Stroke order

末 (Kangxi radical 75,木+1, 5 strokes,cangjie input木十 (DJ),four-corner5090₀,composition⿻一木)

• 㭆,㭐,茉,唜
• 妺,帓,抹,沫,昩,枺,㶬,䏞,皌,眜,砞,秣,袜,粖,䍪,靺,韎,䬴,䱅 (𱇚),䴲

• ま
• マ

• Kangxi Dictionary:page 509, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14420
• Dae Jaweon: page 891, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 2
• Unihan data for U+672B

Historical forms of the character末
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogram (指事): a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast本,朱.

末

1. tip;treetop

   末梢  ― mòshāo  ―  tip; end

   • 明足以察秋毫之末，而不見輿薪。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
     明足以察秋毫之末，而不见舆薪。[Classical Chinese,simp.]

     From:Mencius,c. 4^th centuryBCE, translated based onJames Legge's version

     Míng zúyǐ chá qiūháo zhīmò, ér bùjiàn yúxīn.[Pinyin]

     [M]y eyesight is sharp enough to examine thepoint of an autumn hair, but I do not see a cart-load of firewood.

2. (by extension)effect;result

   本末  ― běnmò  ―  cause andeffect

3. late or thelaststage;conclusion;close

   Antonyms:首(shǒu),初(chū),始(shǐ)

   月末  ― yuèmò  ―  month-end

   明末清初  ― Míngmò Qīng chū  ― late-Ming and early-Qing era

   文末提到  ― wénmò tídào  ―  Towardthe end of the article, it was mentioned…

4. final; thelast;concluding;closing;terminal

   Antonyms:首(shǒu),初(chū),始(shǐ)

   末代  ― mòdài  ―  the last(in one's lineage)

   末日  ― mòrì  ―  doomsday; apocalypse

   末法時期／末法时期  ― mò fǎ shíqī  ―  Dharma-ending age

5. insignificant;trivial;inferior;low-priority;low-class

   捨本逐末／舍本逐末  ― shěběnzhúmò  ―  pursuing theunimportant while neglecting the essential

   • 此大會也，曷為末言爾？[Classical Chinese,trad.]
     此大会也，曷为末言尔？[Classical Chinese,simp.]

     From:Commentary of Gongyang,c. 206BCE– 9CE

     Cǐ dàhuì yě, héwèimò yán ěr?[Pinyin]

     This was an important convention; why was it framed with wordssuggesting insignificance?

6. powder;fineparticulatematter

   粉末  ― fěnmò  ―  powder

7. (literary, dated)not;none;no(negative indicator)

   Synonyms:未(wèi),莫,無 /无

   • 雖欲從之，末由也已。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
     虽欲从之，末由也已。[Classical Chinese,simp.]

     From: TheAnalects of Confucius,c. 475 – 221BCE, translated based onJames Legge's version

     Suī yù cóng zhī,mò yóu yě yǐ.[Pinyin]

     Though I wish to follow and lay hold of it, I really findno way to do so.

   • 子曰：「不曰『如之何如之何』者，吾末如之何也已矣。」[Classical Chinese,trad. andsimp.]

     From: TheAnalects of Confucius,c. 475 – 221BCE, translated based onJames Legge's version

     Zǐyuē: “Bù yuē ‘rúzhīhé rúzhīhé’ zhě, wúmò rúzhīhé yě yǐ yǐ.”[Pinyin]

     The Master said, "When a man is not in the habit of saying, 'What shall I think of this? What shall I think of this?' I can indeed donothing with him."

   • 末不亦樂乎堯舜之知君子也？[Classical Chinese,trad.]
     末不亦乐乎尧舜之知君子也？[Classical Chinese,simp.]

     From:Commentary of Gongyang,c. 206BCE– 9CE

     Mò bùyì lèhū Yáoshùn zhī zhī Jūnzǐ yě?[Pinyin]

     Is it not(literally,“(adouble negative)”) also a joyful truth, that the ancient sages like Yao and Shun had known that a Noble One would go on to keep their teachings alive?

8. mo(a category ofmaleroles in traditional Chinesetheatre andopera)

末

1. Same as麼／么 (me).

末(Northern Wu)

1. Used to mark a conditional subordinate clause.

   要是儂一家頭拿勿到末，叫個人來幫忙。[Shanghainese,trad.]
   要是侬一家头拿勿到末，叫个人来帮忙。[Shanghainese,simp.]

   ⁵iau-zy⁶non⁷iq-ka-deu⁶nau-veq-tau-meq⁵ciau-gheq⁶gnin⁶le¹paon-maon[Wugniu]

   If you can’t carry it on your own, ask for someone to help.

   • 2007,钱乃荣 [Qian Nairong],上海话大词典 [Shànghǎihuà dàcídiǎn],上海辞书出版社, page309:

     儂勿去蘇州末，要告訴我一聲。[Shanghainese,trad.]
     侬勿去苏州末，要告诉我一声。[Shanghainese,simp.]

     ⁶non⁸veq-chi¹su-tseu-meq⁵iau⁵kau-su⁶ngu⁷iq-san[Wugniu]

     If you're not going to Suzhou, let me know.

2. Used to mark the topic in a topic-comment construction.
   • 2007,钱乃荣 [Qian Nairong],上海话大词典 [Shànghǎihuà dàcídiǎn],上海辞书出版社, page309:

     新衣裳末，我已經買了兩件。[Shanghainese,trad.]
     新衣裳末，我已经买了两件。[Shanghainese,simp.]

     ¹shi-i-zaon-meq⁶ngu⁵i-cin⁶ma-leq⁶lian-ci[Wugniu]

     As for the new clothes, I've already bought two of them.

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. tip,top
2. end,terminal

• Go-on:まっ(ma')、まつ(matsu,Jōyō)
• Kan-on:ばつ(batsu,Jōyō)
• Kun:うら(ura,末)、うれ(ure,末)、おわり(owari,末わり)^{←をはり(wofari,末はり,historical)}、すえ(sue,末,Jōyō)^{←すゑ(suwe,末,historical)}

FromOld Japanese. First attested in theKojiki of 712.^[1]

• (Tokyo)すえ[sùé] (Heiban – [0])^[2][3][4]
• IPA^(key): [sɨe̞]

末(すえ)• (sue) ^{←すゑ(suwe)?}

1. [from 720] thetip ortop of a plant
   1. atwig orshoot

      Synonym:枝先(edasaki)

   2. atreetop

      Synonym:梢(kozue)

2. [from 712] thetip orend of something

   Synonyms:先(saki),先端(sentan)

3. [from 720] thetop orpeak of amountain

   Synonyms:頂(itadaki),山頂(sanchō)

4. [from 1205] theedge orverge of aroad orfield

   Synonym:外れ(hazure)

5. [from early 1000s] adescendant

   Synonyms:足末(anasue),子孫(shison)

6. [from 720] thefuture,later,after

   Synonyms:(future)未来(mirai),(future)将来(shōrai),(later)後(nochi)

7. [from early 800s] theend of aperiod oftime

   Synonyms:終わり(owari),末期(makki)

8. [from early 1000s](by extension)old age, theend period of alifetime

   Synonym:晩年(bannen, literally“evening years”)

9. [from 1435](by extension) adegradedworld, a world with lowmorals andcorruptpolitics

   Synonym:末の世(sue no yo)

10. [from late 1500s] theend of amonth, the latterthird of a month

    Synonym:下旬(gejun)

11. [from early 1000s] some time considerablylater
12. [from early 1000s] theresult,outcome, ortrace,remains of something having been done

    Synonyms:(result)結果(kekka),名残(nagori,“trace, remains”)

    思(おも)い悩(なや)んだ末(すえ)

    omoinayandasue

    at theend of deliberation

13. [from 1120] thedirection in which someone has gone or will go

    Synonym:方向(hōkō)

14. [from early 1000s] theyoungest orlast child

    Synonym:末子(sueko)

15. [from early 1000s]youth,childhood

    Synonym:幼少(yōshō)

16. [from early 1000s] thelowestseat, the seat at thefoot of a table; the lowestrank

    Synonyms:末座(matsuza),末席(masseki),下座(shimoza)

17. [from early 900s] thelast two seven-morastanzas orlines of a短歌(tanka)poem

    Synonyms:下の句(shimo no ku),下句(shimoku)

18. [from early 1000s] theend of asentence orword

    Synonyms:(of a sentence)文末(bunmatsu),(of a word)語尾(gobi)

19. [from mid-1000s] thelatterportion of abook orserial

    Synonym:後編(kōhen)

20. [from 1182] theorigin, thestartingpoint

    Synonyms:(origin)元(moto),(starting point)起点(kiten)

21. [from 1435](historical) theinteriorrooms of apalace ormanor wheremaids worked; amaid who worked in such ahousehold

    Synonym:御末(osue)

22. [from 1682] alowclass orgrade; anitem of low class or grade

    Synonyms:(low class or grade)下級(kakyū),(item of low class or grade)下級品(kakyūhin),(low class or grade)下等(katō),(item of low class or grade)下等品(katōhin)

23. [unknown] somethingminor, atrifle
24. [from 1179]downstream

    Synonyms:川下(kawashita),下流(karyū)

25. [from late 800s](kagura, music) in a神楽(kagura)performance, theseats on theright side facing thealtar orshrine; theperformers playing in these seats

    Synonym:末方(suekata)

FromOld Japanese. First attested in theMan'yōshū completed in 759.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ɾa̠]

末(うら)• (ura) 

1. [from 759](archaic) thetip ortop of a plant
   1. atwig orshoot

      Synonym:枝先(edasaki)

   2. atreetop

      Synonym:梢(kozue)

2. [from late 1500s](archaic) thetip orend of something

   Synonyms:末(sue),先(saki),先端(sentan)

FromOld Japanese. First attested in theMan'yōshū completed in 759.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ɾe̞]

末(うれ)• (ure) 

1. [from 759](archaic) thetip ortop of a plant
   1. atwig orshoot

      Synonym:枝先(edasaki)

   2. atreetop

      Synonym:梢(kozue)

FromMiddle Chinese末 (MC mat).

First attested in Japanese in 1120.^[1]

末(まつ)• (matsu) 

1. [from 1120]powder

   Synonyms:粉(kona),粉末(funmatsu)

2. [from 1804](theater) in traditional Chinese theater, anextra, aminorpart

   Synonym:(extra or minor part in any theatrical tradition)端役(hayaku)

末(まつ)• (-matsu) 

1. [from at least 1911] theend of aperiod oftime

• Appendix:Gikun_Usage_in_Meiji_Version_of_Japanese_Bible/苗裔

• “末”, in漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese),The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation,2015–2026

末 (eumhun끝말(kkeut mal))

1. (끝): theend,last,low
2. (가루):flour,powder
3. (허드레): somethingcoarse,improper,inferior,trivial
   • 1431:鄕藥採取月令^[1] 十二月 (향약채취월령 십이월,hyang-yag-chaechwi-wolryeong sib-iwol):

     芰實鄕名末栗'"`UNIQ-ref000000A9QINU`"' '"`UNIQ-ref000000AAQINU`"' (기실향명말밤,gisilhyangmyeongmalbam, "The folk name of thewater caltrop fruit iscoarse chestnut.")

     (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)

末:Hán Việt readings:mạt^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}
末:Nôm readings:mạt^{[2][5][6][7][8]},mặt^[1][2][8],mất^[1][2][8],mắt^[1][8],mắc^[8],mết^[2],mệt^[2],mượt^[2]

1. chữ Nôm form ofmạt(“used inmạt cưa(“sawdust”)”)
2. chữ Nôm form ofmắc(“(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam)expensive;dear”)
3. chữ Nôm form ofmắt(“eye”)
4. chữ Nôm form ofmặt(“face”)
5. chữ Nôm form ofmất(“tolose something;(euphemistic) topass away”)

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