⽡ U+2F61,⽡ KANGXI RADICAL TILE ←⽠ [U+2F60] Kangxi Radicals ⽢ → [U+2F62]

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Radical 98瓦

瓦 (Kangxi radical 98,瓦+0, 5 strokesin Chinesein traditional Chinese, 4 strokesin mainland China, 5 strokesin Japanese,cangjie input一女弓戈 (MVNI),four-corner1071₇,composition⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))

1. Kangxi radical #98,⽡.

• Appendix:Chinese radical/瓦
• 佤,咓,㧚,𭯽,𣐎,珁,𥘳,㽍,砙,𮕰,𡨍,𦍭,缻,𮗩,𧧀,𨀄,𨠛,𨥯,𩐛,䰛,𩶏,𤁦,齀
• 邷,𦓓,𩿺(𬸁),𡊝,𡧗,𭖋,𦭈,𥥟,𨋐,旊,𢦭,𠩅,𢋩

• Kangxi Dictionary:page 747, character 36
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
• Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1421, character 3
• Unihan data for U+74E6

Historical forms of the character瓦
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

Possibly derived from化 (OC*hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

瓦

1. earthenware; earthenwarepottery
2. tile(roof covering)
3. (historical)back ofshield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
4. (historical)amusement park;market
5. (historical, dialectal)protectingplate ofwheel
6. (music)Alternative name for土 (tǔ, “earth”).
7. Ancient placename in modernHua County,Henan.
8. asurname,Wa

• → Proto-Hmong-Mien:*ŋʷæX(“tile”)
• → Vietnamese:ngói(“tile”)
• → Zhuang:vax(“tile”)

Derived from etymology 1 with denominal verbalization.

瓦

1. totile; tocover with tiles

瓦

1. Used in transcription.
2. short for瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”)
3. (Taiwanese Hokkien)gram(unit of mass)

• (watt):

• (gram):公克 (gōngkè)

• “瓦”, in漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[5],香港中文大學 (theChinese University of Hong Kong),2014–

(Jōyō kanji)

1. tile
2. gram,gramme

• Go-on:げ(ge)^{←げ(ge,historical)←ぐゑ(gwe,ancient)}
• Kan-on:が(ga,Jōyō)^{←ぐわ(gwa,historical)}
• Kun:かわら(kawara,瓦,Jōyō)^{←かはら(kafara,瓦,historical)}、グラム(guramu,瓦)

/kapara/ →/kaɸara/ →/kawara/

Probably fromSanskritकपाल(kapāla,“cup, bowl, skull”),^[1][2][3] possibly viaMiddle Chinese迦波羅 (MC kae pa la). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in theAsuka period.^[3][4][5]

Cognate with骨,䯊(kawara,“a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).

Folk etymologies include:

• From変わら(kawara), the未然形(mizenkei,“incomplete form”) of verb変わる(kawaru,“to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery throughfiring

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瓦(かわら)• (kawara) ^{←かはら(kafara)?}

1. roof tile

Abbreviation of transliteratedateji (当(あ)て字(じ)) spelling瓦(グ)蘭(ラ)姆(ム)(guramu), attested in theMeiji period. The termグラム(guramu) itself was borrowed from eitherEnglishgram orFrenchgramme.^[1][6]

Once considered a国字(kokuji,“national character”,a kanji coined in Japan), another example being瓲(トン)(ton,“ton,tonne”).

FromMiddle Chinese瓦 (MC ngwaeX|ngwaeH).

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瓦(が)• (ga) ^{←ぐわ(gwa)?}

1. roof tile
2. Used phonetically.

   瓦斯(ガス)(gasu):gas

• 瓦当(がとう)(gatō)

• “^△瓦”, in漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[6] (in Japanese),The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation,2015–2026

FromMiddle Chinese瓦 (MC ngwaeX).

• (SK Standard/Seoul)IPA^(key):[wa̠]
• Phonetic hangul:[와]

KoreanWikisource has texts containing thehanja:

瓦

瓦 (eumhun기와와(giwa wa))

1. hanja form^? of와(“roof tile”)

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[7]

瓦:Hán Nôm readings:ngõa/ngoã,ngói,ngoa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.

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