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核

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:覈

核	U+6838,核 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6838

←样
[U+6837]

CJK Unified Ideographs

根 →
[U+6839]

Translingual

[edit]

覈(Variant form in mainland China)

References

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Kangxi Dictionary:page 524, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14743
Dae Jaweon: page 912, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1206, character 4
Unihan data for U+6838

Chinese

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Glyph origin

[edit]

Historical forms of the character核
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)
Small seal script

Characters in the samephonetic series (亥)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
該	*kɯː
垓	*kɯː
賅	*kɯː
陔	*kɯː
豥	kɯː, ɡɯː
荄	kɯː, krɯː
郂	*kɯː
姟	*kɯː
絯	kɯː, ɡrɯːʔ
晐	*kɯː
峐	*kɯː
侅	kɯː, kʰɯː, ɡɯːʔ, ɡrɯːʔ
胲	*kɯː
頦	kɯːʔ, ɡɯː
奒	*kʰɯː
輆	*kʰɯːʔ
欬	kʰɯːɡs, qraːds
硋	*ŋɡɯːɡs
閡	*ŋɡɯːɡs
咳	qʰɯː, ɡɯː
孩	*ɡɯː
亥	*ɡɯːʔ
劾	ɡɯːɡs, kʰrɯːɡs, *ɡɯːɡ
痎	*krɯː
烗	*kʰrɯːɡs
骸	*ɡrɯː
駭	*ɡrɯːʔ
刻	*kʰɯːɡ
餩	*qɯːɡ
核	ɡuːd, ɡrɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ): semantic 木(“tree”) + phonetic 亥(OC*ɡɯːʔ) – a kind of tree. Modern meanings are borrowed.

Etymology 1

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The definitions related to “to examine” come from the “kernel” sense, i.e. “to go to the core” (Schuessler, 2007).

Generally thought to be ofSino-Tibetan origin. It has been compared toTibetanརག་ཙེ(rag tse),Karbirak (Gong, 2002;Schuessler, 2007). However,Hill (2012) rejects the connection to theTibetan word because most words ending withཙེ(tse) are loanwords from Chinese words ending with the子 suffix.

Smith (2011) groups this word with the following terms into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”:

荄 (OC*kɯː, “grassroot”) and its derivative根 (OC*kɯːn, “root”),
骸 (OC*ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”) (also noted bySchuessler, 2007),
孩 (OC*ɡɯː, “child”),
亥 (OC*ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch".

Pronunciation 1

[edit]

simp. andtrad.		核
alternative forms		𣝗

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):hé,hú (he²,hu²)
(Zhuyin):ㄏㄜˊ, ㄏㄨˊ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):he²
Cantonese(Jyutping):wat⁶ /wat^6-2 /hat⁶
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):fu̍t / ha̍k / het
(Meixian,Guangdong):hêd⁶ / fud⁶ / hag⁶
Jin(Wiktionary):heh⁵ / geh⁵
Eastern Min(BUC):hŏk
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):hoh⁷ / huoh⁷ / heh⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):hu̍t /ha̍t /he̍k /hia̍k /he̍rt
(Teochew,Peng'im):hêg⁴ / hug⁸
Wu(Shanghai,Wugniu):⁸gheq;⁸ngeq;⁸weq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:hé
  - Zhuyin:ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:hé
  - Wade–Giles:ho²
  - Yale:hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:her
  - Palladius:хэ(xɛ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/xɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese,erhua-ed) (核兒 /核儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:hér
  - Zhuyin:ㄏㄜˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:hér
  - Wade–Giles:ho²-ʼrh
  - Yale:hér
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:her'l
  - Palladius:хэр(xɛr)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/xɤɻ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, colloquial variant)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:hú
  - Zhuyin:ㄏㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:hú
  - Wade–Giles:hu²
  - Yale:hú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:hwu
  - Palladius:ху(xu)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/xu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese,erhua-ed) (核兒 /核儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:húr
  - Zhuyin:ㄏㄨˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:húr
  - Wade–Giles:hu²-ʼrh
  - Yale:húr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:hwul
  - Palladius:хур(xur)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/xuɻʷ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:he²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:xe
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/xɛ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:wat⁶ / wat^6-2 / hat⁶
  - Yale:waht / wát / haht
  - Cantonese Pinyin:wat⁹ / wat^9-2 / hat⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization:wed⁶ / wed^6-2 / hed⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/wɐt̚²/, /wɐt̚²⁻³⁵/, /hɐt̚²/

Note:

wat6/wat6-2 - “seed; kernel”;
hat6 - “nucleus; nuclear”.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:fu̍t / ha̍k / het
  - Hakka Romanization System:fud / hag / hed^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:fud⁶ / hag⁶ / hed⁵
  - SinologicalIPA:/fut̚⁵/, /hak̚⁵/, /het̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:hêd⁶ / fud⁶ / hag⁶
  - SinologicalIPA:/hɛt̚⁵/, /fut̚⁵/, /hak̚⁵/

Note:

Sixian:
- fu̍t - “seed; kernel”;
- ha̍k - only in核卵.
Meixian:
- fud6 - vernacular (“kernel“);
- hag6 - in核卵.

Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:heh⁵ / geh⁵
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/xəʔ⁵⁴/, /kəʔ⁵⁴/

Note: geh5 - used in 核桃.

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:hŏk
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/houʔ⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:hoh⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:heo̍h
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/hɔʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:huoh⁷
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/huoʔ⁴/
- (Putian,Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:heh⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:he̍h
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/hɛʔ⁴/

Note:

hoh7/huoh7 - vernacular;
heh7 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,GeneralTaiwanese,Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:hu̍t
  - Tâi-lô:hu̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hut
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Philippines):/hut̚²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Taipei,Kaohsiung):/hut̚⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/hut̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:ha̍t
  - Tâi-lô:ha̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hat
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Taipei,Kaohsiung):/hat̚⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/hat̚¹²¹/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/hat̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Zhangzhou,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:he̍k
  - Tâi-lô:hi̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hek
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Taipei,Kaohsiung):/hiɪk̚⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/hiɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien:Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:hia̍k
  - Tâi-lô:hia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hiak
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/hiak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien:Yongchun,Nan'an,Hui'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:he̍rt
  - Tâi-lô:he̍rt
  - SinologicalIPA (Yongchun):/hət̚²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Nan'an,Hui'an):/hət̚²³/

Note:

hu̍t - vernacular (“seed; core”);
ha̍t - vernacular (“swelling in the lymph glands”);
he̍k/hia̍k/he̍rt - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:hêg⁴ / hug⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:hek / hu̍k
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/hek̚²/, /huk̚⁴/

Note: hug8 - “seed”.

Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
  - Wugniu:⁸gheq;⁸ngeq;⁸weq
  - MiniDict:gheh^入; ngeh^入; weh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):⁵hheq;⁵ngeq;⁵hhueq
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/ɦəʔ¹²/,/ŋəʔ¹²/,/ɦuəʔ¹²/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 核
Mandarin	Beijing	/xɤ³⁵/
	Harbin	/xɤ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/xɤ⁴⁵/～算 /xu⁴⁵/棗～兒
	Jinan	/xə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/xɛ⁴²/～心 /xuə⁴²/～桃
	Zhengzhou	/xai⁴²/
	Xi'an	/xai²¹/～算 /xu²⁴/桃～儿
	Xining	/xɛ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xa¹³/～算 /xɛ¹³/～算 /xə¹³/～算 /xɯ¹³/～桃
	Lanzhou	/xə⁵³/ /xu⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xɤ⁵¹/ /xu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xɤ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xe³¹/
	Guiyang	/xɛ²¹/
	Kunming	/xə³¹/
	Nanjing	/xəʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/xɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xəʔ²/～算 /kəʔ⁵⁴/～桃
	Pingyao	/kʌʔ⁵³/～桃 /kʰʌʔ¹³/審～
	Hohhot	/xaʔ⁴³/～算 /xu³¹/棗～子
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦəʔ¹/ /ŋəʔ¹/ /ɦuəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ŋəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/jy²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/xɛʔ²¹/～對 /xɛ²²/山～桃
Hui	Tunxi	/xə¹¹/ /uən²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/xə²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/hæ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɛʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/hak̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/het̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐt̚²/～對 /wɐt̚²/桃～
	Nanning	/wɐt̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐt̚²/～對 /wɐt̚²/桃～
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hik̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/houʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xo⁴⁴/名 /xɛ²⁴/動
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hek̚²/ /huk̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hut̚⁵/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*[ɡ]ˤ<r>ək/
(Zhengzhang):/*ɡuːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	核
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛk ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁ<r>ək/
English	kernel fruit; scrutinize
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	核
Reading #	1/2
No.	4334
Phonetic component	骨
Rime group	物
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	搰
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːd/
Notes	𣝗字訓讀

Definitions

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核

seed;pit;stone;kernel;core;nut(Classifier:粒c)
𦧲核[Cantonese] ― loe¹wat⁶[Jyutping] ― to spit outseeds
(computing)-core
See also:核心
4核 ― sì-hé ― quad-core
(physics, chemistry, biology)nucleus
(physics)nuclear
(mathematics, algebra, linear algebra)kernel
(Hokkien)swelling in thelymph glands(lymphatic hard lumps due to inflammation, etc.)
(Xiamen and Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien)small formed lump
(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien)Classifier forfruits with apit inside.

Synonyms

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(seed):(Sichuan)核核兒／核核儿

Pronunciation 2

[edit]

simp. andtrad.		核
alternative forms		覈

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):hé (he²)
(Zhuyin):ㄏㄜˊ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):he²
Cantonese(Jyutping):hat⁶
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):het
(Meixian,Guangdong):hêd⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):hu̍t
(Teochew,Peng'im):hug⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:hé
  - Zhuyin:ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:hé
  - Wade–Giles:ho²
  - Yale:hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:her
  - Palladius:хэ(xɛ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/xɤ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:he²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:xe
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/xɛ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:hat⁶
  - Yale:haht
  - Cantonese Pinyin:hat⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization:hed⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/hɐt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:het
  - Hakka Romanization System:hed^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:hed⁵
  - SinologicalIPA:/het̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:hêd⁶
  - SinologicalIPA:/hɛt̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:hu̍t
  - Tâi-lô:hu̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hut
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/hut̚²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen):/hut̚⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/hut̚¹²¹/

Note: “to examine”.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im:hug⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:hu̍k
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/huk̚⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 核
Mandarin	Beijing	/xɤ³⁵/
	Harbin	/xɤ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/xɤ⁴⁵/～算 /xu⁴⁵/棗～兒
	Jinan	/xə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/xɛ⁴²/～心 /xuə⁴²/～桃
	Zhengzhou	/xai⁴²/
	Xi'an	/xai²¹/～算 /xu²⁴/桃～儿
	Xining	/xɛ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xa¹³/～算 /xɛ¹³/～算 /xə¹³/～算 /xɯ¹³/～桃
	Lanzhou	/xə⁵³/ /xu⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xɤ⁵¹/ /xu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xɤ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xe³¹/
	Guiyang	/xɛ²¹/
	Kunming	/xə³¹/
	Nanjing	/xəʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/xɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xəʔ²/～算 /kəʔ⁵⁴/～桃
	Pingyao	/kʌʔ⁵³/～桃 /kʰʌʔ¹³/審～
	Hohhot	/xaʔ⁴³/～算 /xu³¹/棗～子
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦəʔ¹/ /ŋəʔ¹/ /ɦuəʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ŋəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/jy²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/xɛʔ²¹/～對 /xɛ²²/山～桃
Hui	Tunxi	/xə¹¹/ /uən²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/xə²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/hæ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɛʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/hak̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/het̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐt̚²/～對 /wɐt̚²/桃～
	Nanning	/wɐt̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐt̚²/～對 /wɐt̚²/桃～
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hik̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/houʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xo⁴⁴/名 /xɛ²⁴/動
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hek̚²/ /huk̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hut̚⁵/

Middle Chinese:heak

Rime
Character	核
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麥 (119)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	下革切
Baxter	heak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/ɣɛk̚/
Wang Li	/ɣæk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣæk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hak⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*[ɡ]ˤ<r>ək/
(Zhengzhang):/*ɡrɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	核
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛk ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁ<r>ək/
English	kernel fruit; scrutinize
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.