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有

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:肴,右,and🈶
有U+6709,有
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
←月
[U+6708]		CJK Unified Ideographs朊 →
[U+670A]

㊒U+3292,㊒
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HAVE
←㊑
[U+3291]		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months㊓ →
[U+3293]
Text styleEmoji style
🈶︎🈶️
Text style isforced with ⟨︎⟩ and emoji style with ⟨️⟩.
🈶U+1F236,🈶
SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
←🈵
[U+1F235]		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement🈷 →
[U+1F237]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order (Japan)
6 strokes
Stroke order
(Chinese)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Han character

[edit]

有 (Kangxi radical 74,月+2, 6 strokes,cangjie input大月 (KB),four-corner40227,composition⿸𠂇月)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

Usage notes

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Despite the technically-correct radical being⺼(“meat”) as described in this entry’sglyph origin section,有 is associated with the radical月(“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the月 radical, i.e. it has二 instead of冫 inside of冂.

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 504, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
  • Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2041, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6709

Chinese

[edit]
trad.有
simp.#有
alternative forms𠂇
𢇔
𪠥

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character有
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the samephonetic series (又)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠*kɯːʔ
醢*qʰɯːʔ
珛*qʰʷɯs
栯*ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有*ɢʷɯʔ
友*ɢʷɯʔ
右*ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥*ɢʷɯs
囿*ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑*ɢʷɯs
酭*ɢʷɯs
姷*ɢʷɯs
又*ɢʷɯs
佑*ɢʷɯs
祐*ɢʷɯs
賄*qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕*qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠*ɡʷɯː
倄*ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪*ɢʷɯʔ
洧*ɢʷɯʔ
痏*ɢʷɯʔ
郁*qʷɯ
戫*qʷɯ
哊*ɡʷɯ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又(OC*ɢʷɯs) + semantic 肉(“meat”). The hand shape has been abstracted to𠂇; compare右, where又 has also taken this shape. The肉 in turn has taken the form of⺼.

The character may have been the original form of侑 (OC*ɢʷɯs, “to urge to eat”). Alternatively, it may be the original form of醢 (OC*qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the又 (OC*ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.

Folk etymology traditionally explains it as a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. However, the oracle bone script shows no meat.

Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as aphono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又(OC*ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月(“moon”).Shuowen Jiezi defines有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing theSpring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.

Etymology

[edit]

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. CompareTibetanཡོད(yod,“to be; to have”). Related to:

  • 侑 (OC*ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
  • 又 (OC*ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
  • 或 (OC*ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • ô - vernacular;
  • īu - literary.
Note:
  • u5 - vernacular;
  • uh6 - glottalized vernacular;
  • iu3 - literary.
Note:
  • ū/ǔ - vernacular;
  • iú - literary.
Note: iu2 - prefix.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin:u6 / yiu7
      • SinologicalIPA:/u³³/, /ziu⁵⁵/
Note:
  • u6 - vernacular;
  • yiu7 - literary.
Rime
Character有
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)云 (35)
Final (韻)尤 (136)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie云久切
BaxterhjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ɦɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun		/ɦiuX/
Shao
Rongfen		/ɣiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ɦuwX/
Li
Rong		/ɣiuX/
Wang
Li		/ɣĭəuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/i̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		yǒu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		jau5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character有
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		yǒu
Middle
Chinese		‹ hjuwX ›
Old
Chinese		/*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/
Englishhave, exist

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character有
Reading #1/1
No.15595
Phonetic
component		又
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		有
Old
Chinese		/*ɢʷɯʔ/

Definitions

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有

  1. tohave; topossess(when a subject is present)
    我有兩輛車。／我有两辆车。  ― Wǒyǒu liǎng liàng chē.  ―  Ihave two cars.
    大象有著長長的鼻子。[MSC,trad.]
    大象有着长长的鼻子。[MSC,simp.]
    Dàxiàngyǒuzhe chángcháng de bízi.[Pinyin]
    Elephantshave long trunks.
  2. there is; toexist(when a subject is absent)
    有很多人。  ― Yǒu hěn duō rén.  ― There are a lot of people.
    這兒有書嗎？／这儿有书吗？  ― Zhèryǒu shū ma?  ― Are there any books here?
    這裡有著清新的空氣。[MSC,trad.]
    这里有着清新的空气。[MSC,simp.]
    Zhèlǐyǒuzhe qīngxīn de kōngqì.[Pinyin]
    There is fresh air here.
    「陳小明同學！」「有！」[MSC,trad.]
    「陈小明同学！」「有！」[MSC,simp.]
    “Chén Xiǎomíng tóngxué!” “Yǒu!”[Pinyin]
    "IsJohn Doe here?" "Present!"(scene oftaking roll at a classroom)
  3. (to certain extent)
    這條繩子有兩米長。[MSC,trad.]
    这条绳子有两米长。[MSC,simp.]
    Zhè tiáo shéngzǐyǒu liǎng mǐ cháng.[Pinyin]
    This rope is two meters long.
    有這麼貴嗎？／有这么贵吗？  ― Yǒu zhème guì ma?  ―  Is it really that expensive?
  4. (euphemistic) to bepregnant with a child
  5. abundant;affluent
  6. many;much;(of time)long;(of age)old
  7. some(indefinite pronoun)
  8. (literary or dialectal)Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
    古語有云／古语有云[Classical Chinese]  ― gǔyǔyǒu yún[Pinyin]  ―  as the saying goes (literally, “the old sayinghas said”)
    伊拄才有出來。[Hokkien,trad.]
    伊拄才有出来。[Hokkien,simp.]
    I tú-chiahū chhut-lâi.[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Hedid come just now.
    我有去過海洋公園。[Cantonese,trad.]
    我有去过海洋公园。[Cantonese,simp.]
    ngo5jau5 heoi3 gwo3 hoi2 joeng4 gung1 jyun4-2.[Jyutping]
    Ihave been toOcean Park.
    我有看見過他。／我有看见过他。  ― Wǒyǒu kànjiàn guò tā.  ―  Ihave seen him.
  9. asurname
    有子  ― Yǒuzǐ  ―  Philosopher You
  10. Ameaninglessprefix.
    有夏  ― yǒuxià  ―  China
  11. (Hokkien, Teochew)Particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment or accomplishability of a goal.
    聽有／听有[Hokkien]  ― thiaⁿū[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  tounderstand (when listening); tobe able to hear
    揣有[Teochew]  ― cuê7u6[Peng'im]  ―  tobe able to find
  12. (～日)(telegraphy) thetwenty-fifthday of amonth
Usage notes
[edit]
  • In Mandarin,有 is the only verb not negated with不 (bù). It is negated with沒／没 (méi).
    我沒有錢／我没有钱  ― wǒ méiyǒu qián  ―  I don't have any money
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (to exist):
edit
  • (particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment):
Dialectal synonyms of得到 (“can (particle)”)[map]
VarietyLocationWords
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)得到
Northeastern MandarinTaiwan得到
Malaysia得到
Singapore得到
CantoneseGuangzhou得到
Hong Kong得到
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)得到
Penang(Guangfu)得到
Singapore(Guangfu)得到
Southern MinXiamen有
Taipei有 GT
Penang(Hokkien)有
Singapore(Hokkien)有
Manila(Hokkien)有
Jieyang有
Singapore(Teochew)有
NoteGT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of“to have”):沒／没 (méi),無／无 (wú)

Descendants

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  • → English:got(Singapore English)(semantic loan)
  • → Betawi:ada(semantic loan)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (有):

Pronunciation 2

[edit]

Definitions

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有

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)alternative form of又(yòu,“again”)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)alternative form of又(yòu,“and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)”)

References

[edit]

Japanese

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Kanji

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See also:
有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. have;possess;own
  2. toexist; to bring intoexistence
  3. keep;maintain
  4. happen;occur

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
有
ゆう
Grade: 3
kan'on

FromMiddle Chinese有 (MC hjuwX). The sense “and, with a remainder of” is fromMiddle Chinese有 /又 (MC hjuwH).

Thekan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Affix

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有(ゆう)• (yū) ←いう(iu)?

  1. exist
  2. have;possess;own
  3. (between numbers)and; with aremainder of
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Noun

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有(ゆう)• (yū) ←いう(iu)?

  1. existence
  2. possession
  3. (Buddhism)synonym of有(u)
  4. short for有限会社(yūgengaisha,“limited company”)

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
有
う
Grade: 3
goon

FromMiddle Chinese有 (MC hjuwX).

Thegoon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Affix

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有(う)• (u) 

  1. exist
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Noun

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有(う)• (u) 

  1. (Buddhism)bhava (becoming, existence)​

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
有
なお
Grade: 3
nanori

Pronunciation

[edit]

Proper noun

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有(なお)• (Nao) 

  1. a femalegiven name

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
有
あ
Grade: 3
nanori
For pronunciation and definitions of有 – see the following entry.
【あ】
[verb](Classical Japanese) tobe, toexist
Alternative spelling
在
(This term,有, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

[edit]
Kanji in this term
有
あ(り)
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of有 – see the following entry.
【有あり】
[noun]nominalization of有る(aru): there is,available
[noun](colloquial)OK,acceptable
[verb]stem or continuative form of有る(aru)[godan]
[verb]Classical Japanese form of有る(aru): tobe, toexist
Alternative spellings
在り,在
(This term,有, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

[edit]
  1. ↑1.01.1Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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有 (eumhun있을유(isseul yu))

  1. hanja form? of유(“topossess; tohave; toexist”)

Kunigami

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Kanji

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See also:
有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Miyako

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Kanji

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See also:
有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Okinawan

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Kanji

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See also:
有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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有:Hán Việt readings:hữu[1][2][3]
有:Nôm readings:hữu[1][3][4][5],hỡi[2][6],hơi[2]

  1. chữ Hán form ofhữu(“tohave; toown”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑1.01.1Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ↑2.02.12.2Trần (2004).
  3. ↑3.03.1Bonet (1899).
  4. ^Génibrel (1898).
  5. ^Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  6. ^Hồ (1976).

Yaeyama

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Kanji

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See also:
有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Yonaguni

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Kanji

[edit]
See also:
有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

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