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差

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:着and羞
差U+5DEE,差
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DEE
←巭
[U+5DED]		CJK Unified Ideographs巯 →
[U+5DEF]

Translingual

[edit]
Japanese差
Simplified差
Traditional差

Alternative forms

[edit]

Note that the character in simplified Chinese has 9 strokes. Simplified from差 (𦍌丿 →⺶)

Han character

[edit]
Taiwan and Hong Kong stroke order

差 (Kangxi radical 48,工+7in traditional Chinese, 工+6in simplified Chinese, 10 strokesin traditional Chinese, 9 strokesin simplified Chinese,cangjie input廿手一 (TQM),four-corner80211,composition⿱𦍌⿰丿工(HTJK) or⿸⺶工(GV))

Stroke order
10 strokes

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 326, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8732
  • Dae Jaweon: page 629, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 413, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5DEE

Chinese

[edit]
trad.差
simp.#差
alternative forms荖
𢀩
𢀠
𢀞

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character差
Western ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Bronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the samephonetic series (左)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
左*ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls
佐*ʔsaːls
袏*ʔslaːls
蹉*sʰlaːl
瑳*sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ
搓*sʰlaːl
磋*sʰlaːl
溠*sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls
傞*sʰlaːl, *slaːl
醝*zlaːl
瘥*zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls
鹺*zlaːl
嵯*zlaːl, *sʰral
嵳*zlaːl
蒫*zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl
艖*zlaːl, *sʰraːl
齹*zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral
縒*slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ
褨*slaːlʔ
嗟*ʔsljal
差*sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral
鎈*sʰraːl
槎*zraːl, *zraːlʔ
髊*zlals

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 來(“wheat”) + 𠂇(“left hand”) – tohullwheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of搓 (OC*sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”).

工 or口 was later added under𠂇 to form左 (OC*ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component.

Etymology

[edit]
Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “CompareBurmeseချာ(hkya,“inferior (in quality), poor”), though if related, the relation would have to be a borrowing from a modern Sinitic dialect to Burmese rather than a shared inheritance.”

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • chā - literary (“to differ; mistake; (maths) difference; barely”);
  • chà - colloquial (“to differ; wrong; inferior; to be short of; to owe”).
Rime
Character差差
Reading #4/52/5
Initial (聲)初 (19)初 (19)
Final (韻)麻 (98)佳 (31)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)OpenOpen
Division (等)IIII
Fanqie初加切楚佳切
Baxtertsrhaetsrhea
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡ʃʰˠa//t͡ʃʰˠɛ/
Pan
Wuyun		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa//ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡ʃʰa//t͡ʃʰæi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ//ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/
Li
Rong		/t͡ʃʰa//t͡ʃʰɛ/
Wang
Li		/t͡ʃʰa//t͡ʃʰai/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/ʈ͡ʂʰa//ʈ͡ʂʰai/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		chāchāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		caa1caai1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character差
Reading #1/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		chā
Middle
Chinese		‹ tsrhæ ›
Old
Chinese		/*tsʰraj/
Englishdistinction; to select

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character差差差
Reading #2/63/64/6
No.180301803718038
Phonetic
component		左左左
Rime
group		歌歌歌
Rime
subdivision		122
Corresponding
MC rime		差釵
Old
Chinese		/*sʰraːls//*sʰreːl//*sʰreːl/
Notes金文上從來，本指以手揀麥子分等次，
左亦聲

Definitions

[edit]

差

  1. todiffer from; to bedifferent;dissimilar;incongruous
  2. wrong;incorrect;erroneous
  3. inferior;poor;substandard
    唱得好差[Cantonese]  ― coeng3 dak1 hou2caa1[Jyutping]  ―  singpoorly
  4. difference;discrepancy
  5. mistake;wrongdoing
  6. (mathematics)difference
  7. to beshort of; tofall short of
  8. toowe
  9. rather;barely;nearly;almost
  10. 11thtetragram of theTaixuanjing; "divergence" (𝌐)
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (wrong):
Dialectal synonyms of錯 (“wrong”)[map]
VarietyLocationWords
Classical Chinese過誤,誤,謬,謬誤,訛
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)錯,不對,錯誤
Northeastern MandarinBeijing錯,左
Taiwan錯,不對
Malaysia錯,不對
Singapore錯,不對
Jilu MandarinJinan錯,差
Central Plains MandarinXi'an錯
Lanyin MandarinÜrümqi錯
Southwestern MandarinChengdu錯,拐
Wuhan錯,左
Guilin錯
Jianghuai MandarinNanjing差
Yangzhou錯
Hefei錯
CantoneseGuangzhou錯,唔啱
Hong Kong錯,唔啱
Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)錯
Macau錯
Guangzhou(Panyu)錯
Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)唔啱
Guangzhou(Conghua)錯
Guangzhou(Zengcheng)錯
Foshan錯
Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)錯
Foshan(Shunde)錯
Foshan(Sanshui)錯,唔啱
Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)錯
Zhongshan(Shiqi)錯
Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)錯
Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)錯
Zhuhai(Doumen)錯
Jiangmen(Baisha)錯
Jiangmen(Xinhui)錯
Taishan錯
Kaiping(Chikan)錯
Enping(Niujiang)錯
Heshan(Yayao)錯
Dongguan錯
Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)錯
Yangjiang錯
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)唔啱,錯
Singapore(Guangfu)唔啱,錯
GanNanchang錯
Lichuan錯
HakkaMeixian差,唔啱
Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)錯
Dongguan(Qingxi)錯
Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)錯
Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)錯
Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)錯
Miaoli(N. Sixian)唔著
Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)唔著
Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)唔著
Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)唔著
Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)唔著
Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)唔著
JinTaiyuan錯,不對,差
Northern MinJian'ou錯
Eastern MinFuzhou賺
Matsu賺
Southern MinXiamen賺,毋著
Quanzhou賺,毋著
Shishi賺
Zhangzhou賺,毋著
Zhao'an毋著
Taipei毋著
Kaohsiung毋著
Penang(Hokkien)salah,毋著,賺
Singapore(Hokkien)salah,毋著
Manila(Hokkien)毋著,賺
Chaozhou賺
Shantou賺,唔對,唔著
Jieyang賺
Singapore(Teochew)salah,唔著,賺
Leizhou無著
Wenchang無著
Haikou錯
Singapore(Hainanese)無著
Zhongshan MinZhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)錯,唔啱
WuShanghai錯
Suzhou錯
Ningbo錯,賺
Wenzhou賺
Jinhua賺
XiangChangsha錯,左
Shuangfeng造,錯
  • (to be short of):
Dialectal synonyms of差 (“to be short of; to fall short of”)[map]
VarietyLocationWords
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)差
Northeastern MandarinTaiwan差
Singapore差
CantoneseHong Kong差,爭
Southern MinSingapore(Hokkien)減
WuShanghai推板,差 literary reading
Jinhua推板
  • (inferior):
edit

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Note:
  • ce1 - vernacular;
  • cai1 - literary.
Note:
  • chhe/chhee - vernacular;
  • chhai - literary.
Rime
Character差
Reading #3/5
Initial (聲)初 (19)
Final (韻)皆 (33)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)II
Fanqie楚皆切
Baxtertsrheaj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
Pan
Wuyun		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡ʃʰɐi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
Li
Rong		/t͡ʃʰɛi/
Wang
Li		/t͡ʃʰɐi/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		chāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		caai1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character差差
Reading #2/53/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		chāichāi
Middle
Chinese		‹ tsrhɛ ›‹ tsrhɛj ›
Old
Chinese		/*[tsʰ]raj//*[tsʰ](ˁ)raj/
Englishdistinction; to selectdistinction; to select

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character差
Reading #1/6
No.18029
Phonetic
component		左
Rime
group		歌
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		/*sʰraːl/

Definitions

[edit]

差

  1. todispatch; toassign; tosendon anerrand
  2. toselect; tochoose
  3. (historical)runner;courier;envoy;messenger
  4. (historical)corvée
  5. errand;task

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
Rime
Character差
Reading #1/5
Initial (聲)初 (19)
Final (韻)支 (13)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie楚宜切
Baxtertsrhje
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/
Pan
Wuyun		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡ʃʰiɛ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/
Li
Rong		/t͡ʃʰje/
Wang
Li		/t͡ʃʰǐe/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		chī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		ci1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character差
Reading #4/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		cī
Middle
Chinese		‹ tsrhje ›
Old
Chinese		/*tsʰraj/
English參差 uneven

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character差
Reading #6/6
No.18042
Phonetic
component		左
Rime
group		歌
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		差
Old
Chinese		/*sʰral/
Notes見孟子

Definitions

[edit]

差

  1. uneven;irregular;rough
    參差／参差  ― cēncī  ―  uneven
  2. todistinguish; tograde; toclassify
  3. grade;rank
  4. limit;boundary

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 4

[edit]
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character差
Reading #5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		cuō
Middle
Chinese		‹ tsha ›
Old
Chinese		/*[tsʰ]ˁaj/
Englishrub, polish, file (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

[edit]

差

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)Original form of搓 (cuō, “torub with one'shands; toscrub; totwist”).

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 5

[edit]
Rime
Character差
Reading #5/5
Initial (聲)初 (19)
Final (韻)佳 (31)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)II
Fanqie楚懈切
BaxtertsrheaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡ʃʰˠɛH/
Pan
Wuyun		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæH/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡ʃʰæiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨjH/
Li
Rong		/t͡ʃʰɛH/
Wang
Li		/t͡ʃʰaiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/ʈ͡ʂʰaiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		chài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		caai3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character差
Reading #5/6
No.18039
Phonetic
component		左
Rime
group		歌
Rime
subdivision		2
Corresponding
MC rime		差
Old
Chinese		/*sʰreːls/
Notes見方言後作瘥

Definitions

[edit]

差

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)Original form of瘥 (chài, “torecover from anillness”).

References

[edit]
  • “差”, in漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1],香港中文大學 (theChinese University of Hong Kong),2014–
  • 李如龙[Li, Ru-long];刘福铸[Liu, Fu-zhu];吴华英[Wu, Hua-ying];黄国城[Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “差（出～）”, in莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min),Xiamen University Press,→ISBN, page149.

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
See also:
差

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhae); compareMandarin差(chā):

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrheaj); compareMandarin差(chà):

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhje); compareMandarin差(cī):

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhea); compareMandarin差(chāi):

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrheaH); compareMandarin差(chài):

From nativeJapanese roots:

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]
Kanji in this term
差
さ
Grade: 4
on'yomi

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhje|tsrhea|tsrheaj|tsrhae|tsrheaH).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

差(さ)• (sa) 

  1. (generally)difference
    Synonyms:差異(sai),違い(chigai)
    資(し)金(きん)力(りょく)で差(さ)を付(つ)ける
    shikin ryoku desa o tsukeru
    to make adifference in the financial power
  2. (arithmetic)difference
    Antonym:(sum)和(wa)
    九(きゅう)十(じゅう)と七(なな)十(じゅう)八(はち)の差(さ)は十(じゅう)二(に)である。
    Kyūjū to nanajūhachi nosa wa jūni de aru.
    Thedifference of ninety and seventy-eight is twelve.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhea|tsrhae|tsrheaH).

Historical readings

Recorded asMiddle Korean차(cha)訓 (Yale:cha) inSinjeung Yuhap(新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

“difference; to distinguish”
FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhea, “to differ”).
Recorded asMiddle Korean챙 (Yale:chay) inDongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
“to select; to assign; to dispatch”
FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhae, “to select”).
Recorded asMiddle Korean창 (Yale:cha) inDongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
“to recover from an illness”
FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrheaH, “to recover from an illness”).
Recorded asMiddle Korean챙〮 (Yale:cháy) inDongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
KoreanWikisource has texts containing thehanja:

差 (eumhun다를차(dareul cha))

  1. hanja form? of차(“difference; todistinguish”)
  2. hanja form? of차(“toselect; toassign; todispatch”)
  3. hanja form? of차(“torecover from anillness”)
    쾌차 (快差) ―kwaecha ―completerecovery from an illness

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

FromMiddle Chinese差 (MC tsrhje, “uneven”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

差 (eumhun어긋날치(eogeunnal chi))

  1. (literary)hanja form? of치(“uneven;irregular;rough”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[2]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

差:Hán Nôm readings:sai,sái,si,sươi,sau,sây,soa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.
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