函 (Kangxi radical 17,凵+6, 8 strokes,cangjie input山弓水 (UNE) or弓山水 (NUE),four-corner10772,composition⿶凵⿻丂⿱丷八)
- 㖤, 崡, 涵, 㮀, 䘶, 蜬, 䤴, 顄, 菡, 䈄, 䨡
Additional Derived Characters
- 𮯾, 𠗙, 𫱂, 𢃗, 𢔈, 𭡝, 𨺂, 𪻱, 𦜆, 𭄃, 𥓞, 𧖾, 𬢲, 𣣖, 𱂰, 𣼇
- Kangxi Dictionary:page 135, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1826
- Dae Jaweon: page 303, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 309, character 9
- Unihan data for U+51FD
| Old Chinese |
|---|
| 蜬 | *kuːm, *ɡuːm |
| 函 | *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm |
| 涵 | *ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ |
| 顄 | *ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ |
| 圅 | *ɡuːm |
| 菡 | *ɡuːmʔ |
Originally圅, a pictogram (象形) – an upside-down arrow stored inside a box with one or two handles.
According toSchuessler (2007), derived from含 (OC*ɡɯːm, “to have in the mouth, hold inside”). Note also potential similarities toBurmeseခွံ(hkwam,“shell”) (Luce, 1981).
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) |
|---|
| Character | 函 |
|---|
| Reading # | 1/1 |
|---|
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) | hán |
|---|
Middle
Chinese | ‹ hom › |
|---|
Old
Chinese | /*Cə-m-kˁ[ə]m/ |
|---|
| English | envelop, contain |
|---|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) |
|---|
| Character | 函 | 函 |
|---|
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
|---|
| No. | 4861 | 4869 |
|---|
Phonetic
component | 函 | 函 |
|---|
Rime
group | 侵 | 侵 |
|---|
Rime
subdivision | 3 | 3 |
|---|
Corresponding
MC rime | 含 | 咸 |
|---|
Old
Chinese | /*ɡuːm/ | /*ɡruːm/ |
|---|
函
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) toinclude
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)box
- (formal)letter(Classifier:個／个m)
- 發函／发函 ― fāhán ― to send aletter
Dialectal synonyms of
信 (“letter”)
[map]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|
| Classical Chinese | 書,函,書札,書函,便紙 Korea |
|---|
| Formal(Written Standard Chinese) | 信,函,書信,信件,信函,信札,函件,書函,書簡,書牘,書札 |
|---|
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 信 |
|---|
| Taiwan | 信 |
| Malaysia | 信 |
| Singapore | 信 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 信 |
|---|
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai(Muping) | 信 |
|---|
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 信 |
|---|
| Wanrong | 信 |
| Xi'an | 信 |
| Xining | 信 |
| Xuzhou | 信 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 信 |
|---|
| Lanzhou | 信 |
| Ürümqi | 信 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 信 |
|---|
| Wuhan | 信 |
| Guiyang | 信 |
| Guilin | 信 |
| Liuzhou | 信 |
| Dagudi(Maliba) | 信 |
| Reshuitang(Longling) | 信 |
| Mae Salong(Lancang) | 信 |
| Mae Sai(Tengchong) | 信 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 信 |
|---|
| Yangzhou | 信 |
| Hefei | 信 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 信 |
|---|
| Hong Kong | 信 |
| Hong Kong(San Tin; Weitou) | 信 |
| Macau | 信 |
| Guangzhou(Panyu) | 信 |
| Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu) | 信 |
| Guangzhou(Conghua) | 信 |
| Guangzhou(Zengcheng) | 信 |
| Foshan | 信 |
| Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai) | 信 |
| Foshan(Shunde) | 信 |
| Foshan(Sanshui) | 信 |
| Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 信 |
| Zhongshan(Shiqi) | 信 |
| Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 信 |
| Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 信 |
| Zhuhai(Doumen) | 信 |
| Jiangmen(Baisha) | 信 |
| Jiangmen(Xinhui) | 信 |
| Taishan | 信 |
| Kaiping(Chikan) | 信 |
| Enping(Niujiang) | 信 |
| Heshan(Yayao) | 信 |
| Dongguan | 信 |
| Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an) | 信 |
| Shaoguan | 信 |
| Yunfu | 信 |
| Yangjiang | 信 |
| Xinyi | 信 |
| Lianjiang | 信 |
| Beihai | 信 |
| Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 信 |
| Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 信 |
| Fangchenggang(Fangcheng) | 信 |
| Singapore(Guangfu) | 信 |
| Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu) | 信 |
| Móng Cái | 信 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 信 |
|---|
| Lichuan | 信 |
| Pingxiang | 信 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 信 |
|---|
| Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua) | 信 |
| Dongguan(Qingxi) | 信 |
| Shenzhen(Shatoujiao) | 信 |
| Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui) | 信 |
| Wuhua(Shuizhai) | 信 |
| Wuhua(Huacheng) | 信 |
| Wuhua(Changbu) | 信 |
| Wuhua(Mianyang) | 信 |
| Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua) | 信 |
| Luhe | 信仔 |
| Yudu | 信 |
| Miaoli(N. Sixian) | 信仔 |
| Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian) | 信仔 |
| Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu) | 信仔 |
| Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu) | 信 |
| Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping) | 信仔,信 |
| Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 批,信 |
| Hong Kong | 信 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 信 |
|---|
| Jin | Taiyuan | 信 |
|---|
| Xinzhou | 信 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 信 |
|---|
| Songxi | 信 |
| Jianyang | 信 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 批 |
|---|
| Gutian | 批 |
| Pingnan | 批,信 |
| Ningde | 批 |
| Zhouning | 批 |
| Fuding | 信 |
| Matsu | 批 |
| Singapore(Fuqing) | 批 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 批,批信 |
|---|
| Quanzhou | 批,批信 |
| Yongchun | 批 |
| Zhangzhou | 批,批信 |
| Zhao'an | 批 |
| Taipei | 批 |
| New Taipei(Sanxia) | 批 |
| Kaohsiung | 批 |
| Yilan | 批 |
| Changhua(Lukang) | 批 |
| Taichung | 批 |
| Taichung(Wuqi) | 批 |
| Tainan | 批,批信 |
| Taitung | 批 |
| Hsinchu | 批 |
| Kinmen | 批 |
| Penghu(Magong) | 批 |
| Penang(Hokkien) | 批 |
| Singapore(Hokkien) | 批,批信 |
| Manila(Hokkien) | 批 |
| Longyan | 信 |
| Datian | 信 |
| Chaozhou | 信,批 international incoming letters |
| Bangkok(Teochew) | 信,家批 dated |
| Singapore(Teochew) | 信,批 |
| Batam(Teochew) | 信 |
| Leizhou | 信 |
| Wenchang | 信 domestic,批 international |
| Haikou | 信 |
| Singapore(Hainanese) | 信,批 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 批 |
|---|
| Xianyou | 批 |
| Fuding(Aoyao) | 批 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 信 |
|---|
| Sanming(Shaxian) | 信 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi) | 信 |
|---|
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning(Tingzi) | 信 |
|---|
| Wu | Shanghai | 信 |
|---|
| Shanghai(Chongming) | 信 |
| Suzhou | 信 |
| Danyang | 信 |
| Ningbo | 信 |
| Wenzhou | 信 |
| Jinhua | 信 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 信 |
|---|
| Loudi | 信 |
| Shuangfeng | 信 |
函
(Jinmeiyō kanji)
- a box-shaped receptacle, e.g. a coin bank or letter box (e.g.銭函,投函する)
- to insert [into a container] (cf.入れる,容れる)
- a suit of armor (more commonly鎧)
| For pronunciation and definitions of函 – see the following entry. |
|
| (This term,函, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
FromMiddle Chinese函 (MC hom|heam).
| Historical readings |
|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun reading |
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅡᆷ (Yale:hhàm) |
| Middle Korean |
| Text | Eumhun |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] | 함〯 (Yale:hǎm) | 함 (Yale:hàm) |
- (SK Standard/Seoul)IPA(key):[ha̠(ː)m]
- Phonetic hangul:[함(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
函 (eumhun함함(ham ham))
- hanja form? of함(“box”)[noun]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[4]
函:Hán Nôm readings:hòm,hàm
