Stroke order
Stroke order
的 Kangxi radical 106,白 +3, 8 strokes,cangjie input 竹日心戈 (HAPI ),four-corner 27620 ,composition ⿰白 勺 )
Kangxi Dictionary:page 786 , character 7 Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22692 Dae Jaweon: page 1201, character 9 Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2644, character 16 Unihan data for U+7684 Old Chinese 豹 *preːwɢs 趵 *preːwɢs, *preːwɢ 尥 *breːw, *b·reːwɢs 箹 *ʔreːwɢs, *ʔreːwɢ 杓 *plew, *pʰlew, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ 約 *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ 扚 *pleːwʔ, *pleːwɢ 釣 *pleːwɢs 瘹 *teːwɢs 芍 *ɡleːwʔ, *spʰlewɢ, *pl'ewɢ, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ 酌 *pljewɢ 灼 *pljewɢ 勺 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ 彴 *pljewɢ 犳 *pljewɢ 妁 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ 汋 *bljewɢ, *sbreːwɢ 仢 *bljewɢ 葯 *qlewɢ, *qreːwɢ 礿 *lewɢ 肑 *preːwɢ, *pleːwɢ 瓝 *breːwɢ 的 *pleːwɢ 靮 *pleːwɢ 馰 *pleːwɢ 玓 *pleːwɢ 魡 *pleːwɢ
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声 OC *pleːwɢ ): semantic 白 ( “ white ” ) + phonetic 勺 ( OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ ) .
The original form was旳 日
For the "bright" sense, probably related to曜 OC *lewɢs
The sense of “mark in a target” may be secondary. Alternatively, it may be an independent root on its own. CompareTibetan རྟགས ( rtags ,“ mark, sign ” ) .
Mandarin (Standard (Pinyin :dì ,dí (di4 ,di2 )(Zhuyin :ㄉㄧˋ, ㄉㄧˊ (Chengdu ,Sichuanese Pinyin :di4 / di2 (Xi'an ,Guanzhong Pinyin :dǐ (Nanjing ,Nanjing Pinyin :di̊q (Dungan ,Cyrillic andWiktionary :ди (di, II)Cantonese (Guangzhou –Hong Kong ,Jyutping :dik1 (Taishan ,Wiktionary :et2 Gan (Wiktionary :dit6 Hakka (Sixian ,PFS :tit (Meixian ,Guangdong :did5 Jin (Wiktionary :dieh4 Northern Min (KCR :dĭ Eastern Min (BUC :dék Southern Min (Hokkien ,POJ :tek /tiak (Teochew ,Peng'im :dêg8 Wu (Northern Wugniu :7 tiqXiang (Changsha ,Wiktionary :di6 Note :
dì - “bright; target”; dí - “true; truly”. Baxter –Sagart system 1.1 (2014 )Character 的 Reading # 1/1 Modern dì Middle ‹ tek › Old /*[t-l]ˁewk/ English bright; mark in a target Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)Character 的 Reading # 1/1 No. 11210 Phonetic 勺 Rime 藥 Rime 2 Corresponding 的 Old /*pleːwɢ/
的
bright ;clear ;distinct Alternative form: ( ancient ) 旳 white ; white-coloured white forehead ofhorses ; white-foreheaded horsecentre oftarget forarchery Alternative form: 㢩 aim ;standard ;criterion target ;objective 目的 mùdì ( historical ) red dot worn on thecentre of theforehead bywomen ;bindi Alternative form: ( ancient ) 旳 Alternative form of菂 ( dì ,“ lotus seed ” ) true ;real (Can we add anexample for this sense?) really ;truly ;certainly 的 確／ 的 确dí quèOld Turkic:tek ( -ish, like ) Kypchak: -daq, -day Karluk: -daq, -day Oghuz: -dek, -tek simp. andtrad. 的 alternative forms ㄉ Taiwan der cute–sounding 个 Hokkien 亓 Hokkien 兮 Hokkien ㄉ Taiwan der cute–sounding 个 Hokkien 亓 Hokkien 兮 Hokkien ㄟ Hokkien 之 Hokkien
First attested in theTang Dynasty as底 de , the possessive marker in Northern Chinese, superseding the earlier底
There are three main competing proposals for its etymology:
Derived from the lenition of the literary genitive marker之 OC *tjɯ Demiéville, 1950 ;Wang, 1958 ;Mei, 1988 ), which is still preserved in many phrases, and in the written form to some extent, especially in Taiwan. Derived from the lenition of者 OC *tjaːʔ Lü, 1943 ;Yuan et al., 1996 ;Yang, R., 2016 ). Note that 的 is also a nominalizer like 者 in Classical Chinese. Derived from the lenition of Middle Chinese demonstrative底 MC Shi, 2015, 2023 ). If from either of the first two etymons, possibly cognate with the demonstrative這 ／ 这 zhè
Possibly cognate with the particle sense of地
In contemporary times it is also used to represent unrelated equivalent particles in other Chinese varieties. Examples includeHokkien ê 个 之 兮 亓 ㄟ 其 [ 1] Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu (1620) andDictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642) historically used个 Eastern Min gì (其 Wu geq (個 Cantonese ge3 (嘅 個
Mandarin (Standard (Pinyin :de ,dì (de5 ／ de0 ,di4 )(Zhuyin :˙ㄉㄜ, ㄉㄧˋ (Chengdu ,Sichuanese Pinyin :ni1 (Nanjing ,Nanjing Pinyin :diq (Dungan ,Cyrillic andWiktionary :ди (di, 0)Cantonese (Guangzhou –Hong Kong ,Jyutping :dik1 (Taishan ,Wiktionary :et2 Jin (Wiktionary :deh Northern Min (KCR :gâ̤ Eastern Min (BUC :gì Southern Min (Hokkien ,POJ :ê /--ê /tek /tiak /tit (Teochew ,Peng'im :di1 / di7 Wu (Shanghai Wugniu :7 tiqXiang (Changsha ,Wiktionary :di Note : dì and di - in poetry, songs, slangs.
Note : chiefly in formal writing.
Note : chiefly in formal writing.
Note : Etymologically unrelated.
Note :
ê and --ê - etymologically unrelated. --ê is the generic classifier and ê is the possessive particle (pronunciations different); tek/tiak - literary (only in formal writing); tit - vernacular (only in formal writing). Note : only in formal writing.
的 ( chiefly Mandarin , Jin , Xiang )
genitive case marker Used after an attribute. Indicates that the previous word haspossession of the next one. It functions like’s in English (or like the word “of ” but with the position ofpossessor andpossessee switched). ’s ;of Alternative form: ( dated ) 底 我 的 書 ／ 我 的 书 wǒde shū my book(s)這 本 書 是 老 王 的 。[MSC ,trad. 这 本 书 是 老 王 的 。[MSC ,simp. Zhè běn shū shì lǎo Wángde . [Pinyin] This book is Wang’s . 別 開 他 的 玩笑 了 。[MSC ,trad. 别 开 他 的 玩笑 了 。[MSC ,simp. Bié kāi tāde wánxiào le. [Pinyin] Don't make fun of him. 蛇 的 毒 shéde dú ’s poison人民 的 國家 ／ 人民 的 国家 rénmínde guójiā ’s CountryUsed to link a noun, an adjective or a phrase to a noun to describe it. that ;who Alternative form: ( obsolete ) 底 紅色 的 氣球 ／ 红色 的 气球 hóngsède qìqiú 鐵 的 紀律 ／ 铁 的 纪律 tiěde jìlǜ 去 北京 的 火車 ／ 去 北京 的 火车 qù Běijīngde huǒchē that goes to Beijing昨天 來 的 人 ／ 昨天 来 的 人 zuótiān láide rén who came yesterday今天 開會 是 你 的 主席 。[MSC ,trad. 今天 开会 是 你 的 主席 。[MSC ,simp. Jīntiān kāihuì shì nǐde zhǔxí. [Pinyin] You will chair today's meeting. (You,the chairperson, are to attend the meeting today.) 的 話／ 的 话de huàparticle put at the end of a conditional clause Used to express “of that kind”. 針頭線腦 的 ／ 针头线脑 的 zhēntóuxiànnǎode nominalizer Used to form a noun phrase or nominal expression. Alternative form: ( obsolete ) 底 我 愛 吃 辣 的 。／ 我 爱 吃 辣 的 。Wǒ ài chī làde . 菊花 開 了 ，有 紅 的 ，有 黃 的 。[MSC ,trad. 菊花 开 了 ，有 红 的 ，有 黄 的 。[MSC ,simp. Júhuā kāi le, yǒu hóngde , yǒu huángde . [Pinyin] The chrysanthemums are in bloom; some are red and some yellow. 他 說 他 的 ，我 幹 我 的 。[MSC ,trad. 他 说 他 的 ，我 干 我 的 。[MSC ,simp. Tā shuō tāde , wǒ gàn wǒde . [Pinyin] Let him say what he likes; I'll just get on with my work. 火車 上 看 書 的 看 書 ，聊天 的 聊天 。[MSC ,trad. 火车 上 看 书 的 看 书 ，聊天 的 聊天 。[MSC ,simp. Huǒchē shàng kàn shūde kàn shū, liáotiānde liáotiān. [Pinyin] On the train some people were reading and some were chatting. 我 要 兩 個 三 毛 的 。[MSC ,trad. 我 要 两 个 三 毛 的 。[MSC ,simp. Wǒ yào liǎng ge sān máode . [Pinyin] I want two of the thirty-cent ones. (i.e. two items worth thirty cents each) 無緣無故 的 ，你 著 什麼 急 ？[MSC ,trad. 无缘无故 的 ，你 着 什么 急 ？[MSC ,simp. Wúyuánwúgùde , nǐ zháo shénme jí? [Pinyin] Why do you get excited for no reason at all? 這裡 用 不 著 你 ，你 只管 睡 你 的 去 。[MSC ,trad. 这里 用 不 着 你 ，你 只管 睡 你 的 去 。[MSC ,simp. Zhèlǐ yòng bù zháo nǐ, nǐ zhǐguǎn shuì nǐde qù. [Pinyin] We don't need you here. Just go to bed. Used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis. 你們 這 兩 天 真 夠 辛苦 的 。[MSC ,trad. 你们 这 两 天 真 够 辛苦 的 。[MSC ,simp. Nǐmen zhè liǎng tiān zhēn gòu xīnkǔde . [Pinyin] You've really been working hard the past few days. Used after a verb or between a verb and its object to stress an element of the sentence. It can be used with是 shì 誰 買 的 ？／ 谁 买 的 ？Shéi mǎide ? 你 嗓子 怎麼 啞 了 ？——唱 的 。[MSC ,trad. 你 嗓子 怎么 哑 了 ？——唱 的 。[MSC ,simp. Nǐ sǎngzǐ zěnme yǎ le? — Chàngde . [Pinyin] Why are you so hoarse? —From singing. 是 我 打 的 稿子 ，他 上 的 色 。[MSC ,trad. simp. Shì wǒ dǎde gǎozi, tā shàngde sè. [Pinyin] It was Iwho worked up the sketch and hewho filled in the colours. 他 是 昨天 進 的 城 。[MSC ,trad. 他 是 昨天 进 的 城 。[MSC ,simp. Tā shì zuótiān jìnde chéng. [Pinyin] He went to town yesterday. 我 是 在 車站 打 的 票 。[MSC ,trad. 我 是 在 车站 打 的 票 。[MSC ,simp. Wǒ shì zài chēzhàn dǎde piào. [Pinyin] I bought the ticket at the station. ( informal ) Used to express multiplication or addition. and ,by 這 間 屋子 是 五 米 的 三 米 ，合 十五 平方米 。[MSC ,trad. 这 间 屋子 是 五 米 的 三 米 ，合 十五 平方米 。[MSC ,simp. Zhè jiān wūzǐ shì wǔ mǐde sān mǐ, hé shíwǔ píngfāngmǐ. [Pinyin] This room is five metres by three, or fifteen square metres. 兩 個 的 三 個 ，一共 五 個 。[MSC ,trad. 两 个 的 三 个 ，一共 五 个 。[MSC ,simp. Liǎng gede sān ge, yīgòng wǔ ge. [Pinyin] Two pieces and three pieces—there are five in all. ( possession particle ) : 的 is usually omitted when referring to a close relationship (family, close friends) or to an institutional or organizational relationship (school, work).這 是 我 媽媽 ／ 这 是 我 妈妈 zhè shì wǒ māma 這 是 我們 學校 ／ 这 是 我们 学校 zhè shì wǒmen xuéxiào ( particle linking a noun and an adjective ) : 的 is omitted if it is used with a single-syllable adjective.壞人 ／ 坏人 huàirén It must be used when the adjective has more than one syllable or if the adjective is qualified by an adverb.奇怪 的 人 qíguàide rén 很 好 的 茶 hěn hǎode chá 的 is also omitted when the association is frequent中國人 ／ 中国人 zhōngguórén When necessary, the character的 is referred to as白勺的 bái sháo de 得 雙人得 ／ 双人得 shuāng rén dé 地 土也地 tǔ yě dì 無奈 的 嘆息 ／ 无奈 的 叹息 wúnàide tànxī 無奈 地 嘆息 ／ 无奈 地 叹息 wúnài de tànxī 無奈 得 嘆息 ／ 无奈 得 叹息 wúnài de tànxī In Mandarin slang usage,的 can be pronounced asdi , and substituted by the character滴 dī 好 滴 hǎo di (where the standard form is "好的 Dialectal synonyms of
的 (“
possessive particle ”)
[map] Wutunhua:-de → Khmer:ទី ( tii ) Phonetic syllable used to transcribe certain syllables in foreign loanwords.
Mandarin (Pinyin :dī ,dí ,dì (di1 ,di2 ,di4 )(Zhuyin :ㄉㄧ, ㄉㄧˊ, ㄉㄧˋ Cantonese (Guangzhou –Hong Kong ,Jyutping :dik1 (Taishan ,Wiktionary :det2 Eastern Min (BUC :dék Southern Min (Hokkien ,POJ :tek /tiak (Teochew ,Peng'im :deg4 Note : dī - Chinese Mainland pronunciation, used in “
的士 ” and related words.
的
Used in transcription. 的 士dī shì/dí shì的 黎波里Dí líbōlǐShort for 的士 dīshì 打的 dǎdī taxi ^ Douglas, Carstairs (1873 ) “dê”, inChinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co.,page99 ;New Edition, With Corrections by the Author. ,Thomas Barclay ,Lîm Iàn-sîn 林燕臣 , London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England,1899 ,page99 的
(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji )
Repurposed from thetarget Ming - andQing -eraMandarin [ 1] Song andYuan eras.[ 2] [ 3] Meiji period by theEnglish -tic spastic plastic characteristic Ancient Greek -τικός ( -tikós ) , used to form adjectives from verbs.[ 1] [ 2] [ 4] [ 3] [ 5]
的( てき ) • (-teki -na adnominal 的( てき ) な ( -tekina ) ,adverbial 的( てき ) に ( -tekini ) )
-ive ,-like ,-ish ,-ic ,-ical ,-y ,kind of ,sort of Used to form形容動詞 ( keiyō dōshi ,“ na adjectives” ) from nouns. The resulting term has a平板型 ( heiban-gata ,“ flat type ” ) or type 0pitch accent pattern.中( ちゅう ) 国( ごく ) 雰( ふん ) 囲( い ) 気( き ) 、中( ちゅう ) 国( ごく ) 的( てき ) 雰( ふん ) 囲( い ) 気( き ) Chūgoku no fun'iki, Chūgoku-teki na fun'iki China's atmosphere, a Chinesekind of atmosphere Used to form similar items from complex noun phrases.彼( かれ ) 本( ほん ) 音( ね ) 的( てき ) 歌詞( かし ) kare no honne-teki na kashi lyrics that are like his true feelings FromMiddle Chinese 的 MC
的( てき ) • (teki
target bright ,clear 的( てき ) 確( かく ) ( tekikaku ) :accurate ,apt ,exact 的( てき ) 言( げん ) ( tekigen ) :bon mot , theright word orturn of phrase for theoccasion 的( てき ) 殺( さつ ) ( tekisatsu ) : in九星 ( kyūsei ,an astrology system from ancient China , literally“ nine stars ” ) , theopposite direction from the favored direction for one'sage 的( てき ) 実( じつ ) ( tekijitsu ) :certain ,definite ,actual ,real 的( てき ) 証( しょう ) ( tekishō ) :accurate evidence 的( てき ) 切( せつ ) ( tekisetsu ) :fitting ,appropriate 的( てき ) 然( ぜん ) ( tekizen ) :clear ,distinct 的( てき ) 中( ちゅう ) ( tekichū ) : ahit ; to beon target 的( てき ) 屋( や ) ( tekiya ) ,的( てき ) 野( や ) ( tekiya ) : ahawker , apeddler ofcheap andgaudy wares 的( てき ) 例( れい ) ( tekirei ) : anappropriate orfitting example 的( てき ) 皪( れき ) ( tekireki ) :vividly andbrightly shining 金的( きんてき ) ( kinteki ) : targeting the testicles現( げん ) 代( だい ) 的( てき ) ( gendaiteki ) :modern 自( し ) 然( ぜん ) 的( てき ) ( shizenteki ) :natural 射的( しゃてき ) ( shateki ) : target practice目( もく ) 的( てき ) ( mokuteki ) : purpose; goal的( てき ) • (teki
Alternative spelling of敵 :( rare ) enemy ,opponent 的( てき ) • (teki
( archaic , chiefly Kansai , somewhat derogatory ) he ,she ,it ,that one ( archaic , chiefly Kansai , somewhat derogatory ) you ( derogatory for “he, she, it” ) : あいつ ( aitsu ) ( derogatory for “you” ) : おまえ ( omae ) FromOld Japanese 目 ( ma ,“ eye ” ) +所 ( to ,“ place ” ) . Appears to becognate withhomophone 円 ( mato ,“ round ” ,adjective, obsolete in modern Japanese ) .[ 1]
的( まと ) • (mato
atarget , amark , abullseye 矢( や ) が的( まと ) 当( あ ) たる。Ya gamato ni ataru. The arrow hits thetarget . anobjective , anobject ( of doing something ) FromOld Japanese
May be derived from rare archaic verbいくう ( ikuu ,“ to shoot [an arrow] at something ” ,archaic spellingいくふ ) .[ 1] Theha element would presumably derive from the verb endingふ ( fu ) , which has a未然形 ( mizenkei ,“ incomplete form ” ) ofha . However, this is unlikely, as verb forms ending in-fu underwent the regularf- andh- >w- shift, which would result in a reading of *ikuwa rather than the correctikuha . The above phonetic discrepancy suggests thatikuha may instead be a compound ofiku +ha . Theiku element probably derives from root componentいく ( iku ) meaning “shooting [arrows]”, as found inいくう ( ikuu ) and also in戦 ( ikusa ,“ a battle ” ,original meaning “the shooting of arrows” ) .[ 1] iku element might be related to verb射る ( iru ,“ to shoot an arrow ” ) , or obsolete verb生く ( iku ,“ to live; to make something live, to make something go ” ) , likelycognate with行く ( iku ,“ to go ” ) . Theha element is uncertain. It might be端 ( ha ,“ the edge or end of something ” ) , from the sense “the end [of the arrow's flight]”. 的( いくは ) • (ikuha
( archery , rare ) archery target FromOld Japanese ikuha above. Compare theiku <>yuku alteration in the verb行く ( iku, yuku ,“ to go ” ) .
的( ゆくは ) • (yukuha
( archery , rare ) archery target ↑1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988 )国語大辞典（新装版） Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition) Tōkyō :Shogakukan ,→ISBN ↑2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matsumura, Akira , editor (2006 ),大辞林 Daijirin Tokyo :Sanseidō ,→ISBN ↑3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997 ),新明解国語辞典 Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten Tokyo :Sanseidō ,→ISBN ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995 )大辞泉 Daijisen Tokyo :Shogakukan ,→ISBN ^ Masuda, Wataru (2000 ) Joshua A. Fogel, transl.,Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era , Routledge,→ISBN 的 (eumhun 과녁 적 ( gwanyeok jeok ) )
hanja form? 적 ( “ -ive ,-like ,-ish ,-ic ,-ical ,-y ,kind of ,sort of ” ) hanja form? 적 ( “ target ” ) 的 :Hán Nôm đích đét đít điếc đếch đễ
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