| Stroke order |
|---|
 |
牙 (Kangxi radical 92,牙+0, 4 strokes,cangjie input一女木竹 (MVDH),four-corner10240,composition⿹⿻𠃋丁丿)
- Kangxi radical #92,⽛.
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №39
- Appendix:Chinese radical/牙
- 伢,冴,呀,𡉪,岈,㤉,㧎,𣲨,犽,𰀍,迓,枒,𤆹,玡,砑,䄰,𧘪,𦕆,蚜,𧠖,𧣐,訝 (讶),谺,釾 (䥺),颬,𩨠,𩶀(𬶅),齖 (𬹺),𫰎,𬦤,𮐍
- 𠚾,𠡁,邪,雅,䪵,鴉 (鸦),𪖕,𢗬,𥁆,𡵥,芽,穿,䍓,笌,厊,庌,疨,閕,衺,𮗍,𭓟,𭯲
- Kangxi Dictionary:page 695, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19909
- Dae Jaweon: page 1108, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1419, character 8
- Unihan data for U+7259
| Old Chinese |
|---|
| 邪 | *ljaː, *laː |
| 衺 | *ljaː |
| 牙 | *ŋraː |
| 芽 | *ŋraː |
| 齖 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 呀 | *ŋraː, *hŋraː |
| 枒 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 雅 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 厊 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 庌 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 訝 | *ŋraːs |
| 迓 | *ŋraːs |
| 砑 | *ŋraːs |
| 犽 | *ŋraːs |
| 疨 | *hŋraː |
| 岈 | *hŋraː |
| 谺 | *hŋraː |
| 颬 | *hŋraː |
| 鴉 | *qraː |
| 釾 | *laː |
The pictogram of a pair of elephant tusks. According to Xu Shen, this pictogram was used to indicate human molars but not front teeth/incisors (齒).
Norman and Mei (1976) propose that this was a substrate loan; cf.Proto-Vietic*ŋaː(“ivory”) (Vietnamesengà),Proto-Tai*ŋaːᴬ(“tusk;ivory”) (Thaiงา(ngaa)).Pulleyblank (1983) disagrees with their hypothesis and considersOld Chinese to be the donor of thisWanderwort instead.
STEDT provisionally sets upProto-Sino-Tibetan*s-ŋja(“tusk; tooth”), comparing it toMizongho(“tusk; fang”),Manipuriꯌꯥ(yā,“tooth”),Mru[script needed](hngou,“tooth”),Pa'o Karen[script needed](tə́ʔŋà,“tooth”).
- Hong Kong Cantonese neologismprefix
- From阿 (aa3).
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Pinyin):yá (ya2)
- (Zhuyin):ㄧㄚˊ
- (Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):ya2
- (Xi'an,Guanzhong Pinyin):niá
- (Nanjing,Nanjing Pinyin):yá
- (Dungan,Cyrillic andWiktionary):я (i͡a, I) /ня (ni͡a, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):ngaa4 /ngaa4-2
- (Dongguan,Jyutping++):ngaa4
- (Taishan,Wiktionary):nga3
- (Yangjiang,Jyutping++):ngaa4
- Gan(Wiktionary):nga4
- Hakka
- (Sixian,PFS):ngà
- (Hailu,HRS):nga
- (Meixian,Guangdong):nga2
- (Changting, Changting Pinyin):nga2
- Jin(Wiktionary):nia1 / ia1
- Northern Min(KCR):ngâ
- Eastern Min(BUC):ngà / ngāi
- Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):gor2 / ga2
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien,POJ):gê /gêe /giêe /gâ
- (Teochew,Peng'im):ghê5
- (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):nge5 / ia5
- Southern Pinghua(Nanning,Jyutping++):njaa4
- Wu(Northern,Wugniu):6nga /2nga /4nga /2ngo /2gha /6ya /2ya
- Xiang
- (Changsha,Wiktionary):nga2 / ia2
- (Loudi,Wiktionary):ngo2
- (Hengyang,Wiktionary):nga2 / ia2
Note: ngaa4-2 - screw thread.
Note: ngāi -
synaeresis of
牙齒 used alone or in some compounds.
Note:
- gor2 - vernacular;
- ga2 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Hui'an,Yongchun,Changtai,GeneralTaiwanese,Singapore)
- (Hokkien:Zhangzhou,Zhangpu,Penang)
- (Hokkien:Longyan)
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Hui'an,Yongchun,GeneralTaiwanese)
Note:
- gê/gêe/giêe - vernacular (“tooth; fang; ivory; broker”);
- gâ - literary (“screw thread”).
Note:
- nge5 - vernacular;
- ia5 - literary.
- Southern Pinghua
- Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
- (Northern:Jiading,Songjiang,Chongming,Suzhou)
- (Northern:Chuansha)
- (Northern:Changzhou,Shaoxing,Ningbo)
- (Northern:Jiaxing,Tongxiang,Haining,Haiyan)
- (Northern:Shanghai)
- (Northern:Songjiang,Suzhou,Changzhou,Haining,Haiyan,Hangzhou)
Note:
- 6nga/2nga/2ngo/2gha - colloquial;
- 6ya/2ya - literary.
Note:
- nga2 - vernacular;
- ia2 - literary.
Note:
- nga2 - vernacular;
- ia2 - literary.
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) |
|---|
| Character | 牙 |
|---|
| Reading # | 1/1 |
|---|
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) | yá |
|---|
Middle
Chinese | ‹ ngæ › |
|---|
Old
Chinese | /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/ |
|---|
| English | tooth |
|---|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) |
|---|
| Character | 牙 |
|---|
| Reading # | 1/1 |
|---|
| No. | 14177 |
|---|
Phonetic
component | 牙 |
|---|
Rime
group | 魚 |
|---|
Rime
subdivision | 0 |
|---|
Corresponding
MC rime | 牙 |
|---|
Old
Chinese | /*ŋraː/ |
|---|
牙
- (anatomy)tooth(Classifier:顆／颗m; 隻／只mc; 棚c)
- 拔牙 ― báyá ― to take out a tooth
- 我牙疼。 ― Wǒyá téng. ― I have atoothache.
- (anatomy)ivory;tusk ofelephant
- 牙雕 ― yádiāo ― ivory sculpture
- screwthread
- (literary, obsolete) tobite
- (obsolete)alternative form of衙(“government office; yamen”)
- (obsolete)alternative form of芽(yá,“to sprout”)
- (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internetslang, leetspeak, neologism)Prefix used in front of the surname or last character of someone’s given name to express familiarity or friendliness.
- (historical)broker
Dialectal synonyms of
牙齒 (“tooth”)
[map]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|
| Classical Chinese | 齒 |
|---|
| Formal(Written Standard Chinese) | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 牙 |
|---|
| Taiwan | 牙 |
| Harbin | 牙 |
| Singapore | 牙齒 |
| Olginsky(Mikhaylovka) | 牙 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 牙 |
|---|
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai(Muping) | 牙 |
|---|
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 牙 |
|---|
| Wanrong | 牙 |
| Xi'an | 牙 |
| Xining | 牙 |
| Xuzhou | 牙 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 牙 |
|---|
| Ürümqi | 牙 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Chongqing | 牙齒,牙巴 |
| Wuhan | 牙齒,才調子 |
| Guiyang | 牙齒 |
| Guilin | 牙齒 |
| Liuzhou | 牙齒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 牙子 |
|---|
| Xinghua | 牙齒 |
| Hefei | 牙,牙齒 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 牙 |
|---|
| Hong Kong | 牙 |
| Hong Kong(San Tin; Weitou) | 牙 |
| Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou) | 牙 |
| Hong Kong(Ting Kok) | 牙 |
| Hong Kong(Tung Ping Chau) | 牙 |
| Macau | 牙 |
| Guangzhou(Panyu) | 牙 |
| Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu) | 牙 |
| Guangzhou(Conghua) | 牙 |
| Guangzhou(Zengcheng) | 牙 |
| Foshan | 牙 |
| Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai) | 牙 |
| Foshan(Shunde) | 牙 |
| Foshan(Sanshui) | 牙 |
| Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 牙 |
| Zhongshan(Shiqi) | 牙 |
| Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 牙 |
| Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 牙 |
| Zhuhai(Doumen) | 牙 |
| Jiangmen(Baisha) | 牙 |
| Jiangmen(Xinhui) | 牙 |
| Taishan | 牙 |
| Kaiping(Chikan) | 牙 |
| Enping(Niujiang) | 牙 |
| Heshan(Yayao) | 牙 |
| Dongguan | 牙 |
| Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an) | 牙 |
| Qingyuan | 牙 |
| Fogang | 牙 |
| Yingde(Hanguang) | 牙 |
| Yangshan | 牙 |
| Lianshan(Butian) | 牙齒 |
| Lianzhou(Qingshui; Sihui) | 牙齒 |
| Shaoguan | 牙,牙齒 |
| Shaoguan(Qujiang) | 牙 |
| Renhua | 牙齒 |
| Lechang | 牙,牙齒 |
| Zhaoqing(Gaoyao) | 牙 |
| Sihui | 牙 |
| Guangning | 牙 |
| Deqing | 牙 |
| Huaiji | 牙 |
| Fengkai(Nanfeng) | 牙 |
| Yunfu | 牙 |
| Xinxing | 牙 |
| Luoding | 牙 |
| Yunan(Pingtai) | 牙 |
| Yangjiang | 牙 |
| Xinyi | 牙齒 |
| Maoming(Xinpo) | 牙 |
| Lianjiang | 牙 |
| Nanning | 牙齒,牙 |
| Wuzhou | 牙齒,牙 |
| Yulin | 牙齒,牙 |
| Hepu(Lianzhou) | 牙齒 |
| Guiping | 牙齒 |
| Mengshan(Xihe) | 牙齒 |
| Guigang(Nanjiang) | 牙齒 |
| Beiliu(Tangliao) | 牙齒 |
| Baise | 牙齒 |
| Bobai | 牙齒 |
| Lingshan | 牙齒 |
| Pubei | 牙齒 |
| Qinzhou | 牙齒 |
| Beihai | 牙齒 |
| Ningming | 牙齒 |
| Hengzhou | 牙齒 |
| Hezhou(Pumen, Babu) | 牙齒 |
| Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu) | 牙 |
| Singapore(Guangfu) | 牙 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Pingxiang | 牙齒 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua) | 牙 |
| Dongguan(Qingxi) | 牙 |
| Shenzhen(Shatoujiao) | 牙齒 |
| Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui) | 牙 |
| Wuhua(Huacheng) | 牙齒 |
| Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua) | 牙齒 |
| Yudu | 牙齒 |
| Miaoli(N. Sixian) | 牙齒 |
| Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian) | 牙齒 |
| Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu) | 牙齒 |
| Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu) | 牙齒 |
| Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping) | 牙齒 |
| Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 牙,牙齒 |
| Hong Kong | 牙 |
| Senai(Huiyang) | 牙 |
| Singapore(Dabu) | 牙齒 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牙 |
|---|
| Xinzhou | 牙 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 牙 |
|---|
| Fuzhou(Changle) | 牙 |
| Fuqing | 喙齒 |
| Yongtai | 牙齒 |
| Gutian | 喙齒 |
| Fu'an | 喙齒 |
| Ningde | 喙齒 |
| Shouning | 喙齒 |
| Zhouning | 喙齒 |
| Fuding | 牙齒 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 喙齒,齒 |
|---|
| Xiamen(Tong'an) | 喙齒 |
| Quanzhou | 喙齒,齒 |
| Jinjiang | 喙齒 |
| Hui'an | 喙齒 |
| Anxi | 喙齒 |
| Dehua | 喙齒 |
| Zhangzhou | 喙齒,齒 |
| Zhao'an | 喙齒 |
| Kaohsiung | 喙齒,齒 |
| Yilan | 喙齒 |
| Changhua(Lukang) | 喙齒 |
| Taichung | 牙齒 |
| Taichung(Wuqi) | 喙齒 |
| Tainan | 喙齒 |
| Taitung | 喙齒 |
| Hsinchu | 喙齒 |
| Penghu(Magong) | 喙齒 |
| Penang(Hokkien) | 喙齒,牙 |
| Singapore(Hokkien) | 喙齒,齒 |
| Manila(Hokkien) | 喙齒 |
| Pingnan(Shangdu) | 牙齒 |
| Chaozhou | 齒 |
| Shantou | 齒 |
| Shantou(Chenghai) | 齒 |
| Jieyang | 齒 |
| Haifeng | 牙 |
| Bangkok(Teochew) | 齒 |
| Ho Chi Minh City(Teochew) | 牙 |
| Johor Bahru(Teochew) | 齒 |
| Singapore(Teochew) | 齒 |
| Pontianak(Teochew) | 牙 |
| Leizhou | 牙 |
| Wenchang | 牙 |
| Haikou | 齒 |
| Singapore(Hainanese) | 牙,喙齒 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 齒 |
|---|
| Putian(Donghai, Chengxiang) | 喙齒 |
| Putian(Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 齒 |
| Putian(Nanri, Xiuyu) | 齒 |
| Xianyou | 齒,喙齒 |
| Xianyou(Fengting) | 齒,喙齒 |
| Xianyou(Youyang) | 齒,喙齒 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi) | 牙 |
|---|
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning(Tingzi) | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Shehua | Fu'an | 牙 |
|---|
| Fuding | 牙 |
| Luoyuan | 牙 |
| Sanming | 牙 |
| Shunchang | 牙 |
| Hua'an | 牙 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang(Gaofeng) | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Wu | Shanghai | 牙子,牙齒 |
|---|
| Shanghai(Chongming) | 牙齒 |
| Suzhou | 牙子 |
| Wenzhou | 牙齒,牙 |
| Jinhua | 牙齒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 牙齒 |
|---|
| Loudi | 牙齒 |
| Shuangfeng | 牙齒 |
Others:
- → Proto-Tai:*ŋaːᴬ(“tusk, ivory”)
- Thai:งา(ngaa)
- Lao:ງາ(ngā)
- Lü:ᦇᦱ(ngaa)
- Shan:ငႃး(ngáa)
- Ahom:𑜂𑜠(ṅa)
- → Proto-Vietic:*ŋaː(“ivory”)
牙
(Jōyō kanji)
- tusk,fang
FromOld Japanese. Appears in theMan'yōshū.[1]
牙• (ki)
- (obsolete)fang,tusk,tooth(particularly thecanine)
Although this term is no longer used in isolation, it does persist in certain compounds.
Compound ofOld Japanese elements牙(ki,“fang, tusk”) +歯(ha,“tooth”).[2] Theha changes toba as an instance ofrendaku (連濁).
牙• (kiba)
- fang,tusk,tooth(particularly thecanines)
- (falconry)dog(primarily used for counting hunting dogs)
This is the most common term forfang in modern Japanese.
Cognate with, and probably the noun derivation of, verb黴びる(kabiru,“to go moldy”), from the root idea of somethingsprouting.[2] Used in theKojiki.
牙• (kabi)
- (obsolete) a plantsprout, a plantbud
Non-standard alternative spelling for歯(ha,“tooth”).[2]
| For pronunciation and definitions of牙 – see the following entry. |
| 【歯】3 | - [noun]tooth
- [noun](typography) a unit equal to 1Q(kyū) and 0.25 mm, abbreviated as H;ha is used for spacing, while Q is used for font size
- [noun] aridge on theunderside of ageta
|
|
| (This term,牙, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
FromMiddle Chinese牙 (MC ngae). Compare modernMin Nan readinggê.
Thegoon reading, so probably the reading as first imported into Japanese.
牙• (ge)
- ananimal'sfang ortusk
- anelephant'stusk:ivory
- atooth
Thetooth meaning is much more commonly expressed using the word歯(ha).
FromMiddle Chinese牙 (MC ngae). Compare modernCantonese readingngaa4.
Thekan'on reading, so probably a later importation.
牙• (ga)
- ananimal'sfang ortusk
- anelephant'stusk:ivory
- atooth
Thega reading is only used in compounds, and is never used in isolation.
- 牙営(gaei): theheadquarters of a general in a field camp
- 牙音(gaon): avelar consonant(obsolete)
- 牙関緊急(gakan kinkyū):lockjaw, a commonsymptom in the early stages oftetanus
- 牙旗(gaki): aflag raised at the site of anemperor's orgeneral's field camp
- 牙行(gakō): in China, amiddleman orgo-between in acommercialtransaction
- 牙山(Gazan): the city ofAsan, aport inSouth Korea
- 牙商(gashō): amiddleman orgo-between in acommercialtransaction
- 牙城(gajō): thekeep or mainresidence within acastle; aheadquarters, abase, astronghold
- 牙人(gajin): in China, amiddleman orgo-between in acommercialtransaction
- 牙銭(gasen): afee orcommission charged by a牙行(gakō)
- 牙虫(gamushi): awater scavenger beetle offamilyHydrophilidae
- 牙斧(gafu): a smallaxe orhatchet made fromboartusk
- 牙保(gaho): amiddleman orgo-between in acommercialtransaction
- 牙保罪(gahozai): thecrime offencing goods known to bestolen
- 牙保犯(gahohan): thecrime offencing goods known to bestolen
- 牙門(gamon): agate on which ageneral'sflag is flying; an army'sheadquarters
- 牙籌(gachū): anabacus; more specifically, anivory abacus
- 牙籤,牙籖(gasen): a smallplacard orlabel made ofivory; a smallclaw-shaped ivoryclasp for holding abook closed
- 牙纛(gatō): theflag of ageneral'sarmy, thepole of which was traditionally decorated withivory on the end
- 牙儈(gakai): in China, amiddleman orgo-between in acommercialtransaction
FromMiddle Chinese牙 (MC ngae).
Recorded asMiddle Koreanᅌᅡᆼ (Yale:nga) inDongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded asMiddle Korean아(a) (Yale:a) inHunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
牙 (eumhun어금니아(eogeumni a))
- hanja form? of아(“molar;cheek tooth”)
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[3]
牙:Hán Nôm readings:nha,ngà
- chữ Hán form ofnha(“tooth”)
- chữ Nôm form ofngà(“ivory”)
