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羨

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:羡

羨	U+7FA8,羨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FA8

←羧
[U+7FA7]

CJK Unified Ideographs

義 →
[U+7FA9]

Translingual

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Kangxi Dictionary:page 952, character 31
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28503
Dae Jaweon: page 1396, character 25
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3134, character 10
Unihan data for U+7FA8

Chinese

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trad.		羨/羡^*
simp.		羡^*

Glyph origin

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Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 羊(“sheep”) + 㳄(“saliva”) – to envy.

羊 may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf.美 “beautiful” and善 “good”).

TheKangxi Dictionary, following《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as羡, separating it from羨 (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such asHanyu Da Cidian andDai Kan-Wa Jiten, butZhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards羡 as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to《說文解字羣經正字》:

羨，貪欲也，今經典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羨、羡爲二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羨，似面翻，慕也。非也，字書無从次之字，惟一字而數音耳。[Classical Chinese,trad.]

羡，贪欲也，今经典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羡、羡为二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羡，似面翻，慕也。非也，字书无从次之字，惟一字而数音耳。[Classical Chinese,simp.]

From:《說文解字羣經正字》, quoted fromZhongwen Da Cidian

羨 (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò羡. Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn羨 (xiàn),羡 (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng次 (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr.[Pinyin]

羨, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as羡 in the classics.Guo Zhongshu'sPeixi distinguishes羨 and羡 as separate characters.羡, fanqie以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia.羨, fanqie似面, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the次 element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations.

Etymology 1

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Possibly related to餘 (OC*la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):xiàn (xian⁴)
(Zhuyin):ㄒㄧㄢˋ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):xian⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):sin⁶
(Taishan,Wiktionary):lhun⁵
Gan(Wiktionary):xien⁵
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):sien
(Meixian,Guangdong):xiên³
Jin(Wiktionary):xie³
Northern Min(KCR):sīng
Eastern Min(BUC):siêng
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):siān /siǎn /soān /soan
(Teochew,Peng'im):iang⁶ / iêng⁶
Wu(Shanghai,Wugniu):⁶zhi
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):sienn⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:xiàn
  - Zhuyin:ㄒㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:siàn
  - Wade–Giles:hsien⁴
  - Yale:syàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:shiann
  - Palladius:сянь(sjanʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:xian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:xian
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɕiɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:sin⁶
  - Yale:sihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin:sin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization:xin⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/siːn²²/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:lhun⁵
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɬun³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:xien⁵
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɕiɛn¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:sien
  - Hakka Romanization System:xien
  - Hagfa Pinyim:xian⁴
  - SinologicalIPA:/si̯en⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:xiên³
  - SinologicalIPA:/ɕiɛn³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:xie³
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/ɕie⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:sīng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/siŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:siêng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/siɛŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:siān
  - Tâi-lô:siān
  - Phofsit Daibuun:sien
  - IPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou):/siɛn²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou):/siɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei,Kaohsiung):/siɛn³³/
- (Hokkien:Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:siǎn
  - Tâi-lô:siǎn
  - IPA (Quanzhou):/siɛn²²/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Zhangzhou,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:soān
  - Tâi-lô:suān
  - Phofsit Daibuun:soan
  - IPA (Taipei,Kaohsiung):/suan³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou):/suan²²/
- (Hokkien:GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:soan
  - Tâi-lô:suan
  - Phofsit Daibuun:soafn
  - IPA (Taipei,Kaohsiung):/suan⁴⁴/

Note:

Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
- siān - literary;
- soān - vernacular.
surname:
- siān - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
- soān - Zhangzhou;
- soan - Taiwan.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:iang⁶ / iêng⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:iăng / iĕng
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/iaŋ³⁵/, /ieŋ³⁵/

Note:

iang6 - Shantou;
iêng6 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
  - Wugniu:⁶zhi
  - MiniDict:zhi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):³xxi
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/ʑi²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:sienn⁴
  - SinologicalIPA^(key) (old-style):/si̯ẽ⁴⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA^(key) (new-style):/ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese:zjenH

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	似面切
Baxter	zjenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ziɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/zjæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zian^H/
Li Rong	/ziɛn^H/
Wang Li	/zĭɛn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/zi̯ɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zin⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*s-N-qa[r]-s/, /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
(Zhengzhang):/*ljans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羨	羨
Reading #	1/3	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ zjen^H ›	‹ zjen^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s-N-qa[r]-s/	/*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
English	covet, desire	surplus, affluence
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	2/3
No.	13574
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	羡
Old Chinese	/*ljans/
Notes	㳄字轉註

Definitions

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羨

toenvy; toadmire
- 臨河而羨魚，不如歸家織網。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  临河而羡鱼，不如归家织网。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From:Huainanzi, 2^nd centuryBCE
  Lín hé érxiàn yú, bùrú guī jiā zhī wǎng.[Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 哀吾生之須臾，羨長江之無窮。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From:1082,Su Shi,前赤壁賦
  Āi wú shēng zhī xūyú,xiàn Chángjiāng zhī wúqióng.[Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
(literary)surplus
- 四方有羨，我獨居憂。[Pre-Classical Chinese,trad.]
  四方有羡，我独居忧。[Pre-Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheClassic of Poetry,c. 11^th – 7^th centuriesBCE, translated based onJames Legge's version
  Sìfāng yǒuxiàn, wǒ dú jū yōu.[Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 子不通功易事，以羨補不足，則農有餘粟，女有餘布。[Pre-Classical Chinese,trad.]
  子不通功易事，以羡补不足，则农有余粟，女有余布。[Pre-Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheClassic of Poetry,c. 11^th – 7^th centuriesBCE, translated based onJames Legge's version
  Zǐ bù tōnggōngyìshì, yǐxiàn bǔ bùzú, zé nóng yǒu yú sù, nǚ yǒu yú bù.[Pinyin]
  If you do not have an intercommunication of the productions of labour, and an interchange of men's services, so that one from his overplus may supply the deficiency of another, then husbandmen will have a superfluity of grain, and women will have a superfluity of cloth.
(literary) toexceed
- 德隆乎三皇，功羨於五帝。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  德隆乎三皇，功羡于五帝。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheRecords of the Grand Historian, bySima Qian,c. 91BCE
  Dé lóng hū sānhuáng, gōngxiàn yú wǔdì.[Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
(obsolete)crooked;evil
10thtetragram of theTaixuanjing (𝌏)
asurname

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Pinyin):yí (yi²)
(Zhuyin):ㄧˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:yí
  - Zhuyin:ㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:yí
  - Wade–Giles:i²
  - Yale:yí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:yi
  - Palladius:и(i)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/i³⁵/

Middle Chinese:yij

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以脂切
Baxter	yij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiɪ/
Pan Wuyun	/ji/
Shao Rongfen	/jɪ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ji/
Li Rong	/i/
Wang Li	/ji/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang):/*lel/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	1/3
No.	13573
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	姨
Old Chinese	/*lel/
Notes	沙羨漢縣

Definitions

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羨

Only used in沙羨／沙羡 (“Shayi (county)”).

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Pinyin):yán,yàn (yan²,yan⁴)
(Zhuyin):ㄧㄢˊ, ㄧㄢˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:yán
  - Zhuyin:ㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:yán
  - Wade–Giles:yen²
  - Yale:yán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:yan
  - Palladius:янь(janʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/jɛn³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:yàn
  - Zhuyin:ㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:yàn
  - Wade–Giles:yen⁴
  - Yale:yàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:yann
  - Palladius:янь(janʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/jɛn⁵¹/

Middle Chinese:yenH

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	于線切
Baxter	yenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/jæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jian^H/
Li Rong	/iɛn^H/
Wang Li	/jĭɛn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯ɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*[ɢ]a[n]/
(Zhengzhang):/*lans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羨
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ yen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]a[n]/
English	extend; go forward
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	3/3
No.	13575
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*lans/
Notes	予原作於，依唐韻改

Definitions

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羨

Alternative form of延(yán,“toinvite; toengage”)
Alternative form of埏(“tomb passage”)

References

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“羨”, in漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1],香港中文大學 (theChinese University of Hong Kong),2014–

Japanese

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Kanji

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See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 羨

羨

(Jōyō kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.

Readings

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On (unclassified):せん(sen,Jōyō)、えん(en)
Kun:うらやましい(urayamashii,羨ましい,Jōyō)、うらやむ(urayamu,羨む,Jōyō)、あまり(amari)
Nanori:よし(yoshi)

Compounds

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羨(うらや)ましい(urayamashii): jealous, envious
羨(うらや)む(urayamu): to be jealous, to be envious

Korean

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Chinese羨 (MC zjenH).

Historical readings

Recorded asMiddle Korean쎤〮 (Yale:ssyén) inDongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded asMiddle Korean션(syen)^訓 (Yale:syen) inSinjeung Yuhap(新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

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(SK Standard/Seoul)IPA^(key):[sʰɘ(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul:[선(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.