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虔

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

虔	U+8654,虔 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8654

←虓
[U+8653]

CJK Unified Ideographs

處 →
[U+8655]

Translingual

Han character

虔 (Kangxi radical 141,虍+4, 10 strokes,cangjie input卜心卜大 (YPYK),four-corner2124₀,composition⿸虍文)

References

Kangxi Dictionary:page 1073, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32686
Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 13
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2821, character 2
Unihan data for U+8654

Chinese

trad.		虔
simp.^#		虔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character虔
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the samephonetic series (虔)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
虔	*ɡren
鰬	*ɡren
榩	*ɡren

According to theShuowen Jiezi,Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*ɡren): phonetic 文(OC*mɯn) + semantic 虍. According toLi Xueqin (2012), the phonetic component is instead虍 (OC*qʰaː).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin):qián (qian²)
(Zhuyin):ㄑㄧㄢˊ
Cantonese(Jyutping):kin⁴
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):khièn / khiàn
(Hailu,HRS):kien
Eastern Min(BUC):gièng
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):geng²
Southern Min(Hokkien,POJ):khiân

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:qián
  - Zhuyin:ㄑㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:cián
  - Wade–Giles:chʻien²
  - Yale:chyán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:chyan
  - Palladius:цянь(cjanʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:kin⁴
  - Yale:kìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin:kin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization:kin⁴
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kʰiːn²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl.Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:khièn
  - Hakka Romanization System:kien^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:kian²
  - SinologicalIPA:/kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl.Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:khiàn
  - Hakka Romanization System:kian^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:kian²
  - SinologicalIPA:/kʰi̯an¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:kien
  - SinologicalIPA:/kʰien⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:gièng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kieŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:geng²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:géng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kɛŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:geng²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kɛŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:khiân
  - Tâi-lô:khiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun:qieen
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen):/kʰiɛn²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/kʰiɛn²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/kʰiɛn¹³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Taipei):/kʰiɛn²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kaohsiung):/kʰiɛn²³/

Middle Chinese:gjen

Rime
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	仙 (79)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠焉切
Baxter	gjen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gian/
Li Rong	/ɡjɛn/
Wang Li	/ɡĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*[ɡ]ra[n]/
(Zhengzhang):/*ɡren/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qián
Middle Chinese	‹ gjen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ra[n]/
English	kill; cut (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
No.	10260
Phonetic component	虔
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	乾
Old Chinese	/*ɡren/
Notes	讀若矜

Definitions

虔

reverent;devout;pious;respectful;sincere
(obsolete) looking like atiger walking;strong;powerful
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) tokill; toslaughter; tomurder
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) toplunder; toloot; toseize
asurname

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad.		虔
simp.^#		虔
alternative forms		堅／坚凝

Pronunciation

Southern Min(Hokkien,POJ):kiân /kian

Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:kiân
  - Tâi-lô:kiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun:kieen
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Quanzhou):/kiɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:kian
  - Tâi-lô:kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun:kiefn
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou):/kiɛn⁴⁴/

Definitions

虔

(chiefly Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien)alternative form of堅 /坚(“tocongeal; toencrust”)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 虔

虔

(Hyōgai kanji)

respect

Readings

Go-on:げん(gen)
Kan-on:けん(ken)
Kun:かたい(katai,虔い)、しいる(shiiru,虔いる)、つつしむ(tsutsushimu,虔む)
Nanori:たかし(takashi)、ただし(tadashi)、まさ(masa)、まさし(masashi)

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

虔 (eumhun공경할 건(gonggyeonghal geon))

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Compounds

경건 (敬虔,gyeonggeon)

Vietnamese

Han character

虔:Hán Nôm readings:kiền

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.

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