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Historical forms of the character加
Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the samephonetic series (加)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
妿	kaːl, qaːl
賀	*ɡaːls
迦	ka, kal, *kraːl
茄	ɡa, ɡal, *kraːl
伽	ɡa, ɡal
枷	ɡa, ɡal, *kraːl
嘉	*kraːl
加	*kraːl
笳	*kraːl
痂	*kraːl
袈	*kraːl
跏	*kraːl
珈	*kraːl
鴐	*kraːl
架	*kraːls
駕	*kraːls
瘸	*ɡʷal

Shuowen: ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 力(“strength”) + 口(“mouth”) — exaggerate; slander.

Sun Changxu: ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 力(“plowing”) + 口(“mouth”) — to put more effort. 口 here indicates exclamations or breath associated with the effort.

Etymology

[edit]

駕 (OC*kraːls, “to yoke”) is theexopassive of加 (OC*kraːl, “to add; to attach”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate withTibetanཁྲལ(khral,“to impose a tax”),Burmeseကြား(kra:,“between”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin):jiā (jia¹)
(Zhuyin):ㄐㄧㄚ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):gaa¹
(Dongguan,Jyutping++):gaa¹
(Taishan,Wiktionary):ga¹
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):kâ
(Hailu,HRS):ga^ˋ
(Meixian,Guangdong):ga¹
Jin(Wiktionary):jia¹
Northern Min(KCR):gá
Eastern Min(BUC):gă
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):ga¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):ka /ke /kee
(Teochew,Peng'im):gia¹ / gê¹
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):gia¹ / ge¹
Southern Pinghua(Nanning,Jyutping++):gaa¹
Wu(Wugniu)
- (Northern):¹ka /¹ko /¹cia /¹cio
- (Jinhua):¹kua;¹cia
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):jia¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:jiā
  - Zhuyin:ㄐㄧㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:jia
  - Wade–Giles:chia¹
  - Yale:jyā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:jia
  - Palladius:цзя(czja)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:gaa¹
  - Yale:gā
  - Cantonese Pinyin:gaa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization:ga¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kaː⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan,Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++:gaa¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ka²¹³/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:ga¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ka³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:kâ
  - Hakka Romanization System:ga^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:ga¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/ka²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:ga^ˋ
  - SinologicalIPA:/ka⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:ga¹
  - SinologicalIPA:/ka⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:jia¹
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/t͡ɕia¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:gá
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ka⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:gă
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ka⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:ga¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:ga
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ka⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:ga¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ka⁵⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Quanzhou,GeneralTaiwanese,Xiamen,Zhangzhou,Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:ka
  - Tâi-lô:ka
  - Phofsit Daibuun:kaf
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou,Penang):/ka³³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Taipei,Kaohsiung,Xiamen,Zhangzhou):/ka⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien:Quanzhou,GeneralTaiwanese,Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:ke
  - Tâi-lô:ke
  - Phofsit Daibuun:kef
  - SinologicalIPA (Taipei,Kaohsiung,Xiamen):/ke⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/ke³³/
- (Hokkien:Zhangzhou,Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:kee
  - Tâi-lô:kee
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/kɛ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Penang):/kɛ³³/

Note:

ka - literary;
ke/kee - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:gia¹ / gê¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:kia / ke
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/kia³³/, /ke³³/

Note:

gia1 - literary;
gê1 - vernacular.

(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin:gia¹ / ge¹
- SinologicalIPA:/kia³⁵/, /kɛ³⁵/

Note:

gia1 - literary;
ge1 - vernacular.

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua,Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++:gaa¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ka⁵³/
Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai,Jiading,Songjiang,Chongming,Suzhou,Kunshan,Jiaxing)
  - Wugniu:¹ka
  - MiniDict:ka^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):¹ka
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/ka⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiading):/ka⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Songjiang):/kɑ⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Chongming):/kɑ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Suzhou):/kɑ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kunshan):/ka⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiaxing):/ka⁵³/
- (Northern:Changzhou,Shaoxing,Ningbo,Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu:¹ko
  - MiniDict:ko^平
  - SinologicalIPA (Changzhou):/ko⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Shaoxing):/ko⁵²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Ningbo):/ko⁵²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhoushan):/ko⁵³/
- (Northern:Shanghai,Jiading,Songjiang,Chongming,Suzhou,Kunshan,Changzhou,Jiaxing,Hangzhou,Shaoxing,Ningbo,Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu:¹cia
  - MiniDict:cia^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):¹jia
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/t͡ɕia⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiading):/t͡ɕia⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Songjiang):/ciɑ⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Chongming):/t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Suzhou):/t͡ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kunshan):/t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Changzhou):/t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiaxing):/t͡ɕia⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Hangzhou):/t͡ɕiɑ³³⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Shaoxing):/t͡ɕia⁵²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Ningbo):/t͡ɕia⁵²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhoushan):/t͡ɕia⁵³/
- (Northern:Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu:¹cio
  - MiniDict:cio^平
  - SinologicalIPA (Shaoxing):/t͡ɕio⁵²/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu:¹kua;¹cia
  - SinologicalIPA (Jinhua):/kuɑ³³⁴/,/t͡ɕiɑ³³⁴/

Note:

ka/ko/kua - vernacular;
cia/cio - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:jia¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕi̯a̠³³/

Middle Chinese:kae

Rime
Character	加
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古牙切
Baxter	kae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ka/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨ/
Li Rong	/ka/
Wang Li	/ka/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ka/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*kˤraj/
(Zhengzhang):/*kraːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	加
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiā
Middle Chinese	‹ kæ ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁraj/
English	add
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	加
Reading #	1/1
No.	5873
Phonetic component	加
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	嘉
Old Chinese	/*kraːl/

Definitions

[edit]

加

toput ontop of another object
toadd; toput in
加鹽／加盐 ― jiā yán ― toadd salt
toincrease; toraise
toimpose; tofoist; togrant
placed after a monosyllabic adverb to indicate an increase in the degree;more
(arithmetic) toadd
Antonym:減 /减(jiǎn)
(social media) tofriend
掃碼加我／扫码加我 ― sǎomǎjiā wǒ ― scan the QR code tofriend me
加你微信 ― jiā nǐ Wēixìn ― toadd your WeChat
short for加拿大 (Jiānádà):Canada (acountry inNorth America)
美加邊界／美加边界 ― MěiJiā biānjiè ― Canada-United States border
加國／加国 ― jiāguó ― Canada
訪加／访加 ― fǎngjiā ― (formal) to visitCanada
asurname
Used in transcription.
里加 ― Lǐjiā ― Riga
加爾各答／加尔各答 ― Jiā'ěrgèdá ― Calcutta
亞美利加／亚美利加 ― Yàměilìjiā ― America
(Penang Hokkien)excessive

Synonyms

[edit]

(to add):添 (tiān),(colloquial)續／续 (xù)
(to increase):

edit

加上(jiāshàng)
加多(jiāduō)
加大(jiādà)
加添(jiātiān)
增(zēng)
增加(zēngjiā)
增多(zēngduō)
增添(zēngtiān)
增益(zēngyì)
增長 /增长(zēngzhǎng)
廣益 /广益(guǎngyì)(literary)
施
添加(tiānjiā)
補 /补(bǔ)
附益(fùyì)(literary)

(to friend):(Hong Kong Cantonese)add
(Canada):(obsolete)坎拿大 (Kǎnnádà),加拿他

Dialectal synonyms of加拿大 (“Canada”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		加拿大
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	加拿大,加國
Cantonese	Hong Kong	加拿大,加國
Cantonese	Taishan	加拿大
Hakka	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	加拿大
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	加拿大
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	加拿大
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	加拿大
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	加拿大
Southern Min	Xiamen	加拿大
	Quanzhou	加拿大
	Zhangzhou	加拿大
	Manila(Hokkien)	加拿大