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年 (Kangxi radical 51,干+3, 6 strokes,cangjie input人手 (OQ),four-corner80500,composition⿱𠂉㐄 or⿻午⿱一丨 or⿻午丄)
| simp. andtrad. | 年 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
| Historical forms of the character年 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan) | Liushutong (compiled inMing) | Libian (compiled inQing) | ||
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Clerical script |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*niːŋ): semantic 禾(“wheat; grain”) + phonetic 人(OC*njin). Originally meaning "harvest", it later came to mean "year". In the oracle bone script and early bronze inscriptions, it was originally written like秂.
In bronze inscriptions after theWestern Zhou period, a stroke was often added to人 to give千 (OC*sn̥ʰiːn), which still acted as a phonetic component, thus getting (秊). The current form is inherited from the clerical script, wherelibian (隸變) has occurred.
FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*s-ni(ŋ~k)(“year”).
| Variety | Location | 年 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /nian³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /nian²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /nian⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /ȵiã⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /niã⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /nian⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /niã²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /ȵiã²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /nian⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ȵiɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ȵian⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /niɛn²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ȵian³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /nian²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /niɛ̃³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /lien²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /liĩ⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /nie¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ȵie̞¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /nie³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵi²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ȵiɪ¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ȵiẽ̞²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ȵi³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ne⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵiẽ¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ȵiẽ¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiɛn⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋian¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /ŋien¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /nin²¹/ |
| Nanning | /nin²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /nin²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lian³⁵/ /ni³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /nieŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /niŋ³³/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /nĩ⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /nin³¹/ /hi³¹/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 奴顚切 |
| Baxter | nen |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nen/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nen/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /nen/ |
| Wang Li | /nien/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nin4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nen › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.nˁi[ŋ]/ |
| English | harvest; year |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9482 |
| Phonetic component | 秊 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*niːŋ/ |
| Notes | 同秊 |
年
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 年,歲,載 | |
| Formal(Written Standard Chinese) | 年,載 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 年 |
| Singapore | 年 | |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai(Muping) | 年 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 年 |
| Guilin | 年 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 年 |
| Hong Kong | 年 | |
| Taishan | 年 | |
| Singapore(Guangfu) | 年 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 年 |
| Lichuan | 年 | |
| Pingxiang | 年 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli(N. Sixian) | 年 |
| Miaoli(Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 年 | |
| Miaoli(Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 年 | |
| Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian) | 年 | |
| Pingtung(Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 年 | |
| Kaohsiung(Meinong; S. Sixian) | 年 | |
| Kaohsiung(Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 年 | |
| Miaoli(Zhuolan; Raoping) | 年 | |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 年 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冬 |
| Quanzhou | 冬 | |
| Zhangzhou | 年,冬 | |
| Zhao'an | 年,冬 | |
| New Taipei(Tamsui) | 年,冬 | |
| New Taipei(Pingxi) | 年,冬 | |
| Kaohsiung | 年,冬 | |
| Kaohsiung(Cijin) | 年 | |
| Kaohsiung(Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 年,冬 | |
| Yilan(Luodong) | 年 | |
| Yilan(Toucheng) | 年 | |
| Changhua(Yongjing) | 年,冬 | |
| Tainan | 年,冬 | |
| Tainan(Anping) | 年,冬 | |
| Chiayi | 年,冬 | |
| Chiayi County(Dongshi) | 年 | |
| Pingtung(Baoli, Checheng) | 年 | |
| Penghu(Xiyu) | 年,冬 | |
| Penang(Hokkien) | 年 | |
| Singapore(Hokkien) | 年 | |
| Jieyang | 年 | |
| Haifeng | 年 | |
| Singapore(Teochew) | 年 | |
| Leizhou | 年 | |
| Haikou | 年 | |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 年 |
Others:
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 年 |
| ねん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi |
FromMiddle Chinese年(nen,“year”). Compare modernMandarin readingnián,Hakkangièn,Cantonesenin4.
Japanese counter/suffix:年 (ねん,nen, "years") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Kanji | Kana | Romaji |
| 1 | 一年 | いちねん | ichinen |
| 2 | 二年 | にねん | ninen |
| 3 | 三年 | さんねん | sannen |
| 4 | 四年 | よねん | yonen |
| 5 | 五年 | ごねん | gonen |
| 6 | 六年 | ろくねん | rokunen |
| 7 | 七年 | ななねん、しちねん | nananen, shichinen |
| 8 | 八年 | はちねん | hachinen |
| 9 | 九年 | きゅうねん、くねん | kyūnen, kunen |
| 10 | 十年 | じゅうねん | jūnen |
| 11 | 十一年 | じゅういちねん | jūichinen |
| 12 | 十二年 | じゅうにねん | jūninen |
| 13 | 十三年 | じゅうさんねん | jūsannen |
| 20 | 二十年 | にじゅうねん | nijūnen |
| 21 | 二十一年 | にじゅういちねん | nijūichinen |
| 100 | 百年 | ひゃくねん | hyakunen |
| 1,000 | 千年 | せんねん | sennen |
| 10,000 | 一万年 | いちまんねん | ichimannen |
| 100,000,000 | 一億年 | いちおくねん | ichiokunen |
| 0 | ０年、零年 | ゼロねん、れいねん | zeronen, reinen |
| ? | 何年 | なんねん | nannen |
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 年 |
| とし Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 歳 |
⟨to2si⟩ →/tosi/ →/toɕi/
FromOld Japanese, fromProto-Japonic*təsi. Originally referred tograin, particularlyrice, and by extension, the year'sharvest.[2]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 年 |
| とせ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi |
/to2se/ → /tose/
FromOld Japanese.[2] Likely a shift in pronunciation from年(toshi).
FromMiddle Chinese年 (MC nen).
年 (eumhun해년(hae nyeon),word-initial (South Korea)해연(hae yeon))
年:Hán Việt readings:niên[1][2][3]
年:Nôm readings:năm[1][2][3][4],nên[1][2][3],niên[1][2][4],niền[2]
