “wheel”) (Bauer, 1994). Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from舁 (OC*la, “to lift”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); compare the semantic parallel inTibetanཐེག་པ(theg pa,“vehicle; carriage”) (<to support; to carry; to lift).

    Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate. A similar phonological doublet is處 (OC*kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) and居 (OC*kas) (Schuessler, 2007). Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.

    The sense of lewd content is derived from老司機 /老司机(lǎosījī).

    Pronunciation 1

    [edit]
    Note:
    • ce1 - colloquial (incl. surname);
    • geoi1 - literary.
    Note: ki - surname.
    Rime
    Character車
    Reading #2/2
    Initial (聲)昌 (24)
    Final (韻)麻 (100)
    Tone (調)Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合)Open
    Division (等)III
    Fanqie尺遮切
    Baxtertsyhae
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang    		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Pan
    Wuyun    		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Shao
    Rongfen    		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank    		/cʰia/
    Li
    Rong    		/t͡ɕʰia/
    Wang
    Li    		/t͡ɕʰĭa/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren    		/t͡ɕʰi̯a/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex    		chē
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex    		ce1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character車
    Reading #1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)    		chē
    Middle
    Chinese    		‹ tsyhæ ›
    Old
    Chinese    		/*[t.qʰ](r)A/
    Englishchariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character車
    Reading #1/2
    No.1311
    Phonetic
    component    		車
    Rime
    group    		魚
    Rime
    subdivision    		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime    		車
    Old
    Chinese    		/*kʰlja/

    Definitions

    [edit]
    人力三輪車

    車

    1. (countable) landvehicle;(specifically)car(Classifier:輛／辆m; 部mc; 臺／台mmn; 架c; 頂／顶mn; 張／张mn-t; 乘m)
      汽車／汽车  ― qìchē  ― car
      火車／火车  ― huǒchē  ― train
      街上一輛車都沒有。[MSC,trad.]
      街上一辆车都没有。[MSC,simp.]
      Jiē shàng yī liàngchē dōu méiyǒu.[Pinyin]
      There is not even onecar on the street.
      去車行買新車[Cantonese,trad.]
      去车行买新车[Cantonese,simp.]
      heoi3ce1 hong4-2 maai5 san1ce1[Jyutping]
      to buy a newcar at acar dealership
    2. wheeleddevice,appliance,instrument orapparatus
      滑車／滑车  ― huáchē  ―  pulley
      紡車／纺车  ― fǎngchē  ―  spinning wheel
    3. machine;rig;engine;motor;locomotive;tractor;truck;lorry(Classifier:部m; 臺／台m)
      試車／试车  ― shìchē  ―  to test a new machine
    4. (Cantonese)driving(action of operating a vehicle);drivingskills(Classifier:手c)
    5. tolathe
    6. tolift water using a水車／水车 (“old-style machine that is human or animal-powered and lifts water”)
    7. (dialectal, includingCantonese,Wu,Northern Min,Southern Min,Liuzhou Mandarin) totransport using avehicle
      你可唔可以車我去地鐵站呀？[Cantonese,trad.]
      你可唔可以车我去地铁站呀？[Cantonese,simp.]
      nei5 ho2 m4 ho2 ji5ce1 ngo5 heoi3 dei6 tit3 zaam6 aa3?[Jyutping]
      Can youdrive me to the MTR station?
    8. totailor orsew using asewing machine
      車衫／车衫[Cantonese]  ― ce1 saam1[Jyutping]  ―  to sew clothes with a sewing machine
    9. (Cantonese) tohitviolently
      大巴大巴車落佢塊面度[Cantonese,trad.]
      大巴大巴车落佢块面度[Cantonese,simp.]
      daai6 baa1 daai6 baa1ce1 lok6 keoi5 faai3 min6 dou6[Jyutping]
      to hit his face with multiple violent slaps
    10. (dialectal) toturn (one's body, etc.)
    11. (Sichuanese) torotate; toturn
    12. (Internetslang)pornography;lewd content
    13. Classifier forloads of things carried by avehicle.
    14. asurname
    Usage notes
    [edit]
    • 車／车 (chē) is a collective term for all types of vehicles with wheel(s). Additional morphemes are added in front to specify the type of the vehicle. For example:
      汽車／汽车  ― qìchē  ―  car
      火車／火车  ― huǒchē  ―  train
      自行車／自行车  ― zìxíngchē  ―  bicycle
      嬰兒車／婴儿车  ― yīng'érchē  ―  pram
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of汽車 (“car, motor vehicle”)[map]
    VarietyLocationWords
    Formal(Written Standard Chinese)汽車
    Northeastern MandarinBeijing汽車
    Taiwan汽車
    Malaysia車
    Singapore汽車,車
    Jilu MandarinXianxian(Xiaoying)汽車
    Jinan汽車
    Central Plains MandarinXi'an汽車
    Sokuluk(Gansu Dungan)汽車,馬什乃
    Southwestern MandarinChengdu汽車
    Wuhan汽車
    Guilin汽車
    Pingle汽車
    Luzhai汽車
    Nanning(Wuming)汽車
    Binyang(Nanjie)汽車
    Hechi(Yizhou)汽車
    Luocheng(Dongmen)汽車
    Tianlin(Langping)汽車
    Dagudi(Maliba)汽車
    Reshuitang(Longling)汽車
    Mae Salong(Lancang)汽車
    Mae Sai(Tengchong)汽車
    Jianghuai MandarinYangzhou汽車
    Hefei汽車
    CantoneseGuangzhou汽車,車
    Hong Kong汽車,車
    Taishan汽車
    Yangjiang汽車
    Guiping(Jintian)汽車
    Guiping(Jiangkou)汽車
    Guiping(Madong)汽車
    Qinzhou汽車
    Qinzhou(Xiniujiao)汽車
    Beihai汽車
    Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)汽車
    Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)汽車
    Fangchenggang(Fangcheng)汽車
    Singapore(Guangfu)車
    Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu)汽車
    Móng Cái汽車
    GanNanchang汽車
    HakkaMeixian汽車
    Miaoli(N. Sixian)汽車,自動車
    Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)汽車,自動車
    Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)汽車,自動車
    Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)汽車,自動車
    Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)汽車,自動車
    Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)汽車,自動車
    Kuching(Hepo)車
    JinTaiyuan汽車
    Northern MinJian'ou汽車
    Eastern MinFuzhou汽車
    Southern MinXiamen汽車,風車,大車,電車 dated
    Xiamen(Tong'an)風車
    Quanzhou汽車,風車,大車
    Hui'an風車
    Zhangzhou汽車,大車,電車 dated
    Zhao'an汽車,風車
    Taipei自動車
    New Taipei(Sanxia)自動車
    Kaohsiung自動車,動車
    Yilan自動車
    Changhua(Lukang)自動車
    Taichung汽車,自動車
    Tainan自動車
    Hsinchu自動車
    Kinmen汽車
    Penghu(Magong)自動車,汽車
    Penang(Hokkien)車
    Singapore(Hokkien)車,風車
    Manila(Hokkien)車,風車
    Guilin(Biyange)汽車
    Chaozhou汽車,羅里
    Shantou羅里
    Shantou(Chenghai)羅里
    Jieyang羅里
    Singapore(Teochew)車,風車
    Pontianak(Teochew)羅里
    Singapore(Hainanese)車
    Puxian MinXianyou汽車
    Central MinNanping(Wangtai, Yanping)汽車
    Southern PinghuaBinyang汽車
    WuShanghai汽車,大眼睛
    Suzhou汽車
    Wenzhou汽車
    XiangChangsha汽車
    Loudi汽車子
    Shuangfeng汽車
    • (vehicle):
    edit
    Compounds
    [edit]

    Pronunciation 2

    [edit]
    Note: gu1 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
    Rime
    Character車
    Reading #1/2
    Initial (聲)見 (28)
    Final (韻)魚 (22)
    Tone (調)Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合)Open
    Division (等)III
    Fanqie九魚切
    Baxterkjo
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang    		/kɨʌ/
    Pan
    Wuyun    		/kiɔ/
    Shao
    Rongfen    		/kiɔ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank    		/kɨə̆/
    Li
    Rong    		/kiɔ/
    Wang
    Li    		/kĭo/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren    		/ki̯wo/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex    		jū
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex    		geoi1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character車
    Reading #2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)    		jū
    Middle
    Chinese    		‹ kjo ›
    Old
    Chinese    		/*C.q(r)a/
    Englishchariot

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character車
    Reading #2/2
    No.1315
    Phonetic
    component    		車
    Rime
    group    		魚
    Rime
    subdivision    		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime    		居
    Old
    Chinese    		/*kla/

    Definitions

    [edit]
    車

    車

    1. (xiangqi)chariot;rook:🩫(Classifier:隻／只c)
    2. (chess)rook
    Coordinate terms
    [edit]
    Compounds
    [edit]

    Descendants

    [edit]
    Sino-Xenic (車):

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese:xe(車,“wheeled vehicle”)
    • → Zhuang:ci(“vehicle”)

    See also

    [edit]
    Chess pieces in Mandarin ·國際象棋棋子 /国际象棋棋子(guójì xiàngqí qízǐ)(layout ·text)
    ♚♛♜♝♞♟
    王(wáng),
    國王 /国王(guówáng)    		后(hòu),
    皇后(huánghòu)    		車 /车(jū),
    城堡(chéngbǎo)    		象(xiàng),
    主教(zhǔjiào)    		馬 /马(mǎ),
    騎士 /骑士(qíshì)    		兵(bīng)

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    See also:
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. vehicle

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    車
    しゃ
    Grade: 1
    on'yomi

    FromMiddle Chinese車 (MC tsyhae).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Counter

    [edit]

    車(しゃ)• (-sha) 

    1. used to count vehicles

    Affix

    [edit]

    車(しゃ)• (sha) 

    1. vehicle
      韓(かん)国(こく)車(しゃ)
      Kankoku-sha
      South Koreanvehicle
    2. traincar
      Synonym:車両
      女(じょ)性(せい)専(せん)用(よう)車(しゃ)
      josei-sen'yō-sha
      car for women only

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    車
    くるま
    Grade: 1
    kun'yomi

    FromOld Japanese. Appears in theMan'yōshū completed some time after 759CE, with the ideographic spelling車.[1]

    Assuming an initial meaning ofwheel, may be a compound ofくる(kuru,related to spinning or rotating, as in繰る(kuru,“to spin (as in thread)”),枢(kuru,“hinge”),くるくる(kurukuru,“spinningly, round and round”),転めく(kurumeku,“to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy”)) +‎ま(ma,a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま)• (kuruma)  (counter台)

    1. acar, anautomobile, acarriage, acart
    2. awheel, acaster
    3. somethingwheel-shaped
    4. a style of紋(mon,“familycrest”)
    5. short for various terms:
      1. short for車海老 (kuruma ebi): aprawn
      2. short for車懸 (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting
      3. short for肩車 (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders,piggyback
      4. short for手車 (te-guruma): ahandcart, awheelbarrow
      5. short for車座 (kuruma za):sitting in acircle
    6. (obsolete) during theEdo period, in thered-light district inŌsaka, aprostitute whose services cost four匁(monme) and three分(bun) (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)
      Synonyms:seeThesaurus:娼婦
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Descendants
    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^, texthere
    2. ^Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
    3. ^NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998),NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN
    • Shōgaku Tosho (1988)国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese),Tōkyō:Shogakukan,→ISBN

    Korean

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Chinese車 (MC tsyhae).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448챵 (Yale:chyà)
    Middle Korean
    TextEumhun
    Gloss (hun)Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2]又音챠 (Yale:chyà)
    Early Modern Korean
    TextEumhun
    Gloss (hun)Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804수뤼(surwi)챠(cha)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]
    KoreanWikisource has texts containing thehanja:

    Wikisource

    車 (eumhun수레차(sure cha))

    1. hanja form? of차(“car;automobile;vehicle”)
    2. hanja form? of차(“cart;wheeledmachinery”)
    Usage notes
    [edit]

    This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "car."

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Chinese車 (MC kjo).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448겅 (Yale:kè)
    Middle Korean
    TextEumhun
    Gloss (hun)Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3]술위〮 (Yale:swùlGwúy)거 (Yale:kè)
    Early Modern Korean
    TextEumhun
    Gloss (hun)Reading
    Juhae Cheonjamun, 1804수뤼(surwi)거(geo)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    車 (eumhun수레거(sure geo))

    1. (only in compounds)hanja form? of거(“cart;wheeledmachinery”)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[4]

    Kunigami

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    See also:
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    FromProto-Ryukyuan*kuruma, fromProto-Japonic*kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(く゚るまー) (ngurumā) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Miyako

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    See also:
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    FromProto-Ryukyuan*kuruma, fromProto-Japonic*kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Okinawan

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    See also:
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    FromProto-Ryukyuan*kuruma, fromProto-Japonic*kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Tày

    [edit]

    Verb

    [edit]

    車 (xa)

    1. Nôm form ofxa(“tosearch, tolook for”).
      役富貴古媒車拾
      Viểc phú quý cổ moixa thắp
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    References

    [edit]
    • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor,Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[5] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    車:Hán Nôm readings:xa,xe,xế

    1. a car
    2. (xiangqi) any piece labeled with 車; thechariot/rook.

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Yaeyama

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    See also:
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    FromProto-Ryukyuan*kuruma, fromProto-Japonic*kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel

    Yonaguni

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    See also:
    車

    (First grade kyōiku kanji)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    FromProto-Ryukyuan*kuruma, fromProto-Japonic*kuruma.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    車(くるま) (kuruma) 

    1. car
    2. wheel
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=車&oldid=85388206"
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