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能

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:態
能U+80FD,能
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80FD
←胼
[U+80FC]		CJK Unified Ideographs胾 →
[U+80FE]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

能 (Kangxi radical 130,肉+6, 10 strokes,cangjie input戈月心心 (IBPP),four-corner21211,composition⿰䏍𫧇)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 981, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29454
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1433, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2074, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+80FD

Chinese

[edit]
trad.能
simp.#能
2nd round simp.𫧇
alternative forms䏻
𦝕
𫧇

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character能
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the samephonetic series (能)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
態*n̥ʰɯːs
能*nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ
螚*nɯːs
褦*nɯːs

Pictogram (象形): a bear. Compare熊 (OC*ɢʷlɯm, “bear”). In the character, two paws are visible as a pair of 匕 and the face with the open mouth is stylized as 月.

Etymology

[edit]
"bear-like animal"
Apparently an areal word ofAustroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007;Zhang, 2019). CompareKharia[script needed](bɔnɔi),Santali[script needed](bana,“Indian black bear”) &Lepchaᰠᰶᰍ(să-na,“bear”), a loanword from Santali.
“be able to; can; ability”
Shijing rhymes point to Old Chinese *nə, but the forms with *-ŋ are also archaic (perhaps ancient dialectal variation?).
PossiblyProto-Sino-Tibetan (which STEDT tentatively reconstructs as*m-nyaŋ(“can, be able”)): compareTibetanནུས(nus,“to be able to; capable; to withstand; capacity; strength; force; power; function; energy”),Burmeseနိုင်(nuing,“can, be able to, may; master; win; prevail”).Schuessler (2007) also derives態 (OC*n̥ʰɯːs, “apparition, bearing, manner”) from this; see also忍 (OC*njɯnʔ, “to suffer, endure”).
Compare the old pre-Sino–Vietnamese loanwordnổi(“be able to; capable”).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note: nêng5 - Jieyang.
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation能
MandarinBeijing/nəŋ³⁵/
Harbin/nəŋ²⁴/
Tianjin/nəŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan/nəŋ⁴²/
Qingdao/nəŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou/nəŋ⁴²/
Xi'an/nəŋ²⁴/
Xining/nə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan/nəŋ⁴⁴/打～～
/nəŋ⁵³/～幹
Lanzhou/lə̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi/nɤŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan/nən²¹³/
Chengdu/nən³¹/
Guiyang/nen²¹/
Kunming/nə̃³¹/
Nanjing/lən²⁴/
Hefei/lən⁵⁵/
JinTaiyuan/nəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao/nəŋ¹³/
Hohhot/nə̃ŋ³¹/
WuShanghai/nəŋ²³/
Suzhou/nən¹³/
Hangzhou/nen²¹³/
Wenzhou/naŋ³¹/
HuiShexian/lʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi/lɛ⁴⁴/
XiangChangsha/lən¹³/
Xiangtan/nən¹²/
GanNanchang/lɛn⁴⁵/
HakkaMeixian/nen¹¹/
Taoyuan/nen¹¹/
CantoneseGuangzhou/nɐŋ²¹/
Nanning/nɐŋ²¹/
Hong Kong/nɐŋ²¹/
MinXiamen (Hokkien)/liŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/nɛiŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min)/naiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew)/leŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese)/neŋ³¹/
/nɔŋ³¹/
Rime
Character能
Reading #2/4
Initial (聲)泥 (8)
Final (韻)登 (129)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie奴登切
Baxternong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/nəŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		/nəŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		/nəŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/nəŋ/
Li
Rong		/nəŋ/
Wang
Li		/nəŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/nəŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		néng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		nang4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character能能能
Reading #1/32/33/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		néngnéngnéng
Middle
Chinese		‹ noj ›‹ nong ›‹ nong ›
Old
Chinese		/*nˁə//*nˁə(ŋ)//*nˁə(ʔ)/ (~ *nˁəŋ)
Englisha kind of beara kind of bearable; ability

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character能
Reading #3/4
No.9415
Phonetic
component		能
Rime
group		蒸
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		能
Old
Chinese		/*nɯːŋ/

Definitions

[edit]

能

  1. (obsolete) a kind ofbear
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Chinesemythology) a mythologicalbear-like animal, with deer-like legs.
  3. able;capable
  4. can; tobe able to; to becapable of; to beallowed to
    我能跑得很快。  ― Wǒnéng pǎo de hěn kuài.  ―  Ican run fast.
    有人能幫我嗎？／有人能帮我吗？  ― Yǒu rénnéng bāng wǒ ma?  ―  Is there anybody whocan help me?
    漲潮時你不能在這個海灘散步。[MSC,trad.]
    涨潮时你不能在这个海滩散步。[MSC,simp.]
    Zhàngcháo shí nǐ bùnéng zài zhège hǎitān sànbù.[Pinyin]
    Youcan't walk along this beach at high tide.
    公共場所不能吸煙。[MSC,trad.]
    公共场所不能吸烟。[MSC,simp.]
    Gōnggòngchǎngsuǒ bùnéng xīyān.[Pinyin]
    You’re not allowed to smoke in public.
  5. tosuccessfully do something (negate with沒／没 (méi))
    你能進入這所大學讀書，全靠你父母的關係。[MSC,trad.]
    你能进入这所大学读书，全靠你父母的关系。[MSC,simp.]
    Nǐnéng jìnrù zhè suǒ dàxué dúshū, quán kào nǐ fùmǔ de guānxì.[Pinyin]
    Youwere able to study at this university all because of your parents.
    他沒能趕上末班車。[MSC,trad.]
    他没能赶上末班车。[MSC,simp.]
    Tā méinéng gǎnshàng mòbānchē.[Pinyin]
    He didn'tmanage to catch the last train.
  6. (dialectal)cocky
    看把你能的。  ― Kàn bǎ nǐnéng de.  ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  7. may;could
    能不能請你幫個忙？[MSC,trad.]
    能不能请你帮个忙？[MSC,simp.]
    Néng bùnéng qǐng nǐ bāng ge máng?[Pinyin]
    May I ask a favour of you?
    你能再說一遍嗎？[MSC,trad.]
    你能再说一遍吗？[MSC,simp.]
    Nǐnéng zài shuō yībiàn ma?[Pinyin]
    Could you repeat that?
  8. rather;wouldrather
  9. ability;capability
    能力  ― nénglì  ―  capability, ability
    無能／无能  ― wúnéng  ―  incompetent
  10. talent;talented person
    才能  ― cáinéng  ―  talent, ability
  11. energy;power
    太陽能／太阳能  ― tàiyángnéng  ―  solar energy
    水能  ― shuǐnéng  ―  hydroelectric power
    動能／动能  ― dòngnéng  ―  kinetic energy
  12. (Sujiahu Wu, Wenzhounese, Jinhua and Quzhou Wu)way;manner
    搿能[Shanghainese]  ― 8geq-nen[Wugniu]  ―  like this (literally, “in thisway”)
    好好能走[Shanghainese]  ― 5hau-hau-nen-tseu[Wugniu]  ―  to walk properly
    慢慢能吃[Wenzhounese]  ― ma6-ma6-nan2-chiai7[Wugniu]  ―  to eat slowly
  13. asurname

Synonyms

[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of能 (“can”)[map]
VarietyLocationWords
Classical Chinese能
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)能,能夠,可以
Northeastern MandarinTaiwan能,能夠,可以
Malaysia能
Singapore能,能夠,可以
Jianghuai MandarinYangzhou能,好,可以
CantoneseHong Kong可以
HakkaKuching(Hepo)得
Eastern MinSingapore(Fuqing)會
Southern MinPenang(Hokkien)會,會使
Singapore(Hokkien)會,會使
Manila(Hokkien)會,會通
Zhongshan MinZhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)得,可以
WuShanghai好
Suzhou好
Ningbo好

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Rime
Character能
Reading #4/4
Initial (聲)泥 (8)
Final (韻)咍 (41)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie奴代切
BaxternojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/nʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun		/nəiH/
Shao
Rongfen		/nɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/nəjH/
Li
Rong		/nᴀiH/
Wang
Li		/nɒiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/nɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		nài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		noi6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character能
Reading #2/4
No.9413
Phonetic
component		能
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		耐
Old
Chinese		/*nɯːs/

Definitions

[edit]

能

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)alternative form of耐(“tobear; towithstand”)
  2. asurname

Pronunciation 3

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

能

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)alternative form of台(“name of a Chinese constellation”)
    三能  ― sāntái  ― Santai (Chinese constellation)

Pronunciation 4

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

能

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)alternative form of態 /态(tài,“bearing;apparition;form;shape;status;position”)

Pronunciation 5

[edit]
Rime
Character能
Reading #1/4
Initial (聲)泥 (8)
Final (韻)咍 (41)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie奴來切
Baxternoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/nʌi/
Pan
Wuyun		/nəi/
Shao
Rongfen		/nɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/nəj/
Li
Rong		/nᴀi/
Wang
Li		/nɒi/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/nɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		nái
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		noi4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character能
Reading #1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		néng
Middle
Chinese		‹ noj ›
Old
Chinese		/*nˁə/
Englisha kind of bear

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character能
Reading #1/4
No.9411
Phonetic
component		能
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		能
Old
Chinese		/*nɯː/

Definitions

[edit]

能

  1. (obsolete) mythical three-leggedsoft-shelled turtle

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 6

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

能

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)only used in能始 (tāishǐ, “origin;rootcause”)

Pronunciation 7

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

能

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)alternative form of熊(xióng,“bear”)

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]
Noh stage atItsukushima Shrine,Miyajima,Hiroshima Prefecture,Japan.

Kanji

[edit]
See also:
能

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. ability
  2. talent
  3. skill
  4. capacity

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]
 能 on Japanese Wikipedia
 Noh on Wikipedia

能(のう)• (nō) 

  1. Noh, a form of classical Japanese musical drama.
  2. ability,capacity,aptitude.
  3. effect,use.
    古(ふる)い議(ぎ)論(ろん)を繰(く)り返(かえ)しても能(のう)はないのだよ。
    Furui giron o kurikaeshite monō wa nai no da yo.
    Repeating old arguments isn't of anyuse / won't have anyeffect.

Synonyms

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

FromMiddle Chinese能 (MC nong).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
KoreanWikisource has texts containing thehanja:

能 (eumhun능할능(neunghal neung))

  1. hanja form? of능(“ability”)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Related toMiddle Chinese耐 (MC nojH).

Hanja

[edit]

能 (eumhun견딜내(gyeondil nae))

  1. (literary Chinese)alternative form of耐(“hanja form? of내(“endure;withstand”)”)

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[2]

Old Japanese

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

FromMiddle Chinese能 (MC nong).

Phonogram

[edit]

能 (no2)

  1. Denotesphonographic syllable no2.
    Synonym:乃

Further reading

[edit]

Vietnamese

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Han character

[edit]

能:Hán Việt readings:năng[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
能:Nôm readings:năng[1][2][3][4][5][6][7],nằng[3][4][5][6],nấng[3][4][5][6],hay[1][2][3],nâng[1][4][5],nằng[5][6],nang[1],năn[3],nưng[3],nậng[5]

  1. chữ Hán form ofnăng(“able”)
  2. chữ Nôm form ofhay
    1. (archaic or literary) toknow; toget to know; tolearn
      • 1820,Nguyễn Du (阮攸),Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều)‎[3]:
        𬖉𦋦𦰟𦹵𦲿核
        𧡊囂囂𱢻時能姉𧗱
        Trông ra ngọn cỏ lá cây,
        Thấy hiu hiu gió thìhay chị về.
        And when you look outside, to where the grass and leaves are,
        And if you see them sway in the light breeze, then youknow that I, your sister, will come home soon.
    2. (obsolete, auxiliary)can,could,may,might
    3. or
  3. chữ Nôm form ofnăng
    1. frequently;diligently;regularly
    2. used innói năng(“tospeak”)
  4. chữ Nôm form ofnâng(“toraise; tolift; toelevate”)

References

[edit]
  1. ↑1.01.11.21.31.4Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑2.02.12.2Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑3.03.13.23.33.43.53.6Trần (2004).
  4. ↑4.04.14.24.34.4Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑5.05.15.25.35.45.55.6Bonet (1899).
  6. ↑6.06.16.26.36.4Génibrel (1898).
  7. ↑7.07.1Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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