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堪 (Kangxi radical 32,土+9, 12 strokes,cangjie input土廿一女 (GTMV),four-corner44111,composition⿰土甚)
| trad. | 堪 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp.# | 堪 | |
| Historical forms of the character堪 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan) | Liushutong (compiled inMing) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |  |  |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*kʰluːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 土(“earth”) + phonetic 甚(OC*ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums,“extreme, profound”) — originally meaning “heavy mountain/earthen protrusion”, it later came to signify the act of “enduring” that earth's weight.
Sino-Tibetan; compareBurmeseခံ(hkam,“to receive; to endure”),Jingphokhàm(“to endure”) (Schuessler, 2007).
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 堪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 口含切 |
| Baxter | khom |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəm/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀm/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham1 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 堪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khom › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁ[ə]m/ |
| English | able to bear |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 堪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11271 |
| Phonetic component | 甚 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 龕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰluːm/ |
堪
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 堪 |
| かん Grade: S |
| kan'on |
FromMiddle Chinese堪 (MC khom).
FromMiddle Chinese堪 (MC khom).
堪:Hán Nôm readings:kham,khom,khăm
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