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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

U+5728,在
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5728

[U+5727]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5729]
Wikimedia Commons has media about:

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

(Kangxi radical 32,+3, 6 strokes,cangjie input大中土 (KLG),four-corner40214,composition𠂇)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:not present, would followpage 224, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4881
  • Dae Jaweon: page 455, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 418, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5728

Further reading

[edit]

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)Libian (compiled inQing)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scriptsClerical script
Characters in the samephonetic series ()(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*zraː, *zraːʔ, *ʔsrɯ, *zrɯ
*zlɯː
*zlɯː, *zlɯːs
*zlɯː
*zlɯː, *ʔslɯ
*zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs
*zrɯː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic (OC*zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + phonetic (OC*zrɯʔ).

In the oracle bone script and some of the bronze inscriptions, (OC*zlɯː, *zlɯːs) is phonetically borrowed to represent this word; a phonetic (OC*zrɯʔ) was added later. eventually corrupted into (“earth”).

Etymology 1

[edit]
simp. andtrad.
alternative forms

Probably related to (OC*ʔslɯː, “to plant”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Thisetymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Note: de4 - modal particle.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • chhai - literary;
    • chhôi - colloquial;
    • ti/tu/tui/to/chhi/thê/thî/tî/chhî/chhô/chhok - colloquial (probably substitute).
  • Meixian:
    • cai4 - literary;
    • coi1 - colloquial;
    • hoi1/hoi4 - colloquial (preposition, also written as or).
Note:
  • do6 - colloquial;
  • zai6 - literary.
Note: Tone 4 for lects in which it is present are literary pronunciations.
Note:
  • dou5 - colloquial (preposition);
  • zai5 - colloquial;
  • zai4 - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    VarietyLocation
    MandarinBeijing/t͡sai⁵¹/
    Harbin/t͡sai⁵³/~早
    /t͡sai²¹³/~家
    Tianjin/tai⁵³/
    /t͡sai⁵³/
    Jinan/t͡sɛ²¹/
    Qingdao/t͡sɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou/t͡sai³¹²/
    Xi'an/t͡sai⁴⁴/
    Xining/t͡sɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan/t͡sɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou/t͡sɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi/t͡sai²¹³/
    Wuhan/t͡sai³⁵/
    Chengdu/t͡sai¹³/
    Guiyang/t͡sai²¹³/現~
    /tai²¹³/~家
    Kunming/t͡sæ²¹²/
    Nanjing/t͡sae⁴⁴/
    Hefei/t͡se̞⁵³/
    JinTaiyuan/t͡sai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao/t͡sæ³⁵/
    Hohhot/t͡sɛ⁵⁵/
    WuShanghai/ze²³/
    Suzhou/ze̞³¹/
    Hangzhou/d͡ze̞¹³/
    Wenzhou/ze³⁵/
    HuiShexian/t͡sʰɛ³⁵/
    /t͡sʰɛ²²/
    Tunxi/t͡sʰə²⁴/
    XiangChangsha/t͡sai⁵⁵/
    /t͡sai¹¹/
    /təu¹¹/~屋裡
    Xiangtan/d͡zai²¹/
    GanNanchang/t͡sʰai²¹/
    HakkaMeixian/t͡sʰoi⁴⁴/
    /hoi⁴⁴/
    /t͡sʰai⁵³/
    Taoyuan/t͡sʰɑi⁵⁵/
    CantoneseGuangzhou/t͡sɔi²²/
    Nanning/t͡sɔi²²/
    Hong Kong/t͡sɔi²²/
    MinXiamen (Hokkien)/t͡sai²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/t͡sɑi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min)/t͡sai⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew)/t͡sai³⁵/
    /to³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese)/t͡sai³³/
    /ʔdu³³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading #1/22/2
    Initial () (15) (15)
    Final () (41) (41)
    Tone (調)Rising (X)Departing (H)
    Openness (開合)OpenOpen
    Division ()II
    Fanqie
    BaxterdzojXdzojH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /d͡zʌiX//d͡zʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /d͡zəiX//d͡zəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /d͡zɒiX//d͡zɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /d͡zəjX//d͡zəjH/
    Li
    Rong
    /d͡zᴀiX//d͡zᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li
    /d͡zɒiX//d͡zɒiH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren
    /d͡zʱɑ̆iX//d͡zʱɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    zàizài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    zoi6zoi6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading #1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    zài
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ dzojX ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[dz]ˁəʔ/
    Englishbe at, be present

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading #1/22/2
    No.10641065
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    00
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*zlɯːʔ//*zlɯːs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    1. toexist; to bepresent; to bealive
        ― Zài ma?  ―  Are you here?
    2. tobe at; to be in; to belocated
      哪裡哪里  ― zài nǎlǐ?  ―  Whereis he?
      旅館購物中心附近[MSC,trad.]
      旅馆购物中心附近[MSC,simp.]
      Lǚguǎnzài xīn gòuwù zhōngxīn fùjìn.[Pinyin]
      The hotelis located near the new shopping center.
      只塊只块[Teochew]  ― ua2do6 zi2 go3.[Peng'im]  ―  I am here.
    3. be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something(indicating an action in progress)
      電視电视  ― zài kàn diànshì.  ―  I'm watching TV.
      米飯米饭  ― zài chī mǐfàn.  ―  He's eating rice.
      食飯食饭[Teochew]  ― ua2do6 ziah8 beng7.[Peng'im]  ―  I am eating.
    4. (located)in;at
      中國中国  ― Wǒ zhùzài Zhōngguó.  ―  I livein China.
      我們當地報紙廣告[MSC,trad.]
      我们当地报纸广告[MSC,simp.]
      Wǒmenzài dāngdì bàozhǐ shàng dēng le yī zé guǎnggào.[Pinyin]
      We put an adin the local paper.
      每天下午家裡工作[MSC,trad.]
      每天下午家里工作[MSC,simp.]
      Měitiān xiàwǔ tāzài jiālǐ gōngzuò.[Pinyin]
      Every afternoon he worksat home.
        ― zài Huá  ―  in China
        ― zài  ―  in Japan
    5. during;in
      打算假期什麼[MSC,trad.]
      打算假期什么[MSC,simp.]
      Nǐ dǎsuànzài jiàqī lǐ zuò shénme?[Pinyin]
      What do you plan to doduring the holidays?
      日記生前未曾發表[MSC,trad.]
      日记生前未曾发表[MSC,simp.]
      Tā de rìjìzài tā shēngqián wèicéng fābiǎo guò.[Pinyin]
      His diary was not publishedduring his lifetime.
    6. tolie in; torest with
      人為人为  ― shìzàirénwéi  ―  human effort can achieve everything;
      成功堅持成功坚持  ― Chénggōng guìzài jiānchí.  ―  Perseverance is vital to success.
      自己[MSC,trad. andsimp.]
      Qù bù qùzài nǐ zìjǐ.[Pinyin]
      It's up to you whether to go or not.
    7. to be at thepost
        ― zàizhí  ―  to be on the job; to be at one's post
        ― zài  ―  to be out of office
    8. Misspelling of (zài).
    9. asurname
    10. (Hokkien) steady
      [Hokkien,trad.]
      [Hokkien,simp.]
      From:https://sutian.moe.edu.tw/zh-hant/su/2128/
      chē khahchāi leh[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Sit a little more steadily.
    11. (Singapore Hokkien) solid, confident, and collected under pressure; skilled
      [Hokkien]  ― i chinchāi leh[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  He's so talented!
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    • (to exist):
    edit
    • (in):
    Dialectal synonyms of (“at, in”)[map]
    VarietyLocationWords
    Classical Chinese
    Formal(Written Standard Chinese)
    Northeastern MandarinBeijing,,,
    Taiwan
    Harbin
    Malaysia
    Singapore
    Jilu MandarinJinan,
    Central Plains MandarinWanrong
    Xi'an
    Sokuluk(Gansu Dungan)
    Lanyin MandarinÜrümqi
    Southwestern MandarinChengdu
    Wuhan
    Guiyang
    Guilin
    Liuzhou
    Jianghuai MandarinNanjing
    Yangzhou
    Rugao
    Hefei
    CantoneseGuangzhou,
    Hong Kong,
    Hong Kong(San Tin; Weitou),
    Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou),
    Hong Kong(Ting Kok)
    Hong Kong(Tung Ping Chau)
    Macau
    Guangzhou(Panyu),
    Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu),
    Guangzhou(Conghua)
    Guangzhou(Zengcheng)
    Foshan,
    Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai),
    Foshan(Shunde)
    Foshan(Sanshui)
    Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming),
    Zhongshan(Shiqi)
    Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)
    Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka),
    Zhuhai(Doumen)
    Jiangmen(Baisha)
    Jiangmen(Xinhui)
    Taishan,
    Kaiping(Chikan),
    Enping(Niujiang),
    Heshan(Yayao)
    Dongguan,,
    Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)
    Yangjiang
    Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu),
    Ipoh(Guangfu)
    Singapore(Guangfu)
    GanNanchang
    Lichuan
    Pingxiang
    HakkaMeixian
    Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)
    Dongguan(Qingxi)
    Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)
    Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)
    Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)
    Yudu
    Miaoli(N. Sixian)
    Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)
    Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)
    Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)
    Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)
    Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)
    Hong Kong
    Senai(Huiyang)
    Kuching(Hepo)
    Singapore(Dabu)
    JinTaiyuan
    Xinzhou
    Northern MinJian'ou
    Eastern MinFuzhou,,
    Fuqing,
    Singapore(Fuqing)
    Southern MinXiamen,,
    Quanzhou,,
    Zhangzhou,,
    Zhao'an,
    Taipei
    New Taipei(Sanxia)
    Kaohsiung
    Yilan
    Changhua(Lukang)
    Taichung
    Tainan,,
    Hsinchu
    Kinmen
    Penghu(Magong)
    Penang(Hokkien),
    Singapore(Hokkien),
    Manila(Hokkien),
    Chaozhou
    Shantou
    Shantou(Chenghai)
    Shantou(Chaoyang)
    Jieyang,,
    Haifeng
    Johor Bahru(Teochew)
    Singapore(Teochew),
    Leizhou,
    Wenchang
    Singapore(Hainanese)
    Puxian MinPutian
    Zhongshan MinZhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)
    Southern PinghuaNanning(Tingzi)
    WuShanghai,垃垃,垃拉,垃海,垃該,垃浪
    Shanghai(Xinzhuang, Minhang)垃該,
    Shanghai(Songjiang)立垃,勒嵌
    Shanghai(Chuansha, Pudong),垃垃
    Shanghai(Nanhui, Pudong)垃該
    Shanghai(Fengxian)垃該
    Shanghai(Jinshan)有垃,垃該
    Shanghai(Qingpu)勒拉
    Shanghai(Jiading),,勒浪,勒搭
    Shanghai(Chongming)勒勒,
    Suzhou,勒勒,勒裡,勒海,勒浪,勒篤
    Suzhou(Shengze, Wujiang),勒海,勒拉,勒浪
    Wuxi,來勒,勒娘,勒裡
    Changshu勒笃,勒裡,勒海,勒浪
    Kunshan,勒浪,勒海
    Qidong
    Qidong(Lüsi),,來該
    Nantong(Haimen),勒特,勒海,勒勒
    Haimen(Sijia),來到
    Rudong,勒勒
    Pinghu,勒海,勒浪,勒化,,來海,來浪,來化
    Haining(Xiashi)有起霍,有起,有垃,起勒,,,起霍
    Haiyan,勒勒
    Changzhou,勒蕩,勒娘,勒頭,
    Liyang
    Changzhou(Jintan),
    Danyang,
    Jingjiang,
    Jiangyin,勒勒
    Nanjing(Gaochun),,,,
    Huzhou
    Deqing,垃好,來該,來東,拉好,有好
    Deqing(Geting)
    Hangzhou,勒哈,來搭,來東,
    Hangzhou(Lin'an),來埭,來同
    Hangzhou(Fuyang),勒裡,勒帶,勒底
    Hangzhou(Xiaoshan)來帶,來東,來夯,,,
    Tonglu,來裡,來夯
    Shaoxing來帶,來埭,來東,來同,來夯,,,,,
    Shaoxing(Keqiao)來帶,來東,來夯,,,
    Zhuji來克,來客,勒克,勒客,,
    Shengzhou,來帶,來東,來夯
    Xinchang來固,來蒙,來頭
    Ningbo,來勒,來的,來對,來東,來當,來該
    Ningbo(Zhenhai)
    Ningbo(Beilun),來該,來的,來對,來當
    Ningbo(Yinzhou)立該,,來的,來該
    Yuyao,,來浪
    Ninghai來的
    Zhoushan(Dinghai)
    Wenzhou
    XiangChangsha
    Loudi
    Shuangfeng
    • (during):
    Dialectal synonyms of正在 (“in the process of; currently”)[map]
    VarietyLocationWords
    Formal(Written Standard Chinese)正在,刻正
    Northeastern MandarinBeijing正在,
    Taiwan正在,
    Malaysia正在,
    Singapore正在,
    Southwestern MandarinGuilin
    CantoneseGuangzhou喺度,喺處,響度,響處
    Hong Kong喺度,喺處,響度,響處
    Singapore(Guangfu)喺度
    HakkaMiaoli(N. Sixian),在該,當在
    Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian),在該
    Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu),在該
    Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu),在該
    Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping),在該
    Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)正在,在遐
    Eastern MinFuzhou著𡅏,𡅏
    Fuqing著𡅏
    Singapore(Fuqing)著𡅏
    Southern MinXiamen佇咧,,當咧,拄咧,拄佇咧
    Quanzhou佇咧,,當咧,拄咧,拄佇咧
    Zhangzhou,當咧,拄咧,當時
    Tainan佇咧,,當咧
    Penang(Hokkien)
    Klang(Hokkien)壏咧
    Singapore(Hokkien),佇咧
    Manila(Hokkien)佇咧,
    Shantou
    Shantou(Chaoyang)
    Singapore(Teochew)
    WuShanghai,垃垃,垃拉,垃海,垃該
    Ningbo,來的,來該,來當,來東,來勒
    Wenzhou,是搭
    • (steady):

    在穩在稳 (chāi-ún),穩定稳定 (wěndìng)

    Compounds
    [edit]

    Descendants

    [edit]
    Sino-Xenic ():

    English:zai(skilled)

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    simp. andtrad.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    1. (Hokkien)alternative form of(at, in)

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    See also:

    (Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    ざい
    Grade: 5
    goon

    FromMiddle Chinese (MC dzojX|dzojH). Attested in compounds since at least the 900s.[1]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (Tokyo)[záꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]pitch is specific to use as a standalone noun
    • IPA(key): [d͡za̠i]

    Affix

    [edit]

    (ざい) (zai

    1. [from at least 900s](as used in compounds)at,in,located

    Noun

    [edit]

    (ざい) (zai

    1. [from 1569]clipping of在郷(zaigō):countryside oroutskirts

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    あ(り)
    Grade: 5
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    (common)

    Alternative spelling for有り(ari), the Classical and Old Japanesecopula.

    Definitions

    [edit]
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    [noun]nominalization of有る(aru): there is,available
    [noun](colloquial)OK,acceptable
    [verb]stem or continuative form of有る(aru)[godan]
    [verb]Classical Japanese form of有る(aru): tobe, toexist
    Alternative spellings
    ,在り
    (This term,, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^”, in日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,2006
    2. ^Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN

    Korean

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    (eumhun있을(isseul jae))

    1. hanja form? of(exist)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Old Korean

    [edit]

    Alternative forms

    [edit]

    Verb

    [edit]

    (*KYE-)

    1. toexist, tobe at
      Synonym:有叱(*Is-)
    2. A common auxiliary verb or (more probably) verbal suffix, usually thought to denote thecompletive aspect, i.e. describing an action which has been completed and remains in such a state. An alternative but minority hypothesis holds that it honored the subject of the verb to a moderate degree, whereas(*-si) was more highly honorific.

    Usage notes

    [edit]
    • In both senses, it appears to have been wholly supplanted by the Middle Korean stage by有叱(*Is-) >Middle Korean잇다〮(ìstá), which is already more common for the independent verbal sense in the early first millennium and is first attested as an auxiliary in 1262. The word is not found in Middle Korean outside the two derived terms given below.

    Reconstruction notes

    [edit]
    • Conventionally read as*KYE- because Middle KoreanIdu script manuals, which commonly preserve Old Korean readings, read this character as(kyen), which is clearly an inflected form with the realis gerund-ㄴ(-n).
    • Although Old Korean writing does not mark pitch, the Middle Korean reflexes show rising pitch, whichare the result of a merger of a low-pitch and high-pitch syllable. This means that the Old Korean verb stem was not in fact monosyllabic*kye- but really consisted of two syllables. However, this original pronunciation cannot be reconstructed.

    Descendants

    [edit]
    • Middle Korean:겨〯시다〮(kyěsìtá,to exist, to be at,honorific)
    • Middle Korean:겨〯집(kyěcìp,woman, literallystay-at-home)

    References

    [edit]
    • 이승재 [iseungjae] (2001), “()()()()()()() '()[겨]'에 대하여 [On the deferential marker-kye- in Old Koreanidu]”, inEomun yeon-gu, volume29, number 4, pages53—70
    • 남풍현 [nampunghyeon] (2004), “시상의 조동사 '在/𠂇/겨'의 발달' [The development of the aspectual auxiliarykye-]”, inGugeo gukmunhak, volume138, pages5—34

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    :Hán Việt readings:tại
    :Nôm readings:tại

    1. in
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