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天

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:夫,禾,末,未,夭,and无

天	U+5929,天 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929

←夨
[U+5928]

CJK Unified Ideographs

太 →
[U+592A]

Translingual

[edit]

Stroke order

て(Hiragana character derived fromMan'yōgana)
テ(Katakana character derived fromMan'yōgana)
𛁱(Hentaigana character derived fromMan'yōgana)
𛁲(Hentaigana character derived fromMan'yōgana)
𛁳(Hentaigana character derived fromMan'yōgana)

References

[edit]

Kangxi Dictionary:page 248, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5833
Dae Jaweon: page 500, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 522, character 1
Unihan data for U+5929

Chinese

[edit]

simp. andtrad.		天
alternative forms		𠀘𠀡𠑺兲𠕹𠀘𠀡𠑺兲𠕹㕦䒶𦴞𩇗𩇞靝／靔Taoist 𠀑𬻃

Glyph origin

[edit]

Historical forms of the character天
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the samephonetic series (天)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
添	*tʰiːm
忝	l̥ʰiːmʔ, l̥ʰiːms
悿	*tʰiːmʔ
舔	*l̥ʰiːmʔ
菾	*diːm
天	*qʰl'iːn
吞	qʰl'iːn, qʰl'ɯːn
祆	*qʰliːn
蚕	zluːm, hl'iːnʔ

Wikipedia has articles on:

天(Chinese)
天(Cantonese)
Tian(English)

The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests inBeijing'sTemple of Heaven.

A horizontal line above a man with outstretched arms大 to indicate the sky (compare the original versions of上). The other ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large squared head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.

Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with顛 (OC*tiːn, *tʰiːns, “crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded天 (OC*qʰl'iːn) as a derivation of顛 or巔 (OC*tiːn, “top of the head/hill”).

Etymology

[edit]

This character was previously reconstructed to have a/*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial/*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According tochapter 1 ofShiming, by c. 200CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like顯 (MC xenX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like坦 (MC thanX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as祆 (MC xen, “God of theZoroastrians”), and the word天竺 (MC then trjuwk, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").

Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a/*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared withtengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is theCentral Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) wordheinl(“sky, heaven”)/xẽ⁵⁵/.Chen (1998) proposes cognation with祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):tiān (tian¹)
(Zhuyin):ㄊㄧㄢ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):tian¹
(Xi'an,Guanzhong Pinyin):tiǎn
(Nanjing,Nanjing Pinyin):tièn
(Dungan,Cyrillic andWiktionary):тян (ti͡an, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):tin¹
(Dongguan,Jyutping++):tin¹
(Taishan,Wiktionary):hen¹
(Yangjiang,Jyutping++):tin¹
Gan(Wiktionary):tien¹
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):thiên
(Hailu,HRS):tien^ˋ
(Meixian,Guangdong):tiên¹
(Changting, Changting Pinyin):ting¹
Jin(Wiktionary):tie¹
Northern Min(KCR):tíng
Eastern Min(BUC):tiĕng
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):ting¹ / teng¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):thiⁿ /thian /then
(Teochew,Peng'im):tin¹ / tiêng¹ / tiang¹
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):ti¹ / tieng¹
Southern Pinghua(Nanning,Jyutping++):tin¹
Wu(Wugniu)
- (Northern):¹thi /¹thie /¹thien /¹thienn
- (Jinhua):¹thiaa;¹thian
Xiang
(Changsha,Wiktionary):tienn¹
(Loudi,Wiktionary):tinn¹
(Hengyang,Wiktionary):tien¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:tiān
  - Zhuyin:ㄊㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:tian
  - Wade–Giles:tʻien¹
  - Yale:tyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:tian
  - Palladius:тянь(tjanʹ)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese,erhua-ed) (天兒 /天儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:tiānr
  - Zhuyin:ㄊㄧㄢㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:tianr
  - Wade–Giles:tʻien¹-ʼrh
  - Yale:tyānr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:tial
  - Palladius:тяньр(tjanʹr)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:tian¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:tian
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiɛn⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin:tiǎn
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiã²¹/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin:tièn
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered):tien¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiẽ³¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic andWiktionary:тян (ti͡an, I)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiæ̃²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:tin¹
  - Yale:tīn
  - Cantonese Pinyin:tin¹
  - Guangdong Romanization:tin¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiːn⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan,Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++:tin¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰin²¹³/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:hen¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/hen³³/
- (Yangjiang Yue,Jiangcheng)
  - Jyutping++:tin¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰin³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:tien¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:thiên
  - Hakka Romanization System:tien^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:tian¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/tʰi̯en²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:tien^ˋ
  - SinologicalIPA:/tʰien⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:tiên¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Changting)
  - Changting Pinyin:ting¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/tʰiŋ³³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:tie¹
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/tʰie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:tíng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:tiĕng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰieŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian,Jiangkou,Nanri,Donghai)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:ting¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:ting
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou,Youyang,Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:ting¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian,Jiangkou,Donghai)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:teng¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:teng
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰɛŋ⁵³³/
- (Nanri)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:teng¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰe̞ŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou,Youyang,Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:teng¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴/

Note:

ting1 - vernacular;
teng1 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Hui'an,Yongchun,Zhangpu,Changtai,Longyan,GeneralTaiwanese,Singapore,Philippines,Klang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:thiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô:thinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun:tvy
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Hui'an,Philippines,Klang):/tʰĩ³³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou,Yongchun,Changtai,Taipei,Kaohsiung,Singapore):/tʰĩ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangpu):/tʰĩ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Longyan):/tʰĩ³³⁴/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Yongchun,Zhangpu,Changtai,Longyan,GeneralTaiwanese,Singapore,Philippines,Klang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:thian
  - Tâi-lô:thian
  - Phofsit Daibuun:tiefn
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang,Nan'an,Philippines,Klang):/tʰiɛn³³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Longyan):/tʰiɛn³³⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou,Yongchun,Changtai,Taipei,Kaohsiung,Singapore):/tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangpu):/tʰiɛn⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien:Hui'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:then
  - Tâi-lô:then
  - Phofsit Daibuun:tefn
  - SinologicalIPA (Hui'an):/tʰen³³/

Note:

thiⁿ - vernacular (“sky; weather; Heaven as an impersonal deity”);
thian/then - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:tin¹ / tiêng¹ / tiang¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:thiⁿ / thieng / thiang
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰĩ³³/, /tʰieŋ³³/, /tʰiaŋ³³/

Note:

tin1 - vernacular;
tiêng1/tiang1 - literary (tiêng1 - Chaozhou).

(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin:ti¹ / tieng¹
- SinologicalIPA:/tʰi³⁵/, /tʰieŋ³⁵/

Note:

ti1 - vernacular;
tieng1 - literary.

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua,Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++:tin¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰin⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai,Songjiang,Chuansha,Ningbo)
  - Wugniu:¹thi
  - MiniDict:thi^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):¹thi
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/tʰi⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Songjiang):/tʰi⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Chuansha):/tʰi⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Ningbo):/tʰi⁵²/
- (Northern:Jiading,Chongming,Suzhou,Kunshan,Yixing,Changzhou,Jiaxing,Tongxiang,Haining,Haiyan,Deqing,Xiaoshan)
  - Wugniu:¹thie
  - MiniDict:thie^平
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiading):/tʰɪ⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Chongming):/tʰie⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Suzhou):/tʰɪ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kunshan):/tʰɪ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Yixing):/tʰiɪ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Changzhou):/tʰɪ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiaxing):/tʰie⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Tongxiang):/tʰiɛ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Haining):/tʰie⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Haiyan):/tʰiɛ⁵¹/
  - SinologicalIPA (Deqing):/tʰie⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiaoshan):/tʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
- (Northern:Hangzhou,Shaoxing,Cixi,Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu:¹thien
  - MiniDict:thien^平
  - SinologicalIPA (Hangzhou):/tʰiẽ̞³³⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Shaoxing):/tʰiẽ⁵²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Cixi):/tʰiẽ³²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhoushan):/tʰĩ⁵³/
- (Northern:Jingjiang)
  - Wugniu:¹thienn
  - SinologicalIPA (Jingjiang):/tʰiɪ̃⁴⁴/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu:¹thiaa;¹thian
  - SinologicalIPA (Jinhua):/tʰia³³⁴/,/tʰiã³³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:tienn¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰi̯ẽ³³/
- (Loudi)
  - Wiktionary:tinn¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰĩ⁴⁴/
- (Hengyang)
  - Wiktionary:tien¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/tʰi̯ɛn⁴⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese:then

Rime
Character	天
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	他前切
Baxter	then
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/
Li Rong	/tʰen/
Wang Li	/tʰien/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*l̥ˤi[n]/, /*l̥ˤi[n]/
(Zhengzhang):/*qʰl'iːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天	天
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time xˁ- > MC x-)
English	heaven	heaven
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天
Reading #	1/1
No.	12387
Phonetic component	天
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	天
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/

Definitions

[edit]

天

sky;heavens;heavenly;celestial
天空 ― tiānkōng ― sky
天黑了。 ― Tiān hēi le. ― It's getting dark. (literally, “The sky is becoming black.”)
(mythology or religion)heaven as theabode of thegods or theblessed departed;heavenly
上天 ― shàngtiān ― to go up to the sky; to go to heaven
天意 ― tiānyì ― Heaven's will
(mythology or religion)Heaven as animpersonal deity;often translated asGod
天主 ― tiānzhǔ ― God (in the Catholic tradition)
老天 ― lǎotiān ― Heaven, Tian; God (Deity of the Zhou)
我的天啊！ ― Wǒ detiān a! ― Oh myGod!
天助自助者。 ― Tiān zhù zì zhù zhě. ― God helps those who help themselves.
top;overhead
天橋／天桥 ― tiānqiáo ― footbridge
天窗 ― tiānchuāng ― sunroof
weather;climate
天很冷。 ― Tiān hěn lěng. ― It's very cold.
如果天晴，我們就去散步。[MSC,trad.]
如果天晴，我们就去散步。[MSC,simp.]
Rúguǒtiān qíng, wǒmen jiù qù sànbù.[Pinyin]
If theweather clears, we'll go for a walk.
day (24 hours)
今天 ― jīntiān ― today
明天 ― míngtiān ― tomorrow
三天 ― sāntiān ― three days
day (as opposed to night)
白天 ― báitiān ― daytime
三天兩夜／三天两夜 ― sāntiān liǎng yè ― three days and two nights
period oftime in aday
五更天 ― wǔgèngtiān ― just before dawn
天不早了。 ― Tiān bù zǎo le. ― It's getting late.
season
春天、夏天、秋天、冬天[MSC,trad. andsimp.]
chūntiān, xiàtiān, qiūtiān, dōngtiān[Pinyin]
spring, summer, autumn, winter
黃梅天／黄梅天 ― huángméitiān ― rainy season
nature
天災／天灾 ― tiānzāi ― natural disaster
natural;innate
天生 ― tiānshēng ― innate
天性 ― tiānxìng ― nature, personality
天才 ― tiāncái ― genius
(Hong Kong)short for天水圍／天水围 (Tiānshuǐwéi, “Tin Shui Wai”)

Synonyms

[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of天空 (“sky”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		天
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		天,天空
Northeastern Mandarin	Singapore	天
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	天
Cantonese	Guangzhou	天
	Hong Kong	天
	Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)	天
	Macau	天
	Guangzhou(Panyu)	天
	Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)	天
	Guangzhou(Conghua)	天
	Guangzhou(Zengcheng)	天
	Foshan	天
	Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)	天
	Foshan(Shunde)	天
	Foshan(Sanshui)	天空
	Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)	天空
	Zhongshan(Shiqi)	天
	Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	天
	Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	天
	Zhuhai(Doumen)	天
	Jiangmen(Baisha)	天
	Jiangmen(Xinhui)	天
	Taishan	天
	Taishan(Guanghai)	天
	Kaiping(Chikan)	天
	Enping(Niujiang)	天
	Heshan(Yayao)	天空
	Dongguan	天
	Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)	天空
	Lianshan(Yonghe)	天
	Pingnan(Danzhu)	天
	Chongzuo(Laituan)	天
	Fusui(Qujiu)	天
	Singapore(Guangfu)	天
	Mandalay(Taishan)	天
Gan	Nanchang	天
Hakka	Meixian	天
	Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)	天,天空
	Huizhou(Shuikou; Bendihua)	天
	Huizhou(Hengli; Bendihua)	天
	Huidong(Pingshan; Bendihua)	天
	Dongguan(Qingxi)	天頂
	Longmen(Pingling; Bendihua)	天
	Longmen(Luxi; Bendihua)	天
	Boluo(Bendihua)	天
	Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)	天空
	Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)	天
	Heyuan(Bendihua)	天
	Zijin(Guzhu; Bendihua)	天
	Longchuan(Tuocheng; Bendihua)	天
	Longchuan(Sidu; Bendihua)	天
	Heping(Linzhai; Bendihua)	天
	Lianping(Zhongxin; Bendihua)	天
	Lianping(Longjie; Bendihua)	天
	Xinfeng(Matou; Bendihua)	天
	Xinfeng(Daxi; Bendihua)	天
	Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)	天空
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	天
Southern Min	Xiamen	天
	Singapore(Hokkien)	天
	Manila(Hokkien)	天,天頂
	Singapore(Teochew)	天
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)	天
Southern Pinghua	Nanning(Sucun)	天
Wu	Shanghai	天
	Suzhou	天
	Wenzhou	天
	Jinhua	天公,天
Xiang	Changsha	天
	Xiangxiang	天
	Hengshan	天

Dialectal synonyms of天氣 (“weather”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		氣候,天景,氣
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		天氣
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	天氣,天兒
	Taiwan	天氣
	Ulanhot	天頭
	Tongliao	天頭
	Chifeng	天氣
	Hulunbuir(Hailar)	天氣
	Harbin	天氣,天兒,天
	Shenyang	天氣,天頭
	Malaysia	天氣
	Singapore	天氣
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	天兒
	Tangshan	天氣,天頭
	Cangzhou	天氣
	Baoding	天氣,天道
	Shijiazhuang	天氣
	Jinan	天氣,天兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai(Muping)	天氣
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Qingdao	天氣,天兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	天氣
	Wanrong	天氣
	Zhengzhou	天氣
	Xi'an	天氣
	Dingbian	天,天氣
	Xining	天氣,天氣兒
	Xuzhou	天氣,天
	Qimen(Anling; Junhua)	天氣
	Sokuluk(Gansu Dungan)	天氣
	Masanchin(Shaanxi Dungan)	天氣
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	天氣
	Bayanhot	天氣
	Lanzhou	天氣
	Ürümqi	天氣,天
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	天氣
	Wuhan	天氣,天道
	Guiyang	天氣
	Kunming	天氣
	Guilin	天氣
	Guilin(Lingui)	天氣
	Pingle	天氣
	Liuzhou	天氣,天時
	Liuzhou(Luorong)	天氣
	Luzhai	天氣
	Nanning(Wuming)	天氣,天色
	Hechi(Yizhou)	天氣,天時
	Luocheng(Dongmen)	天氣
	Tianlin(Langping)	天氣
	Mae Salong(Lancang)	天氣,天時
	Mae Sai(Tengchong)	天氣
	Oudomxay	天氣
	Pematangsiantar	天氣
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	天氣,天
	Yangzhou	天氣,天
	Nantong	天氣
	Hefei	天氣
	Huanggang	天頭
Cantonese	Guangzhou	天氣,天時,天候
	Hong Kong	天氣,天時,天候
	Hong Kong(San Tin; Weitou)	天候,天時
	Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)	天時,天氣
	Hong Kong(Ting Kok)	天時
	Hong Kong(Tung Ping Chau)	天時
	Macau	天氣
	Guangzhou(Panyu)	天時
	Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)	天氣
	Guangzhou(Conghua)	天時
	Guangzhou(Zengcheng)	天氣
	Foshan	天時
	Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)	天時
	Foshan(Shunde)	天氣
	Foshan(Sanshui)	天氣
	Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)	天氣
	Zhongshan(Shiqi)	天時
	Zhongshan(Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka)	天氣
	Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	天時
	Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	天時
	Zhuhai(Doumen)	天時
	Jiangmen(Baisha)	天時
	Jiangmen(Xinhui)	天時
	Taishan	天時,天氣
	Taishan(Guanghai)	天氣
	Kaiping(Chikan)	天時
	Enping(Niujiang)	天時
	Heshan(Yayao)	天氣
	Dongguan	天時,天氣
	Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)	天時
	Qingyuan	天時
	Fogang	天時
	Yingde(Hanguang)	天時
	Yangshan	天氣
	Lianshan(Butian)	天氣
	Lianzhou(Qingshui; Sihui)	天氣
	Shaoguan	天時
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	天候,天氣
	Renhua	天時
	Lechang	天氣
	Zhaoqing(Gaoyao)	天氣
	Sihui	天時
	Guangning	天時
	Deqing	天時,天氣
	Huaiji	天時
	Fengkai(Nanfeng)	天氣
	Yunfu	天氣
	Xinxing	天時
	Luoding	天時
	Yunan(Pingtai)	天氣
	Yangjiang	天時,天氣
	Xinyi	天氣
	Lianjiang	天氣
	Nanning	天氣
	Wuzhou	天氣
	Yulin	天氣
	Hepu(Lianzhou)	天時,天氣
	Hepu(Shatian)	天時
	Guiping	天氣
	Guiping(Jintian)	天氣
	Guiping(Jiangkou)	天氣,天時,天色
	Guiping(Madong)	天氣,天色
	Mengshan(Xihe)	天色
	Guigang(Nanjiang)	天氣
Beiliu	天氣,天色
Beiliu(Tangliao)	天色
Baise	天氣
Bobai	天氣
Lingshan	天氣
Pubei	天氣
Qinzhou	天氣
Beihai	天氣,天時
Beihai(Nankang)	天時
Beihai(Yingpan)	天時
Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	天氣,天時
Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	天氣,天時
Ningming	天氣
Hengzhou	天氣
Hezhou(Pumen, Babu)	天氣
Fangchenggang(Fangcheng)	天氣,天時
Lingchuan(Yangjia)	天時
Pingle(Majia)	天氣
Pingle(Shuishan)	天氣
Danzhou	天
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)	天時,天氣
Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu)	天時
Móng Cái	天氣,天時
Yangon(Taishan)	天氣,氣候
Mandalay(Taishan)	天氣
Bangkok(Guangfu)	天時
Gan	Nanchang	天氣,天色
	Pengze	天勢
	Lichuan	天氣,天頭
	Pingxiang	天,天氣
Hakka	Meixian	天氣,天色,天時
	Xingning	天時
	Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)	天時
	Huidong(Daling)	天時
	Dongguan(Qingxi)	天時
	Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)	天時
	Guangzhou(Zhengguo, Zengcheng)	天時
	Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)	天時
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	天時
	Lianshan(Xiaosanjiang)	天時
	Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)	天氣
	Changting	天時
	Wuping	天時
	Wuping(Pingyu)	天時
	Liancheng	天時
	Liancheng(Peitian)	天意
	Yudu	天氣
	Ruijin	天氣
	Shicheng	天頭
	Shangyou(Shexi)	天色
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	天時,天氣
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	天時,天氣
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	天時,天氣
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	天時,天氣
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	天時,天氣
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	天氣
	Hong Kong	天時
	Luchuan(Daqiao)	天氣
	Bobai(Shahe)	天氣
	Bobai(Longtan)	天氣
	Bobai(Lingping)	天氣,天時
	Beiliu(Tang'an)	天時
	Beiliu(Gonghe, Xilang)	天氣
	Mashan(Pianlian)	天氣
	Guilin(Xiaojiang, Lingui)	天氣
	Pingle(Tong'an)	天氣
	Yangshuo(Jinbao)	天氣
	Sabah(Longchuan)	天時
	Senai(Huiyang)	天時
	Singkawang	天時,天氣
	Pontianak(Meixian)	天時,天氣
	Bangkok(Meixian)	天時
	Bangkok(Fengshun)	天氣
	Bangkok(Jiexi)	天時
Huizhou	Jixi	天公
	Shexian	天氣
	Shexian(Xianggao)	天氣
	Shexian(Daguyun)	天氣
	Qimen(Anling; Minhua)	天氣
Jin	Taiyuan	天氣,天
	Datong	天氣
	Datong(Xicetian, Yunzhou)	天氣
	Xinzhou	天氣
	Changzhi	天氣
	Taibus(Baochang)	天氣
	Linhe	天氣
	Jining	天氣
	Hohhot	天氣,氣候
	Baotou	天氣
	Dongsheng	天氣
	Haibowan	天氣
	Zhangjiakou	天氣
	Handan	天氣
Northern Min	Jian'ou	天氣,天時
Northern Min	Pucheng(Shibei)	天氣
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	天氣,天時
	Fuqing	天氣
	Matsu	天氣
Southern Min	Xiamen	天時,天氣,天日
	Quanzhou	天時,天氣
	Shishi	天時
	Yongchun	天色
	Zhangzhou	天時,天氣
	Zhao'an	天氣,天時
	Dongshan	天時
	Penang(Hokkien)	天時
	Singapore(Hokkien)	天時,天氣
	Manila(Hokkien)	天氣
	Pingnan(Shangdu)	天氣
	Guiping(Xiaowen)	天氣
	Guiping(Dongsheng)	天氣
	Guilin(Biyange)	天氣
	Yuhuan(Kanmen)	天時
	Chaozhou	天時,天氣
	Shantou	天時
	Shantou(Chenghai)	天時
	Shantou(Chaoyang)	天時
	Nan'ao(Houzhai)	天時
	Nan'ao(Yun'ao)	天時
	Jieyang	天時
	Lufeng	天時
	Haifeng	天時
	Bangkok(Teochew)	天時
	Johor Bahru(Teochew)	天時
	Singapore(Teochew)	天時
	Pontianak(Teochew)	天時
	Wenchang	天氣
	Haikou	天時
	Qionghai	天氣
	Singapore(Hainanese)	天氣
Puxian Min	Putian	天時
Puxian Min	Xianyou	天時
Central Min	Yong'an	天氣
Central Min	Nanping(Wangtai, Yanping)	天氣
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)	天時
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Sanxiang)	天時
Southern Pinghua	Nanning(Tingzi)	天氣
	Nanning(Shajing)	天氣
	Nanning(Silian)	天氣
Northern Pinghua	Guilin(Dahe)	天氣
	Guilin(Chaoyang)	天氣
	Guilin(Zhuyuan)	天氣
	Guilin(Wutong, Lingui)	天氣
	Guilin(Liutang, Lingui)	天氣
	Lingchuan(Tanxia)	天氣
	Lingchuan(Shuangzhou)	天氣
	Guanyang(Guanyinge)	天色
	Pingle(Zhangjia)	天氣
	Yangshuo(Jima)	天氣
	Yangshuo(Putao)	天色,天氣
Shehua	Fu'an	天性
	Fuding	天氣
	Luoyuan	天性
	Sanming	天氣
	Shunchang	天氣
	Hua'an	天時
	Guixi(Zhangping)	天氣
	Cangnan	天氣
	Jingning(Hexi)	天性
	Lishui	天性
	Longyou	天性
	Chaozhou	天氣
	Fengshun	天時
Waxiang	Luxi(Liangjiatan)	天氣
Waxiang	Chengbu(Xuntou)	天色
Wu	Shanghai	天氣
	Shanghai(Chongming)	天色
	Suzhou	天氣,天
	Danyang	天氣,天光
	Hangzhou	天空
	Shaoxing	天家
	Shaoxing(Keqiao)	天時
	Ningbo	天家
	Linhai	天家
	Yuhuan(Damaiyu)	天色
	Yuhuan(Chumen)	天家
	Wenzhou	天色,天時
	Jinhua	天公,天氣
Xiang	Changsha	天色,天氣
	Xiangxiang	天氣
	Loudi	天色
	Shuangfeng	天氣
	Hengshan	天
	Hengshan(Baiguo)	天
	Quanzhou	天氣
	Guanyang(Wenshi)	天氣

Dialectal synonyms of天 (“day (24 hours)”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		日
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		日,天
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	天
	Taiwan	天
	Malaysia	天
	Singapore	天
	Olginsky(Mikhaylovka)	天
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	天
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	天
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	天
	Guiyang	天
	Guilin	天
	Liuzhou	天
Cantonese	Guangzhou	日
	Hong Kong	日
	Taishan	日
	Taishan(Guanghai)	日
	Guiping(Jintian)	日
	Chongzuo(Laituan)	天
	Fusui(Qujiu)	日
	Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)	日
	Singapore(Guangfu)	日
	Mandalay(Taishan)	日,天
Gan	Nanchang	日
	Lichuan	日
	Pingxiang	工,日
Hakka	Meixian	日
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	日
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	日
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	日
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	日
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	日
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	日
Huizhou	Jixi	日
Jin	Taiyuan	天
Northern Min	Jian'ou	工
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	日,工
	Gutian	工
	Pingnan	工
	Fu'an	工
	Ningde	工
	Xiapu	工
	Zherong	工
	Shouning	工
	Zhouning	工
	Fuding	工
Southern Min	Xiamen	日
	Quanzhou	日,工
	Anxi	工
	Yongchun	日,工
	Zhangzhou	日
	Zhangzhou(Changtai)	日
	Zhao'an	日
	Dongshan	日
	Taipei	工,日
	New Taipei(Sanxia)	工,日
	Kaohsiung	工,日
	Yilan	工,日
	Changhua(Lukang)	工,日
	Taichung	日,工
	Taichung(Wuqi)	工
	Tainan	工,日
	Taitung	日
	Hsinchu	日,工
	Kinmen	工
	Penghu(Magong)	工
	Penang(Hokkien)	日
	Singapore(Hokkien)	工,日
	Manila(Hokkien)	日
	Datian	工
	Pingnan(Pingtian)	日
	Guilin(Biyange)	日
	Chaozhou	日
	Shantou	日
	Singapore(Teochew)	日
	Haikou	日
	Singapore(Hainanese)	日
Puxian Min	Putian	工,日
	Putian(Donghai, Chengxiang)	工
	Putian(Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	日
	Putian(Nanri, Xiuyu)	工
	Xianyou	工
	Xianyou(Fengting)	工
	Xianyou(Youyang)	工
Northern Pinghua	Guilin(Dabu)	日
	Guilin(Wutong, Lingui)	日
	Guilin(Liangjiang, Lingui)	日
	Lingchuan(Sanjie)	日
Wu	Shanghai	天,日,日天
	Suzhou	日
	Hangzhou	日
	Ningbo	日
	Wenzhou	日
	Jinhua	日
Xiang	Changsha	天

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]

Sino-Xenic (天):

→ Japanese:天(てん)(ten)
→ Korean:천(天)(cheon)
→ Vietnamese:thiên(天)

References

[edit]

“天”, in漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1],香港中文大學 (theChinese University of Hong Kong),2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00849

Japanese

[edit]

JapaneseWikipedia has an article on:

天

Wikipedia^ja

Kanji

[edit]

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 天

天

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

heavens,sky

Readings

[edit]

Go-on:てん(ten,Jōyō)
Kan-on:てん(ten,Jōyō)
Kun:あま(ama,天,Jōyō^†)、あめ(ame,天,Jōyō)
Nanori:かみ(kami)、そら(sora)、た(ta)、たか(taka)、たかし(takashi)、なま(nama)、て(te)、あき(aki)、あも(amo)

Compounds

[edit]

Compounds

韋(い)駄(だ)天(てん)(idaten):Skanda (Buddhism);fast-footed person
帝(たい)釈(しゃく)天(てん)(Taishakuten):Śakra,lord of theDevas and an important figure inJapanese Buddhism
吉(きつ)祥(しょう)天(てん)(Kitsushōten):Kisshōten
天(てん)麩(ぷ)羅(ら)(tenpura):tempura
任(にん)天(てん)堂(どう)(Nintendō):Nintendo (gaming company)
毘(び)沙(しゃ)門(もん)天(てん)(Bishamonten):Vaiśravaṇa, one of theFour Heavenly Kings and an important figure inJapanese Buddhism

Etymology 1

[edit]

Kanji in this term
天
あま Grade: 1
kun'yomi

FromOld Japanese, ultimately fromProto-Japonic*amay.

A bound form only appearing in compounds.^[1]^[2] Compare the formation of目(ma,bound form in compounds) and目(me,standalone form),手(ta,bound form in compounds) and手(te,standalone form).

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): [a̠ma̠]

Noun

[edit]

天(あま)• (ama)

(archaic) thesky, theheavens
the area above akitchenstove:
1. where thesmoke collects in an old kitchen using awood-burning stove
2. ashelf orshelves above the stove
(archaic)heaven

Derived terms

[edit]

Derived terms from noun あま

雨(あめ)(ame):rain
天(あま)照(てらす)(Amaterasu): “(that which) lights the heavens” → name of the highest-standing deity in theShinto pantheon
天(あま)の川(がわ)(ama no gawa),天(あま)の河(がわ)(ama no gawa): theMilky Way
天(あま)下(くだ)り(amakudari): “descent from heaven” → anavatar of a god visiting earth; a formerpublic official now working in theprivate sector

Etymology 2

[edit]

Kanji in this term
天
あめ Grade: 1
kun'yomi

⟨ame₂⟩ → */aməj/ →/ame/

FromOld Japanese as a sound shift fromama above.^[1] Compare神(kami, kan-, kamu-,“god”),目(me, ma-,“eye”), etc. Ultimately fromProto-Japonic*amay.

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Tokyo)あめ[áꜜmè] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [a̠me̞]

Noun

[edit]

Wikidata has aLexeme related to:

天 (L1410707)

天(あめ)• (ame)

Derived terms

[edit]

Derived terms from noun あめ

雨(あめ)(ame):rain

Idioms

[edit]

Idioms

天(あめ)に跼(せかがま)り地(つち)に蹐(ぬきあしにふ)む(ame ni sekagamari tsuchi ni nukiashinifumu),天(あめ)に跼(せぐくま)り地(つち)に蹐(ぬきあしにふ)む(ame ni segukumari tsuchi ninukiashinifumu): “in heaven, bow and step carefully on the ground” → to behumble andrespectful inheaven

Etymology 3

[edit]

Kanji in this term
天
てん Grade: 1
on'yomi

FromMiddle Chinese天 (MC then, “sky; heavens”). Compare modernMandarin readingtiān.

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Tokyo)てん[téꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [tẽ̞ɴ]

Noun

[edit]

Wikidata has aLexeme related to:

天 (L1195879)

天(てん)• (ten)

thesky, theheavens
heaven
(Buddhism) adeva ordevi
Hyponym:天女(tennyo)
天(てん)道(どう)
tendō
the world of heavenly gods; the world of devas
天(てん)部(ぶ)
tenbu
devas; the class of heavenly gods
大(だい)黒(こく)天(てん)
Daikokuten
Mahakala
(literally, “the Great Black Deva”)
弁(べん)才(ざい)天(てん)
Benzaiten
Saraswati
(literally, “the Eloquent Devi”)
(figurative) thegods,providence,fate
天(てん)の与(あた)え
ten no atae
gift from thegods
(printing, of a page) the top margin
Antonym:地
Hypernym:マージン

Derived terms

[edit]

Derived terms from noun てん

雨(う)天(てん)(uten)
天(てん)下(か)(tenka),(rarely)天(てん)下(げ)(tenge)
天(てん)蓋(がい)(tengai)
天(てん)気(き)(tenki):weather
天(てん)狗(ぐ)(tengu): long-nosedyōkai of Japanese mythology
天(てん)空(くう)(tenkū)
天(てん)候(こう)(tenkō):weather
天(てん)降(こう)(tenkō)
天(てん)国(ごく)(tengoku):heaven
天(てん)才(さい)(tensai):genius,prodigy
天(てん)災(さい)(tensai)
天(てん)災(さい)地(ち)変(へん)(tensai chihen)
天(てん)使(し)(tenshi): heavenlymessenger,angel
天(てん)上(じょう)(tenjō)
天(てん)井(じょう)(tenjō):roof,ceiling
天(てん)職(しょく)(tenshoku)
天(てん)真(しん)爛(らん)漫(まん)(tenshin ranman)
天(てん)神(じん)(tenjin): agod ofheaven, heavenlybeing
天(てん)神(じん)地(ち)祇(ぎ)(tenjin chigi): thegods ofheaven andearth
天(てん)性(せい)(tensei)inherent nature,disposition
天(てん)体(たい)(tentai)
天(てん)地(ち)(tenchi): heaven and earth
天(てん)頂(ちょう)(tenchō): azenith
天(てん)然(ねん)(tennen):natural,innate
天(てん)皇(のう)(tennō):emperor (of Japan)
天(てん)罰(ばつ)(tenbatsu):divine punishment
天(てん)秤(びん)(tenbin): abalance, a pair ofscales
天(てん)変(ぺん)地(ち)異(い)(tenpen chī): anextraordinary natural phenomenon oroccurrence
天(てん)文(もん)(tenmon)
天(てん)文(もん)学(がく)(tenmongaku)
天(てん)文(もん)台(だい)(tenmondai)
弁(べん)才(ざい)天(てん),辯(べん)才(ざい)天(てん),弁(べん)財(ざい)天(てん),辨(べん)財(ざい)天(てん)(benzaiten)
楽(らく)天(てん)(rakuten): anoptimistic outlook,easygoing-ness
楽(らく)天(てん)家(か)(rakutenka): anoptimist
楽(らく)天(てん)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)(rakuten shugi):optimism
楽(らく)天(てん)主(しゅ)義(ぎ)者(しゃ)(rakuten shugisha): anoptimist

Idioms

[edit]

Idioms

天(てん)に唾(つば)する(ten ni tsuba suru): “to spit at heaven” → a metaphor forcourting disaster
天(てん)にも昇(のぼ)る心(ここ)地(ち)(ten ni mo noboru kokochi): “a feeling like rising to heaven” → being inseventh heaven, a really goodfeeling
天(てん)を衝(つ)く(ten o tsuku): “to pierce the heavens” → totower, to be verytall

Affix

[edit]

天(てん)• (ten)

thesky, theheavens
heaven
short for天ぷら(tenpura)

References

[edit]

↑^1.0^1.1Shōgaku Tosho (1988),国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese),Tōkyō:Shogakukan,→ISBN
↑^2.0^2.1^2.2Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
↑^3.0^3.1NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998),NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN

“天”, in漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese),The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation,2015–2026

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

FromMiddle Chinese天 (MC then).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	텬 (Yale:thyèn)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[3]	하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (Yale:hànól)	텬 (Yale:thyèn)