language; culture; writing
language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle
to make into; to change into; ‑ization
to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (文化 文 化 simp. # (文化 文 化
The modern Chinese term is anorthographic borrowing fromJapanese 文化( ぶんか ) ( bunka “ culture ” ) , which is a direct translation of the German wordKultur [ 1]
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as文教 ( wénjiào ,“ humanistic education ” ) +化育 ( huàyù ,“ transformational development ” ) . Often cited are the following examples:
先秦 《周易 ·賁卦彖傳》 觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文 、以化 成天下 We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe thepatterns of human behavior in order totransform and actualize all under Heaven. 南朝 劉宋 范曄 《後漢書 ·荀淑 傳》 宣文教 以章其化 、立武備以秉其威。 Spreadhumanistic education in order to manifest itstransformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power. Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety禮教 / 礼教 ( lǐjiào ) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven人文化成 刑 ( xíng ) or military might武 ( wǔ ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝 齊王融 ,〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉 《藝文類聚 》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐 早逢文化 洽，復屬武功宣 Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of)transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region). 文化 over here is synonymous with文治 ( wénzhì ,“ governance by means of culture, education, rites and music ” ) . This isnot the same asculture
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term文化( ぶんか ) ( bunka ) to name anera during theEdo period.
When used to translateKultur Meiji restoration,文化( ぶんか ) ( bunka ) is possibly a contraction of文明開化( ぶんめいかいか ) ( bunmeikaika “ to open up and transform through civilization ” ) ,[ 2] Culture .
Mandarin (Standard (Pinyin :wénhuà (Zhuyin :ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ (Dungan ,Cyrillic andWiktionary :вынхуа (vɨnhua, I-II)Cantonese (Guangzhou –Hong Kong ,Jyutping :man4 faa3 (Taishan ,Wiktionary :mun3 fa1 Hakka (Sixian ,PFS :vùn-fa (Hailu ,HRS :vun faˇ (Meixian ,Guangdong :vun2 fa4 Eastern Min (BUC :ùng-huá Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing mong2 hua4 / muong2 hua4 Southern Min (Hokkien ,POJ :bûn-hòa (Teochew ,Peng'im :bhung5 huê3 Wu (Northern Wugniu :6 ven-ho5 /2 ven-ho5 Baxter –Sagart system 1.1 (2014 )Character 文 化 Reading # 1/1 1/1 Modern wén huà Middle ‹ mjun › ‹ xwæH › Old /*mə[n]/ /*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/ English ornate transform Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)Character 文 化 Reading # 1/1 1/1 No. 13015 5327 Phonetic 文 化 Rime 文 歌 Rime 1 1 Corresponding 文 化 Old /*mɯn/ /*hŋʷraːls/
文化
( countable , uncountable ) culture (Classifier :個 ／ 个 種 ／ 种 文化 體系 ／ 文化 体系 wénhuà tǐxìcultural system文化 環境 ／ 文化 环境 wénhuà huánjìngcultural context中華 文化 ／ 中华 文化 zhōnghuáwénhuà culture 公司 文化 gōngsīwénhuà culture 本土 文化 běntǔwénhuà culture 燦爛 文化 ／ 灿烂 文化 cànlànwénhuà culture 文化 負載詞 ／ 文化 负载词 wénhuà fùzǎicículturally loaded term國家級 文化 生態 保護區 [MSC ,trad. 国家级 文化 生态 保护区 [MSC ,simp. guójiājíwénhuà shēngtài bǎohùqū [Pinyin] national ecocultural protection area 開展 對外 文化 交流 [MSC ,trad. 开展 对外 文化 交流 [MSC ,simp. kāizhǎn duìwàiwénhuà jiāoliú [Pinyin] to conductcultural exchange with other countries 不同 的 國家 有 不同 的 文化 。[MSC ,trad. 不同 的 国家 有 不同 的 文化 。[MSC ,simp. Bùtóng de guójiā yǒu bùtóng dewénhuà . [Pinyin] Different countries have differentcultures . ( uncountable ) education ;literacy ( archaeology , countable ) archaeological culture ( recurring assemblage ofartifacts from a specific time and place that mayconstitute thematerial cultureremains of a particular past human society) 龍山文化 ／ 龙山文化 LóngshānWénhuà Longshanculture ( literary , archaic , uncountable ) education through teachingmorality ,literature andmusic Like the term "culture" in English,文化 wénhuà 文化 wénhuà 培養物 ／ 培养物 培養 ／ 培养 péiyǎng cultivate .
文化
( ～里 ) anurban village inTamsui New Taipei City Taiwan ( ～社區 ) Wenhua residential community inRuoqiang Ruoqiang Bayingolin prefectureXinjiang China Learned borrowing fromMiddle Chinese 文化 ( mjun xwæH ,“ theway ofeducating by usingmorality ,literature ,rituals andmusic ” ) , repurposed during theMeiji period as a translation ofGerman Kultur [ 1]
Cited with theculture [ 1]
文( ぶん ) 化( か ) • (bunka ←ぶんくわ ( bunkwa ) ?
culture 1928 , 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美:これは、国語( こくご ) の性格( せいかく ) に、文化( ぶんか ) 伝統( でんとう ) 、国民性( こくみんせい ) の特質( とくしつ ) が作用( さよう ) するからである。 Kore wa, kokugo no seikaku ni,bunka no dentō, kokuminsei no tokushitsu ga sayō suru kara de aru. The tradition ofculture and the traits of the nation function to make the character of the national language. 文化遺産( ぶんかいさん ) ( bunka isan “ cultural heritage ” ) 文化映画( ぶんかえいが ) ( bunka eiga “ cultural film ” ) 文化圏( ぶんかけん ) ( bunkaken “ cultural sphere ” ) 文化圏固有動作( ぶんかけんこゆうどうさ ) ( bunkaken koyū dōsa “ (computing ) locale-specific behavior ” ) 文化観光省( ぶんかかんこうしょう ) ( bunka-kankōshō “ Minister for Culture and Tourism ” ) 文化勲章( ぶんかくんしょう ) ( bunka kunshō “ Order of Culture ” ) 文化交流( ぶんかこうりゅう ) ( bunka kōryū “ cultural exchange ” ) 文化功労者( ぶんかこうろうしゃ ) ( bunkakōrōsha “ person who has made outstanding cultural contributions ” ) 文化国家( ぶんかこっか ) ( bunka kokka “ country with a high level of culture ” ) 文化祭( ぶんかさい ) ( bunkasai “ culture festival ” ) 文化財( ぶんかざい ) ( bunkazai “ cultural asset ” ) 文化財保護法( ぶんかざいほごほう ) ( bunkazai-hogohō “ Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties ” ) 文化史( ぶんかし ) ( bunkashi “ cultural history ” ) 文化施設( ぶんかしせつ ) ( bunka shisetsu “ cultural facility ” ) 文化省( ぶんかしょう ) ( bunkashō “ Ministry of Culture ” ) 文化心理学( ぶんかしんりがく ) ( bunkashinrigaku “ cultural psychology ” ) 文化事業部( ぶんかじぎょうぶ ) ( bunkajigyōbu “ Cultural Affairs Department ” ) 文化人( ぶんかじん ) ( bunkajin “ person of culture ” ) 文化人類学( ぶんかじんるいがく ) ( bunkajinruigaku “ cultural anthropology ” ) 文化大革命( ぶんかだいかくめい ) ( bunkadaikakumei “ Cultural Revolution ” ) 文化地理学( ぶんかちりがく ) ( bunkachirigaku “ cultural geography ” ) 文化的( ぶんかてき ) ( bunkateki “ cultural ” ) 文化庁( ぶんかちょう ) ( bunkachō “ Agency for Cultural Affairs ” ) 文化( ぶんか ) の日( ひ ) ( bunka no hi “ Culture Day Holiday ” ) イスラム文化( ぶんか ) ( isuramu bunka “ Islamic culture ” ) 異文化( いぶんか ) ( ibunka “ foreign culture ” ) 映像文化( えいぞうぶんか ) ( eizōbunka “ visual culture ” ) 漢字文化( かんじぶんか ) ( kanjibunka “ kanji culture ” ) 漢字文化圏( かんじぶんかけん ) ( kanjibunkaken “ countries which use Chinese characters ” ) 芸術文化( げいじつぶんか ) の破壊( はかい ) ( geijitsubunka no hakai “ vandalism ” ) 重要文化財( じゅうようぶんかざい ) ( jūyōbunkazai “ important cultural property ” ) 重要無形文化財( じゅうようむけいぶんかざい ) ( jūyōmukeibunkazai “ important intangible cultural asset ” ) 食文化( しょくぶんか ) ( shokubunka “ food culture ” ) 消費者文化( しょうひしゃぶんか ) ( shōhisha bunka “ consumer culture ” ) 大衆文化( たいしゅうぶんか ) ( taishū bunka “ mass culture, pop culture ” ) 多元文化論( たげんぶんかろん ) ( tagen bunkaron “ multiculturalism ” ) 多文化主義( たぶんかしゅぎ ) ( tabunkashugi “ multiculturalism ” ) 伝統文化( でんとうぶんか ) ( dentōbunka “ traditional culture ” ) 比較文化( ひかくぶんか ) ( hikakubunka “ comparative culture ” ) 無形文化財( むけいぶんかざい ) ( mukeibunkazai “ intangible cultural asset ” ) 明文化( めいぶんか ) ( meibunka “ stipulate ” ) 有形文化財( ゆうけいぶんかざい ) ( yūkeibunkazai “ tangible cultural properties ” ) 文( ぶん ) 化( か ) • (Bunka
The Bunka era, 1804-1818 文化 • (munhwa ) (hangeul 문화
hanja form? 문화 ( “ culture ” ) 文化
chữ Hán văn hoá ( “ culture ” ) 
