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肝 (Kangxi radical 130,肉+3, 7 strokes,cangjie input月一十 (BMJ),four-corner71240,composition⿰月干(GJKV) or⿰⺼干(HT))
| trad. | 肝 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp.# | 肝 | |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 訐 | *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad |
| 肝 | *kaːn |
| 竿 | *kaːn |
| 干 | *kaːn |
| 奸 | *kaːn |
| 玕 | *kaːn |
| 汗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 迀 | *kaːn |
| 忓 | *kaːn, *ɡaːns |
| 鳱 | *kaːn |
| 邗 | *kaːn, *ɡaːn |
| 秆 | *kaːnʔ |
| 矸 | *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns |
| 仠 | *kaːnʔ |
| 皯 | *kaːnʔ |
| 衦 | *kaːnʔ |
| 簳 | *kaːnʔ |
| 擀 | *kaːnʔ |
| 旰 | *kaːns |
| 盰 | *kaːns |
| 幹 | *kaːns |
| 杆 | *kaːns |
| 骭 | *kaːns, *ɡraːns |
| 桿 | *kaːnʔ |
| 趕 | *kaːnʔ |
| 稈 | *kaːnʔ |
| 刊 | *kʰaːn |
| 靬 | *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan |
| 衎 | *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns |
| 犴 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns |
| 豻 | *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn |
| 頇 | *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd |
| 岸 | *ŋɡaːns |
| 鼾 | *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns |
| 罕 | *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns |
| 焊 | *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns |
| 蔊 | *qʰaːnʔ |
| 虷 | *ɡaːn |
| 旱 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 皔 | *ɡaːnʔ |
| 釬 | *ɡaːns |
| 扞 | *ɡaːns |
| 閈 | *ɡaːns |
| 馯 | *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn |
| 捍 | *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 悍 | *ɡaːns |
| 銲 | *ɡaːns |
| 垾 | *ɡaːns |
| 駻 | *ɡaːns |
| 睅 | *ɡʷranʔ |
| 娨 | *ɡraːns |
| 飦 | *kan |
| 赶 | *ɡan, *ɡʷad |
| 軒 | *qʰan |
| 蓒 | *qʰan |
| 酐 | *qʰaːŋʔ |
| 澣 | *ɡʷaːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*kaːn): semantic⺼(“flesh”) + phonetic干(OC*kaːn) – a body part.
Probably fromProto-Sino-Tibetan*b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)(“bitter; salty; bile; liver”), in which case it would be related to苦 (OC*kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs, “bitter”); also compareProto-Bodo-Garo*bi-ka(“liver”), whenceBodo (India)[script needed](bi-ka,“liver”),Garobika(“liver”).
Alternatively,Schuessler (2007) compares it withProto-Sino-Tibetan*m-kal ~ *s-gal(“lower back; kidney”), whenceTibetanམཁལ་མ(mkhal ma,“kidney”),Mizokal(“kidney”),Chepangगल्(“kidney”),Burmeseခါး(hka:,“waist”).
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 肝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古寒切 |
| Baxter | kan |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kan/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gon1 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 肝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kan › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.kˁa[r]/ |
| English | liver |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 肝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3568 |
| Phonetic component | 干 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 干 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːn/ |
肝
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 肝 |
| きも Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 胆 |
FromOld Japanese. First attested in theKojiki of 712CE with the spelling岐毛.[1] In turn, fromProto-Japonic*kimo. Cognate withOkinawan肝(chimu,“liver, heart”).
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 肝 |
| かん Grade: S |
| on'yomi |
FromMiddle Chinese肝 (MC kan).
FromMiddle Chinese肝 (MC kan). Recorded asMiddle Korean간(kan) (Yale:kan) inHunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 肝 |
| ちむ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
FromProto-Ryukyuan, fromProto-Japonic*kimo.
肝 (chimu)