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| Japanese | 海 |
|---|---|
| Simplified | 海 |
| Traditional | 海 |
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
In Chinese, the bottom right component is母 with 2 dots, yielding海. In Japaneseshinjitai, this component is simplified to毋 (1 cross stroke), yielding海 (氵+毎). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – seeHan unification.
海 (Kangxi radical 85,水+7in Chinese and Korean, 水+6in Japanese, 10 strokesin Chinese and Korean, 9 strokesin Japanese,cangjie input水人田卜 (EOWY) or水人田十 (EOWJ),four-corner38157,composition⿰氵每(GHTKV orU+FA45) or⿰氵毎(J orU+2F901))
| simp. andtrad. | 海 | |
|---|---|---|
| Historical forms of the character海 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan) | Liushutong (compiled inMing) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |  |  |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*hmlɯːʔ): semantic 氵(“water”) + phonetic 每(OC*mɯːʔ).
Probably related to晦 (OC*hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerousZhou texts海 is described as晦 (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese:溟 (OC*meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) <冥 (OC*meːŋ, “dark”).
STEDT compares海 (OC*hmlɯːʔ) toProto-Sino-Tibetan*muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk(“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”), but the rhymes are incompatible.
Lai reconstructs a new cognate set connecting this word withBokarsimu(“lake”) andKhroskyabsrbó(“pond”). To cover these cognates, something likeProto-Sino-Tibetan*m̥əq would have to be reconstructed.
| Variety | Location | 海 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xai²¹⁴/ |
| Harbin | /xai²¹³/ | |
| Tianjin | /xai¹³/ | |
| Jinan | /xɛ⁵⁵/ | |
| Qingdao | /xɛ⁵⁵/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /xai⁵³/ | |
| Xi'an | /xai⁵³/ | |
| Xining | /xɛ⁵³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /xɛ⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /xɛ⁴⁴²/ | |
| Ürümqi | /xai⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /xai⁴²/ | |
| Chengdu | /xai⁵³/ | |
| Guiyang | /xai⁴²/ | |
| Kunming | /xæ⁵³/ | |
| Nanjing | /xae²¹²/ | |
| Hefei | /xe̞²⁴/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xai⁵³/ |
| Pingyao | /xæ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /xɛ⁵³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /he³⁵/ |
| Suzhou | /he̞⁵¹/ | |
| Hangzhou | /he̞⁵³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /he³⁵/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /xɛ³⁵/ |
| Tunxi | /xuə³¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xai⁴¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /xai⁴²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hai²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hoi³¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /hoi³¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɔi³⁵/ |
| Nanning | /hɔi³⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /hɔi³⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hai⁵³/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hai³²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xuɛ²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /hai⁵³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /hai²¹³/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 呼改切 |
| Baxter | xojX |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hʌiX/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /həiX/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɒiX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /həjX/ |
| Li Rong | /xᴀiX/ |
| Wang Li | /xɒiX/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɑ̆iX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hǎi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi2 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hǎi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xojX › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-) |
| English | sea |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9283 |
| Phonetic component | 母 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 海 |
| Old Chinese | /*hmlɯːʔ/ |
海
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 海 | |
| Formal(Written Standard Chinese) | 海 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 海 |
| Taiwan | 海 | |
| Malaysia | 海 | |
| Singapore | 海 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 海 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 海 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 海 |
| Wuhan | 海 | |
| Guilin | 海 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 海 |
| Hefei | 海 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 海 |
| Hong Kong | 海 | |
| Yangjiang | 海 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 海 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 海 |
| Miaoli(N. Sixian) | 海 | |
| Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian) | 海 | |
| Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu) | 海 | |
| Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu) | 海 | |
| Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping) | 海 | |
| Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 海 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 海 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 海 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 海 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 海 |
| Manila(Hokkien) | 海 | |
| Chaozhou | 海 | |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 海 |
| Putian(Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 海 | |
| Putian(Nanri, Xiuyu) | 海 | |
| Xianyou | 海 | |
| Xianyou(Fengting) | 海 | |
| Xianyou(Youyang) | 海 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 海 |
| Suzhou | 海 | |
| Wenzhou | 海 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 海 |
| Shuangfeng | 海 | |
Others:
| Shinjitai | 海 | |
| Kyūjitai [1] | 海 海or 海+ ︀? | |
| 海󠄀 海+ 󠄀?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
| 海󠄃 海+ 󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. Seehere for details. | ||
(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji,kyūjitai form海)
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 海 |
| うみ Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 海(kyūjitai) |
⟨umi1⟩ → */umij/ →/umi/
FromOld Japanese, theorized as descending fromProto-Japonic*omi.
Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 海 |
| うな Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 海(kyūjitai) |
FromOld Japanese. Thought to be comprised ofう(u-,stem indicating “ocean”) +な(na,ancient alternative form of the possessive particleの(no)).[6] Theu- stem is also evident in魚(uo,“fish”) and潮(ushio,“salt water;tide”).
First cited to theNihon Shoki of 720CE.[6]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 海 |
| わた Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 海(kyūjitai) |
FromOld Japanese.
Probably related toKorean바다(bada,“ocean,sea”); perhaps an ancient Koreanic borrowing into Japanese.
Also read aswada.[7]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 海 |
| み Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 海(kyūjitai) |
Either cognate with水(mi,“water”), or an abbreviation ofumi above.
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 海 |
| かい Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 海(kyūjitai) |
FromMiddle Chinese海 (MC xojX).
”, in日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,2000-2002, released online 2007,→ISBN, concise edition entry availablehereFromMiddle Chinese海 (MC xojX).
| Historical readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄒᆡᆼ〯 (Yale:hǒy) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[6] | 바다〮 (Yale:pàtá) | ᄒᆡ〯 (Yale:hǒy) |
海:Hán Việt readings:hải (
海:Nôm readings:hẩy[1][2][3][6],hải[1][2][7][4],hái[1],hơi[1],hãi[2],hỏi[2]
