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膽

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:胆

膽	U+81BD,膽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81BD

←膼
[U+81BC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

膾 →
[U+81BE]

Translingual

Japanese	胆
Simplified	胆
Traditional	膽

Han character

膽 (Kangxi radical 130,肉+13, 17 strokes,cangjie input月弓金口 (BNCR),four-corner7726₁,composition⿰月詹)

Descendants

胆(Variant form, Japaneseshinjitai andSimplified Chinese)

References

Kangxi Dictionary:page 995, character 23
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29933
Dae Jaweon: page 1446, character 34
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2117, character 7
Unihan data for U+81BD

Chinese

trad.		膽
simp.		胆

Wikipedia has articles on:

膽 (臟腑) /胆 (脏腑)(Chinese)
Gallbladder(English)

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character膽
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)
Small seal script

Characters in the samephonetic series (詹)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
甔	toːm, taːm, *taːms
擔	taːm, taːms
儋	*ʔl'aːm
聸	*taːm
膽	*taːmʔ
黵	taːmʔ, tjamʔ
澹	daːm, daːmʔ, *daːms
憺	daːmʔ, daːms
瞻	*tjam
詹	*tjam
蟾	tjam, djam
噡	*tjam
譫	tjam, daːb, *tjaːb
幨	tʰjam, tʰjams
襜	tʰjam, tʰjams
韂	*tʰjams
贍	*djams
檐	*lam
簷	*lam
舚	tʰeːm, tʰeːms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*taːmʔ): semantic ⺼(“body part”) + phonetic 詹(OC*tjam).

Etymology

Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007); compareProto-Vietic*lɔːm,Proto-Katuic*lɔɔm,Proto-Bahnaric*kləːm, etc. fromProto-Mon-Khmer*t₁ləəm ~ *t₁luəm "liver".

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):dǎn (dan³)
(Zhuyin):ㄉㄢˇ
(Xi'an,Guanzhong Pinyin):dàn
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):daam²
(Dongguan,Jyutping++):daang²
(Taishan,Wiktionary):am²
Gan(Wiktionary):dan³
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):tám
(Hailu,HRS):dam^ˊ
(Meixian,Guangdong):dam³
Jin(Wiktionary):dan²
Northern Min(KCR):dǎng
Eastern Min(BUC):dāng
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):dor³ / dornn³ / dang³
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):táⁿ /tám
(Teochew,Peng'im):dan²
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):da² / dam²
Southern Pinghua(Nanning,Jyutping++):daam²
Wu(Northern,Wugniu):⁵te /³te /³taen /³tae
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):dan³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:dǎn
  - Zhuyin:ㄉㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:dǎn
  - Wade–Giles:tan³
  - Yale:dǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:daan
  - Palladius:дань(danʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tän²¹⁴/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin:dàn
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tã⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:daam²
  - Yale:dáam
  - Cantonese Pinyin:daam²
  - Guangdong Romanization:dam²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/taːm³⁵/
- (Dongguan,Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++:daang²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/taŋ³⁵/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:am²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/am⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:dan³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tan²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:tám
  - Hakka Romanization System:dam^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:dam³
  - SinologicalIPA:/tam³¹/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:dam^ˊ
  - SinologicalIPA:/tam²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:dam³
  - SinologicalIPA:/tam³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:dan²
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/tæ̃⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:dǎng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/taŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:dāng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/taŋ³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:dor³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:dô̤ⁿ
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tɒ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:dornn³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tɒ̃³³²/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:dang³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:dâng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/taŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:dang³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/taŋ³³²/

Note:

dor3/dornn3 - vernacular;
dang3 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:táⁿ
  - Tâi-lô:tánn
  - Phofsit Daibuun:dvar
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang):/tã⁵⁵⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou,Taipei):/tã⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kaohsiung):/tã⁴¹/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:tám
  - Tâi-lô:tám
  - Phofsit Daibuun:darm
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou,Taipei):/tam⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang):/tam⁵⁵⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kaohsiung):/tam⁴¹/

Note:

táⁿ - vernacular;
tám - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:dan²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:táⁿ
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/tã⁵²/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin:da² / dam²
- SinologicalIPA:/ta³¹/, /tam³¹/

Note:

da2 - vernacular;
dam2 - literary.

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua,Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++:daam²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tam³³/
Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
  - Wugniu:⁵te
  - MiniDict:te^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):²te
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/te³⁴/
- (Northern:Suzhou)
  - Wugniu:³te
  - MiniDict:te^上
  - SinologicalIPA (Suzhou):/te⁵¹/
- (Northern:Hangzhou)
  - Wugniu:³taen
  - MiniDict:taen^上
  - SinologicalIPA (Hangzhou):/tẽ̞⁵³/
- (Northern:Ningbo)
  - Wugniu:³tae
  - MiniDict:tae^上
  - SinologicalIPA (Ningbo):/tɛ³²⁵/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:dan³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tan⁴¹/

Middle Chinese:tamX

Rime
Character	膽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都敢切
Baxter	tamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tɑm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/tɑm^X/
Shao Rongfen	/tɑm^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tam^X/
Li Rong	/tɑm^X/
Wang Li	/tɑm^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tɑm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	daam²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*[t]ˤamʔ/
(Zhengzhang):/*taːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	膽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ tam^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[t]ˁamʔ/
English	gall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膽
Reading #	1/1
No.	16751
Phonetic component	詹
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	膽
Old Chinese	/*taːmʔ/

Definitions

膽

(anatomy)gallbladder
- 魏兵爭欲報讎，共剖維腹，其膽大如雞卵。[Written Vernacular Chinese,trad.]
  魏兵争欲报雠，共剖维腹，其胆大如鸡卵。[Written Vernacular Chinese,simp.]
  From:Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th centuryCE
  Wèibīng zhēng yù bàochóu, gòng pōu Wéi fù, qídǎn dà rú jīluǎn.[Pinyin]
  TheWei soldiers, craving vengeance, competed [to wreak it], and they sliced open[Jiang] Wei's belly; hisgallbladder was as big as a hen's egg.
膽囊／胆囊 ― dǎnnáng ― gall bladder
(figurative)guts;courage;bravery;strength;nerve
- 先主明旦自來至雲營圍視昨戰處，曰：「子龍一身都是膽也。」[Literary Chinese,trad.]
  先主明旦自来至云营围视昨战处，曰：「子龙一身都是胆也。」[Literary Chinese,simp.]
  From:Pei Songzhi,Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5^th centuryCE
  Xiānzhǔ míngdàn zì lái zhì Yún yíngwéi shì zuó zhàn chù, yuē: “Zǐlóng yīshēn dōu shìdǎn yě.”[Pinyin]
  The next day, theFormer Master himself came to[Zhao] Yun's camp and surveyed the battlefield from the day before; he said: "Zilong is trulycourage all over."
大膽／大胆 ― dàdǎn ― bold
冇膽鬼／冇胆鬼[Cantonese] ― mou⁵daam² gwai²[Jyutping] ― coward
inner container;liner(of athermos);bladder(of aball)
vacuum tube
(gambling)This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.
膽拖／胆拖[Cantonese] ― daam² to¹[Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

(guts):

勇氣 /勇气(yǒngqì)
種 /种(colloquial)
腰子(yāozi)(colloquial, figurative)
膽子 /胆子(dǎnzi)
膽量 /胆量(dǎnliàng)
膽頭 /胆头(Hokkien)

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai	胆
Kyūjitai	膽

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 膽

膽

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji,shinjitai form胆)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.

Readings

Korean

Etymology

FromMiddle Chinese膽 (MC tamX).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	담〯 (Yale:tǎm)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[1]	ᄡᅳᆯ게 (Yale:psùlkèy)	담 (Yale:tàm)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul)IPA^(key):[ta̠(ː)m]
Phonetic hangul:[담(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

KoreanWikisource has texts containing thehanja:

膽

膽 (eumhun쓸개 담(sseulgae dam))

hanja form^? of담(“gall bladder”)
hanja form^? of담(“courage;nerve”)

Compounds

간담 (肝膽,gandam)
낙담 (落膽,nakdam)
담관 (膽管,damgwan)
담력 (膽力,damnyeok)
대담 (大膽,daedam)
웅담 (熊膽,ungdam)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[2]

Vietnamese

Han character

膽:Hán Nôm readings:đảm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.

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