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楚 (Kangxi radical 75,木+9, 13 strokes,cangjie input木木弓卜人 (DDNYO),four-corner44801,composition⿱林疋)
| simp. andtrad. | 楚 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 椘 䠂 𣕑 𣗂 | |
| Historical forms of the character楚 | |
|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions |
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Originally, a compound formed by林 (forest),囗 (an enclosure), and止 (a footprint pointing up) – according to Shuowen Jiezi, "a group of trees". Perhaps the whole character points to a location on space with a group of trees or a small forest. As seen on some versions on bronzes, the two bottom component were fused and stylized as足, thus getting the old variant䠂.
Eventually, the whole character was further stylized asPhono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*sŋ̊ʰraʔ, *sŋ̊ʰras): semantic 林(“forest; grove; woods”) + phonetic 疋(OC*ŋraːʔ, *sŋra, *sŋraʔ). However, the phonetic component preserves part of the original drawing.
Schuessler (2007) proposes anAustroasiatic origin; compareProto-Austroasiatic*ɟrla(ː)ʔ(“thorn”).
| Variety | Location | 楚 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴/ |
| Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹³/ | |
| Tianjin | /t͡sʰu¹³/ | |
| Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵³/ | |
| Xi'an | /t͡sʰou⁵³/ | |
| Xining | /ʈ͡ʂʰv̩⁵³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /t͡sʰu⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /p͡fʰu⁴⁴²/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /t͡sʰəu⁴²/ | |
| Chengdu | /t͡sʰu⁵³/ | |
| Guiyang | /t͡sʰu⁴²/ | |
| Kunming | /t͡sʰu⁵³/ | |
| Nanjing | /t͡sʰu²¹²/ | |
| Hefei | /t͡sʰʊ²⁴/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰu⁵³/ |
| Pingyao | /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /t͡sʰu⁵³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡sʰu³⁵/ |
| Suzhou | /t͡sʰəu⁵¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /t͡sʰu⁵³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /t͡sʰɤu³⁵/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰu³⁵/ |
| Tunxi | /t͡sʰəu³¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sʰəu⁴¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /t͡sʰəɯ²¹/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰu²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰz̩³¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /t͡sʰu³¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/ |
| Nanning | /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰu³²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰu²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰo⁵³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /su²¹³/ |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 楚 | 楚 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 初 (19) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 創舉切 | 瘡據切 |
| Baxter | tsrhjoX | tsrhjoH |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃʰɨʌX/ | /t͡ʃʰɨʌH/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂʰiɔX/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰiɔH/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃʰiɔX/ | /t͡ʃʰiɔH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂʰɨə̆X/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰɨə̆H/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃʰiɔX/ | /t͡ʃʰiɔH/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃʰĭoX/ | /t͡ʃʰĭoH/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂʰi̯woX/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰi̯woH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chǔ | chù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | co2 | co3 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 楚 | 楚 | 楚 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chǔ | chǔ | chǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsrhjoX › | ‹ tsrhjoX › | ‹ tsrhjoX › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s.r̥]aʔ/ | /*s.r̥aʔ/ | /*s.r̥aʔ/ |
| English | arrange in order | thorns | name of a state |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 楚 | 楚 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 11781 | 11786 |
| Phonetic component | 疋 | 疋 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 楚 | 楚 |
| Old Chinese | /*sŋ̊ʰraʔ/ | /*sŋ̊ʰras/ |
楚
楚• (cho) (hangeul초,revised cho,McCune–Reischauer ch'o,Yale cho)
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