| groan | moan; to hum | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad.(呻吟) | 呻 | 吟 | |
| simp.#(呻吟) | 呻 | 吟 | |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 呻 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 失人切 | 魚金切 |
| Baxter | syin | ngim |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕiɪn/ | /ŋˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕin/ | /ŋᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕjen/ | /ŋiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕin/ | /ŋjim/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiĕn/ | /ŋjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭĕn/ | /ŋĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɕi̯ĕn/ | /ŋi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēn | yín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san1 | ngam4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 呻 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shēn | yín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syin › | ‹ ngim › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥i[n]/ | /*m-qʰ(r)[ə]m/ |
| English | chant, drone | chant, intone |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 呻 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 11237 | 6618 |
| Phonetic component | 申 | 今 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 申 | 吟 |
| Old Chinese | /*hlin/ | /*ŋɡrɯm/ |
呻吟
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 呻 | 吟 |
| しん Hyōgai | ぎん Grade: S |
| on'yomi | |
呻吟する• (shinginsuru) ←しんぎん(singin)?suru (stem呻吟し(shinginshi),past呻吟した(shinginshita))
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 呻吟し | しんぎんし | shingin shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 呻吟し | しんぎんし | shingin shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 呻吟する | しんぎんする | shingin suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 呻吟する | しんぎんする | shingin suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 呻吟すれ | しんぎんすれ | shingin sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 呻吟せよ¹ 呻吟しろ² | しんぎんせよ¹ しんぎんしろ² | shingin seyo¹ shingin shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 呻吟される | しんぎんされる | shingin sareru | |
| Causative | 呻吟させる 呻吟さす | しんぎんさせる しんぎんさす | shingin saseru shingin sasu | |
| Potential | 呻吟できる | しんぎんできる | shingin dekiru | |
| Volitional | 呻吟しよう | しんぎんしよう | shingin shiyō | |
| Negative | 呻吟しない | しんぎんしない | shingin shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 呻吟せず | しんぎんせず | shingin sezu | |
| Formal | 呻吟します | しんぎんします | shingin shimasu | |
| Perfective | 呻吟した | しんぎんした | shingin shita | |
| Conjunctive | 呻吟して | しんぎんして | shingin shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 呻吟すれば | しんぎんすれば | shingin sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 呻 | 吟 |