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川

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:州,巛,and𫶧

川	U+5DDD,川 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DDD

←巜
[U+5DDC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

州 →
[U+5DDE]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Stroke order

つ(Hiragana character derived fromMan'yōgana)
ツ(Katakana character derived fromMan'yōgana)

References

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Kangxi Dictionary:page 323, character 23
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8673
Dae Jaweon: page 624, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 32, character 2
Unihan data for U+5DDD

Chinese

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simp. andtrad.		川
alternative forms		巛

Wikipedia has articles on:

川(Chinese)
川(Cantonese)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character川
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the samephonetic series (川)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
川	*kʰjon
釧	*kʰjons
巛	*kʰuːn
巡	*sɢljun
馴	*sɢljun
紃	sɢljun, ɢljun
甽	kljuns, kʷeːnʔ
順	*ɢljuns
訓	*qʰuns

Pictogram (象形) – compare水 (OC*qʰʷljilʔ),川, and𡿧.

Etymology

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The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT):

Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence fromShijing rimes.
Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g.巛,甽 and訓,Baxter (1992) andSchuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial (Handel, 1998;Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese (Baxter, 1992).
Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g.順 and馴,Sagart (1999), and later,Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a*t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial/t͡ɕʰ/.

Schuessler (2007) relates this word toProto-Sino-Tibetan*kl(j)u(ŋ/k)(“river; valley”), whence江 (OC*kroːŋ, “river”),谷 (OC*kloːɡ, “valley”),Tibetanཀླུང(klung,“river”),Burmeseချောင်း(hkyaung:,“stream”).STEDT notes that this does not account for the*-n coda.

STEDT instead compares it toProto-Tibeto-Burman*m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s(“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence涕 (OC*tʰiːlʔ, “tears”),Proto-Kuki-Chin*tuj(“water; fluid; liquid”),Chepangतीः(“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an*‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.

Pronunciation

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Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):chuān (chuan¹)
(Zhuyin):ㄔㄨㄢ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):cuan¹
(Xi'an,Guanzhong Pinyin):pfǎn
(Dungan,Cyrillic andWiktionary):чүан (čüan, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):cyun¹
(Dongguan,Jyutping++):coen¹
(Taishan,Wiktionary):cun¹
Gan(Wiktionary):con¹
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):chhôn
(Hailu,HRS):chon^ˋ
(Meixian,Guangdong):con¹
(Changting, Changting Pinyin):chung¹
Jin(Wiktionary):cuan¹
Northern Min(KCR):chṳ́ing
Eastern Min(BUC):chuŏng
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):coeng¹ / cyoeng¹ / cuei¹ / cuinn¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):chhoan /soan /chhng /chhuiⁿ /suiⁿ
(Teochew,Peng'im):cuang¹ / cuêng¹ / ceng¹
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):qieng¹ / cui¹
Southern Pinghua(Nanning,Jyutping++):cyun¹
Wu(Northern,Wugniu):¹tshoe /¹tshuon
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):qyenn¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:chuān
  - Zhuyin:ㄔㄨㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:chuan
  - Wade–Giles:chʻuan¹
  - Yale:chwān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:chuan
  - Palladius:чуань(čuanʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:cuan¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:cuan
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰuan⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin:pfǎn
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/p͡fʰã²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic andWiktionary:чүан (čüan, I)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕʰyæ̃²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:cyun¹
  - Yale:chyūn
  - Cantonese Pinyin:tsyn¹
  - Guangdong Romanization:qun¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan,Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++:coen¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰøn²¹³/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:cun¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰun³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:con¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰɵn⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:chhôn
  - Hakka Romanization System:con^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:con¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/t͡sʰon²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:chon^ˋ
  - SinologicalIPA:/t͡ʃʰon⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:con¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/
- (Changting)
  - Changting Pinyin:chung¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/t͡ʃʰuŋ³³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:cuan¹
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/t͡sʰuæ̃¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:chṳ́ing
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰyiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:chuŏng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:coeng¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:che̤ng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:cyoeng¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:cuei¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:choiⁿ
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰuei⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:cuinn¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰũĩ⁵⁴⁴/

Note:

coeng1/cyoeng1 - literary;
cuei1/cuinn1 - vernacular (only used in尻川).

Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Yongchun,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:chhoan
  - Tâi-lô:tshuan
  - Phofsit Daibuun:zhoafn
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou,Yongchun,Taipei,Kaohsiung):/t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an):/t͡sʰuan³³/
- (Hokkien:Zhangpu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:soan
  - Tâi-lô:suan
  - Phofsit Daibuun:soafn
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangpu):/suan⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Yongchun,Taipei,Kaohsiung,Tainan,Taichung,Hsinchu,Lukang,Sanxia,Kinmen,Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:chhng
  - Tâi-lô:tshng
  - Phofsit Daibuun:zhngf
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Lukang):/t͡sʰŋ̍³³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Yongchun,Taipei,Kaohsiung,Tainan,Kinmen):/t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien:Zhangzhou,Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:chhuiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô:tshuinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun:zhvuy
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou,Yilan):/t͡sʰuĩ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien:Zhangpu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:suiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô:suinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun:svuy
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangpu):/suĩ⁵⁵/

Note:

chhoan/soan - literary;
chhng/chhuiⁿ/suiⁿ - vernacular (only used in尻川).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:cuang¹ / cuêng¹ / ceng¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:tshuang / tshueng / tshṳng
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰuaŋ³³/, /t͡sʰueŋ³³/, /t͡sʰɯŋ³³/

Note:

cuang1/cuêng1 - literary (cuêng1 - Chaozhou);
ceng1 - vernacular (only used in尻川).

(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin:qieng¹ / cui¹
- SinologicalIPA:/t͡sʰieŋ³⁵/, /t͡sʰui³⁵/

Note:

qieng1 - literary;
cui1 - vernacular (only used in尻川).

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua,Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++:cyun¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡sʰyn⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai,Suzhou,Ningbo)
  - Wugniu:¹tshoe
  - MiniDict:tshoe^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):¹tshoe
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/t͡sʰø⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Suzhou):/t͡sʰø⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Ningbo):/t͡sʰø⁵²/
- (Northern:Hangzhou)
  - Wugniu:¹tshuon
  - MiniDict:tshuon^平
  - SinologicalIPA (Hangzhou):/t͡sʰzʷõ³³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:qyenn¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕʰy̯ẽ³³/

Middle Chinese:tsyhwen

Rime
Character	川
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	昌 (24)
Final (韻)	仙 (78)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	昌緣切
Baxter	tsyhwen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕʰiuᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕʰʷiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕʰjuæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cʰwian/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕʰiuɛn/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕʰĭwɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕʰi̯wɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chuān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cyun¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*t.l̥u[n]/
(Zhengzhang):/*kʰjon/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	川
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chuān
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyhwen ›
Old Chinese	/*t.l̥u[n]/ (MC -jwen is irregular)
English	stream, river
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	川
Reading #	1/1
No.	1628
Phonetic component	川
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	穿
Old Chinese	/*kʰjon/

Definitions

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川

(archaic, poetic)river;stream;brook
川流不息 ― chuānliúbùxī ― to flow continuously
- 子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍晝夜。」[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。」[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheAnalects of Confucius,c. 475 – 221BCE, translated based onJames Legge's version
  Zǐ zàichuān shàng, yuē: “Shì zhě rúsī fū! Bù shè zhòuyè.”[Pinyin]
  The Master standing by a stream, said, "It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!"
(archaic, poetic)plain
一馬平川／一马平川 ― yīmǎpíngchuān ― wide expanse of flat land
short for四川 (Sìchuān, “Sichuan Province, China”)
川菜 ― chuāncài ― Sichuan cuisine
(Taiwanese Mandarin) toboil briefly
(colloquial)alternative form of穿(chuān)
(Internet slang)short for川普 (Chuānpǔ, “Donald Trump”)
挺川 ― tǐngchuān ― to supportDonald Trump
川粉 ― chuānfěn ― Trumpster
asurname

Compounds

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References

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“川”, in漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[3],香港中文大學 (theChinese University of Hong Kong),2014–
周存[Zhōu, Cún], editor (2023), “川”, in长汀话词典 CHANGTINGHUA CIDIAN [Dictionary of Changting Dialect] (overall work in Hakka and Mandarin), Guangzhou:世界图书出版有限公司[World Book Publishing Co., Ltd.],→ISBN, page87.

Japanese

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Kanji

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See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 川

川

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

river

Readings

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Go-on:せん(sen,Jōyō)
Kan-on:せん(sen,Jōyō)
Kun:かわ(kawa,川,Jōyō)^{←かは(kafa,川,historical)}
Nanori:か(ka)、こ(ko)、さわ(sawa)

Compounds

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川(かわ)上(かみ)(kawakami,“upstream”)
川(かわ)下(しも)(kawashimo,“downstream”)
川(かわ)岸(ぎし)(kawagishi,“river bank”)
川(かわ)口(ぐち)(kawaguchi,“mouth of river”)
川(かわ)崎(さき)(Kawasaki,“Kawasaki”)
川(かわ)瀬(せ)(kawase,“rapids”)
川(かわ)蝉(せみ)(kawasemi,“kingfisher”)
川(かわ)端(ばた)(kawabata,“riverbank”)
川(かわ)縁(ぶち)(kawabuchi),川(かわ)縁(べり)(kawaberi,“riverside”)
川(かわ)獺(うそ)(kawauso,“otter”)
川(かわ)嫁(よめ)(kawayome,“rivernymph”)
川(かわ)原(ら)(kawara,“riparian plain, flats alongside a river”)
川(せん)柳(りゅう)(senryū,“comic haiku”)
小(お)川(がわ)(ogawa,“brook”)
河(か)川(せん)(kasen,“rivers”)
山(さん)川(せん)(sansen,“mountains and rivers”)
滝(たき)川(がわ)(takigawa,“rapids”)
谷(たに)川(がわ)(tanigawa,“mountain stream”)
堀(ほり)川(かわ)(horikawa,“canal”)
淀(よど)川(がわ)(Yodogawa,“Yodogawa River”)
川(かわ)下(くだ)り(kawakudari,“going downstream”)
川(かわ)沿(ぞ)い(kawazoi,“along the river”)
ドン川(がわ)(Don-gawa,“Don River”)
天(あま)の川(がわ)(Ama no gawa,“Milky Way”)
江(え)戸(ど)川(がわ)(Edogawa,“Edo River”)
角(かど)川(かわ)(Kadokawa,“surname”)
河(か)川(せん)敷(しき)(kasenshiki,“riverbed”)

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
川
かわ Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
河水

FromOld Japanese川(kapa),^[1] fromProto-Japonic*kapa.^[2]

First attested in theKojiki of 712CE.^[3]

Pronunciation

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(Tokyo)かわ[kàwáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[4]
IPA^(key): [ka̠β̞a̠]

(Kagoshima)IPA^(key): [ko̞ː]

Noun

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川(かわ)• (kawa) ^{←かは(kafa)^?}

river,stream,brook

Synonyms

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河(か)川(せん)(kasen)

References

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^Frellesvig, Bjarke; Stephen Wright Horn; et al. (eds.) (2023), “Old Japanesekapa”, inOxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎^[1]
^Stewart A. Curry. (2004)Small linguistics: phonological history and lexical loans in Nakijin dialect Okinawan.http://hdl.handle.net/10125/11526
^“川・河”, in日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,2006
^Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974),新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō

“川”, in漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[4] (in Japanese),The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation,2015–2025

Korean

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Chinese川 (MC tsyhwen).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᄎᆑᆫ (Yale:chywèn)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[5]	내〯 (Yale:nǎy)	쳔 (Yale:chyèn)