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| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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固 (Kangxi radical 31,囗+5, 8 strokes,cangjie input田十口 (WJR),four-corner60604,composition⿴囗古)
| simp. andtrad. | 固 | |
|---|---|---|
| Historical forms of the character固 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan) | Liushutong (compiled inMing) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |  |  |  |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*kaːs): semantic 囗 + phonetic 古(OC*kaːʔ).
STEDT compares it toProto-Sino-Tibetan*r-ka(“earth; ground; soil”). CompareJingphoga(“earth”),Garoha(“earth”).
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 固 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | kuH |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuoH/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuoH/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /koH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔH/ |
| Li Rong | /koH/ |
| Wang Li | /kuH/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuoH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu3 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 固 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kuH › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁa-s/ |
| English | fortified, secure |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 固 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4230 |
| Phonetic component | 古 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 顧 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːs/ |
固
固:Hán Việt readings:cố[1][2][3][4][5]
固:Nôm readings:có[1][2][3][4][5][6],cố[1][2][3][4][5],cớ[1],cúa[3]