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塹 (Kangxi radical 32,土+11, 14 strokes,cangjie input十中土 (JLG),four-corner52104,composition⿱斬土)
| trad. | 塹 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 堑 | |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*sʰams): phonetic 斬(OC*ʔsreːmʔ) + semantic 土(“earth”).
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 塹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (153) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 七豔切 |
| Baxter | tshjemH |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰiᴇmH/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰiɛmH/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰjæmH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰiamH/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰiɛmH/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭɛmH/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯ɛmH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cim3 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 塹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshjemH › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]am-s/ |
| English | moat; dig out |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 塹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16806 |
| Phonetic component | 斬 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 壍 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰams/ |
| Notes | 同壍出説文 |
塹
{{rfdef}}.塹• (cham) (hangeul참,revised cham,McCune–Reischauer ch'am)
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