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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:and
U+56B4,嚴
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56B4

[U+56B3]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+56B5]

Translingual

[edit]
Traditional
Shinjitai
Simplified

Han character

[edit]

(Kangxi radical 30,+17, 20 strokes,cangjie input口口一一大 (RRMMK),four-corner66248,composition𠪚)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

Descendants

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 214, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4589
  • Dae Jaweon: page 436, character 33
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 702, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+56B4

Chinese

[edit]
trad.
simp.
alternative forms⿱吅厂
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character
Western ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Bronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the samephonetic series ()(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*kʰɯːm, *kʰreːmʔ, *ɡraːmʔ
*l̥ʰaːms, *klaːmʔ
*l'aːmʔ
*klaːmʔ
*klaːmʔ
*kʰlaːms
*kʰlaːms, *qʰreːmʔ, *hŋraːms
*qʰaːm, *qʰlaːms
*qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb
*ŋraːm
*ŋraːm, *ŋamʔ
*qʰraːmʔ
*kjam
*hŋramʔ
*ŋam
*ŋamʔ
*ŋamʔ
*ŋams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声,OC*ŋam): semantic(talkative) + phonetic(OC*klaːmʔ,daring) – the original script of (OC*qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb, “exaggerated and absurd words”).

The meanings of “solemn” and “stern” may be a result of phonetic borrowing.

Etymology

[edit]

Schuessler (2007) considers (OC*ŋam) to be cognate with the following:

  • (OC*ŋraːm, “(of mountains) high; lofty”)
  • (OC*ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”)
  • (OC*qʰramʔ, “precipitous; dangerous”)
  • (OC*ŋab, “lofty; large”) (an allofam with a stop final).

They are allSino-Tibetan in origin. Cognates in Tibetan includeTibetanརྔམ་པ་(rngam pa,splendor; majesty) andTibetanརྔམས(rngams,height; splendor).Burmeseငြမ်း(ngram:,scaffold) may also be a cognate.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Note: nián - vernacular.
Note:
  • gân - vernacular;
  • giâm - literary.
Note:
  • ngiam5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang;
  • ngiang5 - Chenghai.

  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
MandarinBeijing/ian³⁵/
Harbin/ian²⁴/
Tianjin/ian⁴⁵/
Jinan/iã⁴²/
Qingdao/iã⁴²/
Zhengzhou/ian⁴²/
Xi'an/iã²⁴/
Xining/iã²⁴/
Yinchuan/ian⁵³/
Lanzhou/iɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi/ian⁵¹/
Wuhan/iɛn²¹³/
Chengdu/ȵian³¹/
Guiyang/nian²¹/
/ian²¹/
Kunming/iɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing/ien²⁴/
Hefei/iĩ⁵⁵/
JinTaiyuan/ie¹¹/
Pingyao/ȵie̞¹³/
Hohhot/ie³¹/
WuShanghai/ȵi²³/
Suzhou/ȵiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou/ȵiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou/ȵi³¹/
HuiShexian/ne⁴⁴/
Tunxi/ȵiɛ¹¹/
XiangChangsha/ȵiẽ¹³/
Xiangtan/ȵiẽ¹²/
GanNanchang/ȵiɛn⁴⁵/
HakkaMeixian/ŋiam¹¹/
Taoyuan/ŋiɑm¹¹/
CantoneseGuangzhou/jim²¹/
Nanning/jim²¹/
Hong Kong/jim²¹/
MinXiamen (Hokkien)/giam³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/ŋieŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min)/ŋiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew)/ŋiam⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese)/ŋiam³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (31)
Final () (145)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()III
Fanqie𩏩
Baxterngjaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ŋɨɐm/
Pan
Wuyun
/ŋiɐm/
Shao
Rongfen
/ŋiɐm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ŋɨam/
Li
Rong
/ŋiɐm/
Wang
Li
/ŋĭɐm/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ŋi̯ɐm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jim4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yán
Middle
Chinese
‹ ngjæm ›
Old
Chinese
/*ŋ(r)am/
Englishstern, majestic

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.3692
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ŋam/
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with theIPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Dungan”

Definitions

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  1. strict;rigorous;rigid
      ― yán  ―  strict; stringent
      ― yánjǐn  ―  rigorous; strict
    自己要求自己要求  ― duì zìjǐ yàoqiú hěnyán  ―  to be strict with oneself
  2. solemn;majestic;stately;grave
      ― zhuāngyán  ―  solemn
      ― zūnyán  ―  dignity
  3. urgent;pressing
      ― yánzhòng  ―  severe; critical
  4. severe;intense
      ― yándōng  ―  severe winter; harsh winter
    刑峻法刑峻法  ― yánxíngjùnfǎ  ―  draconian law
  5. (of a door, mouth, defense, etc.)tight
      ― yán  ―  tight; difficult to penetrate
  6. (literary) torespect
  7. (literary) tofear
  8. (honorific)father
      ― jiāyán  ―  myfather
  9. asurname
      ― Yán  ― Yan Fu(scholar and translator)

Synonyms

[edit]
  • (strict):
edit
  • (solemn):
edit
  • (severe):
edit
  • (father):
Dialectal synonyms of爸爸 (“dad”)[map]
VarietyLocationWords
Classical Chinese,, honorific
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)父親
Northeastern MandarinBeijing爸爸,,,父親,老頭兒
Taiwan爸爸,
Chengde爸爸
Chifeng爸爸
Hulunbuir(Hailar)爸爸
Heihe父親,爸爸
Qiqihar爸爸
Harbin爸爸,,,父親
Jiamusi父親,爸爸
Baicheng父親,爸爸,
Changchun爸爸,,
Tonghua爸爸,
Shenyang爸爸,父親,,阿瑪 dated, Manchus
Jinzhou父親,爸爸,,
Malaysia爸爸,,爹哋
Singapore爸爸,,老爸 non-face-to-face
Jilu MandarinTianjin爸爸,老爸,
Tangshan父親,爸爸,
Cangzhou爸爸,,
Baoding爸爸
Shijiazhuang爸爸,
Lijin
Jinan爸爸,, Hui,大大 Hui
Jiaoliao MandarinDalian爸爸
Dandong父親,爸爸,,
Yantai
Yantai(Muping),爸爸
Qingdao爸爸,
Zhucheng大大,,爸爸
Central Plains MandarinLuoyang,爸爸
Lingbao,
Jining爸爸,
Wanrong,
Linfen
Shangqiu爸爸,,
Yuanyang父親,爸爸,
Zhengzhou,, Hui or suburbs
Xinyang
Baihe父親,,爸爸
Xi'an,爸爸, Hui
Baoji父親,,,
Tianshui爸爸,
Xining阿達,達達,
Yanqi,達達 Hui,阿達 Hui,老爹 non-face-to-face
Xuzhou答答,爸爸,父親
Fuyang父親,,爸爸,,大大,
Sokuluk(Gansu Dungan)達達,,阿達
Lanyin MandarinYinchuan,爸爸,父親
Lanzhou,爸爸,老子 non-face-to-face,老爹 non-face-to-face,父親
Dunhuang大大,,爹爹
Hami大大
Ürümqi爸爸,,爹爹,,達達,阿達 Hui,先人 non-face-to-face,老爹 non-face-to-face,達當子 non-face-to-face
Southwestern MandarinChengdu爸爸,,老頭兒 non-face-to-face,老把子 non-face-to-face,老漢兒 non-face-to-face
Nanchong父親,爸爸
Dazhou爸爸,
Hanyuan父親,爸爸,爸爸
Xichang父親,爸爸
Zigong父親,大大,,爸爸,
Chongqing老漢兒,爸爸
Wuhan爸爸, dated,伯伯 non-face-to-face, dated,老子 non-face-to-face,老頭 non-face-to-face,點頭磕 non-face-to-face, dated,父老二 non-face-to-face, dated, casual,八叉 non-face-to-face, dated, slang,父親
Xiangyang父親,爸爸,伯伯
Tianmen父親,爸爸,,大大
Guiyang爸爸, dated,老爹 non-face-to-face,老者 non-face-to-face,老者者 non-face-to-face
Zunyi,爸爸
Bijie爸爸,老伯
Liping
Zhaotong爸爸,爺爺,大爹
Dali阿爹
Kunming爸爸,父親,
Mengzi爸爸
Guilin爸爸
Liuzhou,阿爸,,老爹 non-face-to-face,爹老 non-face-to-face,爺老 non-face-to-face,老頭子 non-face-to-face
Jishou父親,爸爸,
Changde
Hanzhong父親,爸爸
Mae Salong(Lancang)阿爸,阿爹,爸爸
Mae Sai(Tengchong),,
Jianghuai MandarinNanjing,爸爸,伯伯,爹爹
Yangzhou爸爸,爹爹,老子 non-face-to-face,父親
Lianyungang父親,爸爸,大大
Lianshui父親,
Nantong,父啊,,爸爸, non-face-to-face
Anqing父親,爸爸,伯伯,大大
Wuhu爸爸,大大
Hefei伯伯,
Huanggang
Hong'an父親,,爸爸,伯伯,
CantoneseGuangzhou阿爸,爸爸,爹哋,老豆 non-face-to-face,伯爺 non-face-to-face
Hong Kong阿爸,爸爸,,爹哋,爸B,老豆 non-face-to-face,伯爺 non-face-to-face
Hong Kong(San Tin; Weitou)阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou),阿爸 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face
Hong Kong(Ting Kok)爸爸
Hong Kong(Tung Ping Chau)阿爸
Macau阿爸,爹哋,老豆 non-face-to-face
Guangzhou(Xinjiao, Haizhu)爸爸,阿爸
Guangzhou(Longxi, Liwan)阿叔,阿爸,阿大
Guangzhou(Huangpu)阿叔,阿爸
Guangzhou(Xinshi, Baiyun)阿叔,阿爸,阿大,阿伯
Guangzhou(Shijing, Baiyun)阿叔,阿爸,阿哥
Guangzhou(Jiangcun, Baiyun)阿叔,阿爸
Guangzhou(Longgui, Baiyun)阿叔,阿爸
Guangzhou(Renhe, Baiyun)阿叔
Guangzhou(Zhuliao, Baiyun)阿叔,阿爸
Guangzhou(Zhongluotan, Baiyun)阿叔
Guangzhou(Jiufo, Huangpu)阿叔,阿哥
Guangzhou(Panyu)阿爸,爸爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)爸爸,阿叔 dated,老豆 non-face-to-face
Guangzhou(Conghua)阿叔,阿伯,老豆 non-face-to-face
Guangzhou(Zengcheng)阿爸,爸爸,阿哥,阿叔,奶公,阿爺,老豆 non-face-to-face
Foshan阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)阿叔,老豆 non-face-to-face
Foshan(Shunde)阿爹,老豆 non-face-to-face
Foshan(Sanshui)阿爸,阿爹,老豆 non-face-to-face,伯爺 non-face-to-face, dated
Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Zhongshan(Shiqi)阿爸,老子 non-face-to-face,老豆 non-face-to-face
Zhongshan(Huancheng)阿爸
Zhongshan(Nanlang)阿爸
Zhongshan(Xiaolan)阿爸,阿爹
Zhongshan(Dongsheng, Xiaolan)阿爸
Zhongshan(Tanbei, Xiaolan)阿爸
Zhongshan(Henglan)阿爸
Zhongshan(Dongfeng)阿爸,阿爹
Zhongshan(Nantou)阿爸,阿爹
Zhongshan(Fusha)阿爸
Zhongshan(Shalang)阿爸
Zhongshan(Gangkou)阿爸
Zhongshan(Huangpu)阿爸,爸爸,阿爹
Zhongshan(Sanjiao)阿大,爸爸
Zhongshan(Langwang, Minzhong)阿爸,爸爸,阿爹
Zhongshan(Minzhong)阿爸,爸爸,阿爹
Zhongshan(Guzhen)阿爹
Zhongshan(Banfu)阿爸
Zhongshan(Tanzhou)阿爸
Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Zhuhai(Doumen)阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Jiangmen(Baisha)阿爸,阿爹,老豆 non-face-to-face
Jiangmen(Xinhui)阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Taishan阿爸,阿爹,阿爺,老豆 non-face-to-face
Kaiping(Chikan)阿爹,老豆 non-face-to-face
Enping(Niujiang)阿爹,老豆 non-face-to-face
Heshan(Yayao)阿爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Dongguan阿爸,阿叔,老豆 non-face-to-face,爸爸 childish,爹哋 childish,爸B childish,阿大 rare,老子 non-face-to-face
Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)阿爸,爸爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Shaoguan老豆,阿爸
Yunfu老豆,阿爸
Yangjiang阿爸,阿爹 non-face-to-face,老豆 non-face-to-face
Xinyi老豆,阿爸
Lianjiang阿爸,老豆,爸爸
Lianjiang(Cheban)阿爸
Wuchuan(Wuyang)阿爸
Wuchuan(Meilu)老豆
Nanning阿爸,,老豆,老嘢 non-face-to-face
Hepu(Lianzhou)爸爸,阿叔,叔公,阿哥,俺老子 non-face-to-face,老豆 non-face-to-face
Hepu(Shatian)爸爸,阿公,俺公 non-face-to-face
Beihai爸爸,阿叔,老豆 non-face-to-face
Beihai(Nankang)爸爸,阿叔,老豆 non-face-to-face
Beihai(Yingpan)阿爸,阿叔,阿哥,老豆 non-face-to-face
Danzhou
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)老豆,阿爸,爹哋,老頭子 non-face-to-face
Singapore(Guangfu)阿爸,爸爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
GanNanchang爸爸,,老子 non-face-to-face,爺老子 non-face-to-face
Lichuan,伯伯,家父 non-face-to-face
Pingxiang爺爺,爹爹,爸爸,爺老子 non-face-to-face
HakkaMeixian阿爸,爺仔 non-face-to-face
Xingning阿爸
Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)阿爸,爸爸,老豆 non-face-to-face
Huiyang阿爸
Huidong(Daling)阿爸
Dongguan(Qingxi)阿爸,爸爸
Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)阿爸,爸爸
Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)阿爸,爺子 non-face-to-face
Wuhua(Shuizhai)阿爸
Wuhua(Huacheng)阿爸
Wuhua(Changbu)阿爺,阿爸
Wuhua(Mianyang)阿爸
Wuhua(Meilin)阿爸
Heyuan(Bendihua)阿爸
Wengyuan阿爸
Shaoguan(Qujiang)阿爸
Lianshan(Xiaosanjiang)阿爸
Liannan
Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)阿爸,父親 non-face-to-face
Jiexi
Zhao'an(Xiuzhuan)阿爸
Changting爹爹,哥哥,爹哩
Wuping阿哥,
Wuping(Yanqian)爺哩
Wuping(Pingyu)
Liancheng
Ninghua哥哥,
Yudu爸爸,爺老 non-face-to-face
Ningdu
Ruijin爹爹,爹子
Shicheng,爸爸
Shangyou(Shexi)爸爸
Tonggu(Sandu)爸爸
Ganzhou(Panlong)爸爸
Dayu爸爸,爺爺
Miaoli(N. Sixian)阿爸,爺仔 non-face-to-face
Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)阿爸,爺仔 non-face-to-face
Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)阿爸,爺仔 non-face-to-face
Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)阿爸
Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)阿爸,爺仔 non-face-to-face
Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)阿怙,阿爺 non-face-to-face
Hong Kong阿爸
Yangxi(Tangkou)老子
Yangchun(Sanjia)阿爸
Xinyi(Sihe)阿爸,老子
Xinyi(Qianpai)阿爸,老豆
Gaozhou(Xindong)阿爸
Maoming(Shalang, Dianbai)阿叔,阿爹,阿哥,阿爸
Huazhou(Xin'an)老子
Lianjiang(Shijiao)阿爸
Lianjiang(Qingping)阿爸
Mengshan(Xihe),
Luchuan阿爸
Sabah(Longchuan)阿爸
Senai(Huiyang)阿爸
Singkawang阿爸
HuizhouJixi伯伯,,老子 non-face-to-face
Shexian,,,爸爸,
Huangshan(Tunxi),,
Xiuning,阿爺
Yixian爹爹,爸爸,官人
Qimen爺兒,伯兒
Wuyuan爸爸,
JinTaiyuan爸爸,大大,,,老子 non-face-to-face
Pingyao
Yangyuan父親,,爸爸,
Datong父親,爸爸,
Xinzhou大大,
Lüliang(Lishi)父親,爸爸,,老子
Changzhi爸爸,
Linhe父親,爸爸,,老子
Jining爸爸,
Hohhot父親,爸爸,,老子
Erenhot父親,爸爸,
Pingshan
Zhangjiakou父親,爸爸,,,
Handan父親,
Linzhou
Suide爸爸,老子
Northern MinJian'ou爸爸,爺爺 dated, non-face-to-face
Eastern MinFuzhou依爹,依爸,依爺 dated,郎爸 non-face-to-face
Fuqing,爸爸,,阿伯,阿哥,阿叔
Matsu依爹
Singapore(Fuqing)爸爸
Southern MinXiamen阿爸,阿叔 euphemistic,老爸 non-face-to-face,老的 non-face-to-face,娘爸 non-face-to-face, dated
Xiamen(Tong'an)老爸 non-face-to-face,俺爸
Quanzhou阿爸,阿叔 euphemistic,老爸 non-face-to-face,老的 non-face-to-face
Jinjiang老爸 non-face-to-face
Zhangzhou阿爸,阿官,阿叔 euphemistic,老爸 non-face-to-face,老的 non-face-to-face,娘爸 non-face-to-face, dated
Pinghe娘爸 non-face-to-face
Yunxiao阿爸,娘爸
Zhao'an,老大 non-face-to-face,老爸 non-face-to-face
Taipei爸爸,阿爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
New Taipei(Sanxia)老歲仔,老的,阿爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Kaohsiung爸爸,阿丈,阿爸,阿將,老爸 non-face-to-face
Yilan阿丈,阿叔,阿爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Changhua(Lukang)阿府,阿爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Taichung爸爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Tainan多桑,爸爸,阿叔,阿爸,俺二仔,俺爹,俺爸,阿爹,爹爹,爹親,老爸 non-face-to-face
Hsinchu阿爹,爸爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Kinmen俺爹,俺爸
Penghu(Magong)阿爸,,二仔,爸爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Penang(Hokkien)阿爸,,爸爸,老爸 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face,老的 non-face-to-face
Singapore(Hokkien),爸爸,阿爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Manila(Hokkien)爸爸,,阿爸,老爸 non-face-to-face
Chaozhou阿爸,阿爹,阿父 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face
Shantou阿爸,阿父 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face,大人 non-face-to-face, honorific
Shantou(Chenghai)阿爸, non-face-to-face,大人 non-face-to-face, honorific
Jieyang阿爸,阿父,阿爹
Haifeng,爸爸,阿爸,,
Johor Bahru(Teochew)阿爸,爸爸,阿父 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face
Singapore(Teochew)阿父, non-face-to-face,老父 non-face-to-face
Batam(Teochew)阿父
Leizhou, dated, dated,尼父 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face,尼阿 non-face-to-face, dated
Haikou阿爹,阿兄,阿官,阿爸, non-face-to-face
Puxian MinPutian阿爸 face-to-face,郎爸 non-face-to-face
Putian(Jiangkou, Hanjiang)阿爸 face-to-face,阿爹 face-to-face, rare,郎爸 non-face-to-face
Putian(Nanri, Xiuyu)阿爸,郎爸 non-face-to-face
Xianyou阿爸 face-to-face,阿爹 face-to-face,阿老子 non-face-to-face,老爸 non-face-to-face,郎爸 non-face-to-face
Xianyou(Fengting)阿爸 face-to-face,老師,阿老子 non-face-to-face,老爸 non-face-to-face
Xianyou(Youyang)阿爸 face-to-face,阿爹 face-to-face,阿老子 non-face-to-face,老爸 non-face-to-face
Zhongshan MinZhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)爸爸,,老子 non-face-to-face
Southern PinghuaNanning(Tingzi),數字,數老,阿叔 dated,老子 non-face-to-face
WuShanghai爸爸,老爸,爹爹 dated,阿伯 dated
Shanghai(Songjiang)阿爸,
Shanghai(Chuansha, Pudong)阿爸,老爸
Shanghai(Fengxian)阿爸
Shanghai(Jinshan)阿爸
Shanghai(Qingpu)阿爸
Shanghai(Jiading)阿爹
Shanghai(Chongming)爹爹,阿爹 uncommon,,爺爺
Suzhou爹爹
Danyang爹爹,,爸爸
Hangzhou,阿伯,爸爸,老子 non-face-to-face
Ningbo阿伯,爸爸, non-face-to-face,阿爹 non-face-to-face,老頭子
Wenzhou阿爸,阿伯,阿大
Jinhua伯伯,爹爹,爸爸
Jinhua(Tangxi)
XiangChangsha爹爹,爺爺,,爺老倌 non-face-to-face,爺老子 non-face-to-face
Loudi爹爹,爺老倌 non-face-to-face,爺老子 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face,老人家 non-face-to-face
Shuangfeng爹爹,
Hengyang爸爸 new-style,爹爹 old style,爺老子 non-face-to-face, non-face-to-face,爺老倌子 non-face-to-face,老子 non-face-to-face
Xiangnan TuhuaJiangyong,爹爹,爸爸,爺子 non-face-to-face,大子 non-face-to-face

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

Kyūjitai

Kanji

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See also:

(Jinmeiyō kanjikyūjitai kanji,shinjitai form)

  1. Kyūjitai form of(strictness,severity,rigidity)

Readings

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Korean

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Hanja

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(eom) (hangeul,revised eom,McCune–Reischauer ŏm)

  1. strict,rigorous,rigid
  2. stern

Vietnamese

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Han character

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:Hán Nôm readings:nghiêm,ngàm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.
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