Movatterモバイル変換

伐

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:代

伐	U+4F10,伐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F10

←伏
[U+4F0F]

CJK Unified Ideographs

休 →
[U+4F11]

Translingual

[edit]

Stroke order

Stroke order (Taiwan)

Han character

[edit]

伐 (Kangxi radical 9,人+4, 6 strokes,cangjie input人戈 (OI),four-corner2325₀,composition⿰亻戈)

Derived characters

[edit]

㘺, 浌, 栰, 䣹, 䤦, 垡, 茷, 筏, 薎, 閥, 阀

Additional Derived Characters

𭃝, 𠲎, 𢬩, 𥅩, 𥩱, 𭭣, 𦨷, 𨀳, 𰁚, 𫼂
𰀿, 𣑡, 𤇰, 𥑼, 𨠰, 𭾬, 𢑟, 𲉷, 𦹋, 𮆘, 𨎡, 𩪻, 𢨖, 𧑬

References

[edit]

Kangxi Dictionary:page 96, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 439
Dae Jaweon: page 203, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 120, character 8
Unihan data for U+4F10

Chinese

[edit]

simp. andtrad.		伐
alternative forms		𪜁ancient

Glyph origin

[edit]

Historical forms of the character伐
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script j19039 j19040 j19041 j19042 j19043 j19044 j19045 j19046 j19047 j19048 j19049 j19050 j19051 j19052 j19053 j19054 j19055 j19056 j19057 j19058 j19059 j19060 j19061 j19062 j19063 j19064 j19065 j19066 j19067 j19068 j19069 j19070 j19071 j19072 j19073 j19074 j19075 j19076 j19077 j19078 j19079 j19080 j19081 j19082 j19083 j19084 j19085 j19086 j19087 j19088 j19089 j19090 j19091 j19092 j19093 j19094 j19095 j19096 j19097 j19098 j19099 j19100 j19101 j19102 j19103 j19104 j19105 j19106 j19107 j19108 j19109 j19110 j19111 j19112 j19113 j19114 j19115 j19116 j19117 j19118 j19119 j19120 j19121 j19122 j19123 j19124 j19125 j19126 j19127 j19128 j19129 j19130 j19131 j19132 j19133 j19134 j19135 j19136 j19137 j19138 j19139 j19140 j19141 j19142 j19143 j19144 j19145 j19146 j19147 j19148 j19149 j19150 j19151 j19152 j19153 j19154 j19155 j19156 j19157 j19158 j19159 j19160 j19161 j19162 j19163 j19164 j19165 j19166 j19167 j19168 j19169 j19170 j19171 j19172 j19173 j19174 j19175 j19176 j19177 j19178 j19179 j19180 j19181 j19182 j19183 j19184 j19185 j19186 j19187 j19188 j19189 j19190 j19191 j19192 j19193 j19194 j19195 j19196 j19197 j19198 Bronze inscriptions b12384 b12385 b12386 b12387 b12388 b12389 b12390 b12391 b12392 b12393 b12394 b12395 b12396 b12397 b12398 b12399 b12400 b12401 b12402 b12403 b12404 b12405 b12406 b12407 b12408 b12409 Small seal script s05881 Transcribed ancient scripts L37798 L37799 L37800 L37801 L37802 L26531 L26532 L26533 L26534 L26535
References: Mostly from Richard Sears'Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the samephonetic series (伐)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
茷	paːds, bads, *bad
筏	paːd, bad
伐	*bad
閥	*bad
垡	*bad
栰	*bad

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): ⺅(“person”) + 戈(“spear”). Based on the image of cutting a person’s neck with a spear, it expresses the meanings of "to cut off" or "to strike."^[1]

References

[edit]

^Digital Shinjigen 2017

Etymology 1

[edit]

FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*N-pat(“to strike”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin):fá,fā
(Zhuyin):ㄈㄚˊ, ㄈㄚ
Cantonese(Jyutping):fat⁶
Gan(Wiktionary):fat⁶
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):phat / fa̍t
(Hailu,HRS):pad / fad^ˋ
(Meixian,Guangdong):fad⁶
Jin(Wiktionary):fah⁵
Eastern Min(BUC):huăk / puăk
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):huah⁷ / huoh⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):hoa̍h /hōa /hoa̍t
(Teochew,Peng'im):huag⁸ / huêg⁸
Wu(Shanghai,Wugniu):⁸vaq
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):fa⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard inMainland; variant inTaiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:fá
  - Zhuyin:ㄈㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:fá
  - Wade–Giles:fa²
  - Yale:fá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:far
  - Palladius:фа(fa)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/fä³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard inTaiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:fā
  - Zhuyin:ㄈㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:fa
  - Wade–Giles:fa¹
  - Yale:fā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:fa
  - Palladius:фа(fa)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/fä⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:fat⁶
  - Yale:faht
  - Cantonese Pinyin:fat⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization:fed⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/fɐt̚²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:fat⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/fat̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:phat / fa̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System:pad^ˋ / fad
  - Hagfa Pinyim:pad⁵ / fad⁶
  - SinologicalIPA:/pʰat̚²/, /fat̚⁵/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:pad / fad^ˋ
  - SinologicalIPA:/pʰat⁵/, /fat²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:fad⁶
  - SinologicalIPA:/fat̚⁵/

Note:

phat/pad - “to cut off with a knife”;
fa̍t/fadˋ - “to chop with a knife and axe; to conquer or attack”.

Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:fah⁵
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/faʔ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:huăk / puăk
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/huaʔ⁵/, /pʰuaʔ⁵/

Note:

huăk - literary;
puăk - vernacular (“to stride; step”).

Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:huah⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:hua̍h
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/huaʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:huoh⁷
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/huoʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,GeneralTaiwanese,Lukang,Taipei,Tainan,Kaohsiung,Kinmen,Magong,Hsinchu,Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:hoa̍h
  - Tâi-lô:hua̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hoah
  - SinologicalIPA (Kinmen):/huaʔ⁵⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Lukang):/huaʔ³⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/huaʔ¹²¹/
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Taipei,Kaohsiung,Taipei,Tainan,Kaohsiung):/huaʔ⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/huaʔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien:Sanxia,Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:hōa
  - Tâi-lô:huā
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hoa
  - SinologicalIPA (Yilan):/hua³³/
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:hoa̍t
  - Tâi-lô:hua̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun:hoat
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen,Taipei,Kaohsiung):/huat̚⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/huat̚¹²¹/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/huat̚²⁴/

Note:

hoa̍h/hōa - vernacular (“to step forward; step; classifier for footsteps”);
hoa̍t - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:huag⁸ / huêg⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:hua̍k / hue̍k
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/huak̚⁴/, /huek̚⁴/

Note:

huag8 - Shantou;
huêg8 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
  - Wugniu:⁸vaq
  - MiniDict:vah^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):⁵vaq
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/vaʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:fa⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/ɸa̠²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 伐
Mandarin	Beijing	/fa³⁵/
	Harbin	/fa²⁴/
	Tianjin	/fɑ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/fa⁴²/
	Qingdao	/fa⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/fa⁴²/
	Xi'an	/fa²⁴/
	Xining	/fa²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/fa¹³/
	Lanzhou	/fa⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/fa⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/fa²¹³/
	Chengdu	/fa³¹/
	Guiyang	/fa²¹/
	Kunming	/fa̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/fɑʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/fɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/faʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/xuʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/faʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/vaʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/vaʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/vɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ɦo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/fa²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/fuːə⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/fa²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɸɒ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/faʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/fat̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/fɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fɐt̚²/
	Nanning	/fat̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/fɐt̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/huat̚⁵/ /huaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/pʰuaʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xua²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/huak̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/fak̚⁵/

Middle Chinese:bjot

Rime
Character	伐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	月 (68)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	房越切
Baxter	bjot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bʉɐt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/bʷiɐt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/biuɐt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/buat̚/
Li Rong	/biuɐt̚/
Wang Li	/bĭwɐt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱi̯wɐt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faat⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*m-pat/
(Zhengzhang):/*bad/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	伐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fá
Middle Chinese	‹ bjot ›
Old Chinese	/*m-pat/
English	cut; strike; attack
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	伐
Reading #	1/1
No.	2859
Phonetic component	伐
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	伐
Old Chinese	/*bad/

Definitions

[edit]

伐

tokill; toslaughter; tobehead
tohack; tofell; tocut down; tohew
- 坎坎伐檀兮，寘之河之干兮，河水清且漣猗。[Pre-Classical Chinese,trad.]
  坎坎伐檀兮，寘之河之干兮，河水清且涟猗。[Pre-Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheClassic of Poetry,c. 11^th – 7^th centuriesBCE, translated based onJames Legge's version
  Kǎnkǎnfá tán xī, zhì zhī hé zhī gān xī, héshuǐ qīng qiě lián yī.[Pinyin]
  Kan-kan go hisblows on the sandal trees,
  And he places what he hews on the river's bank,
  Whose waters flow clear and rippling.
toknock; tostrike; tohit
tosendtroops tosuppress; toattack
- 4th cent. BC, “周宣王 [Xuan King]”, in竹書紀年 [Zhúshū Jìnián,Bamboo Annals]:
  五年... 秋八月，方叔帥師伐荊蠻
  Year 5 [c. 820 BC]... Autumn, Month 8: "Uncle" Fang led a force toslaughter the Jingman.
- 春，齊師伐我。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  春，齐师伐我。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From:Commentary of Zuo,c. 4^th centuryBCE
  Chūn, Qí shīfá wǒ.[Pinyin]
  In the spring the Qi troopsinvaded us.
- 諸侯相侵伐，暴虐百姓。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  诸侯相侵伐，暴虐百姓。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheRecords of the Grand Historian, bySima Qian,c. 91BCE
  Zhūhóu xiāng qīnfá, bàonüè bǎixìng.[Pinyin]
  The feudal lordsraided one another and were violent and cruel against the common people.
toremove; toeliminate; totake away
todamage; toharm; toendanger
todefeat; tothwart
tocriticize; toblame
(Chinese astronomy) the name of threestars in theThree Stars mansion:42 Orionis,θ2 Orionis andι Orionis
ridge soil
alternative form of閥 /阀(fá,“merit;achievement”)
tobrag about (oneself); toflaunt
alternative form of瞂(“shield”)
alternative form of罰 /罚(fá,“topunish”)
(Min) tostride; to take a stride; tostep forward; tostep over
(Min)step;footstep;stride
(Min)Classifier forfootsteps: step
asurname

Usage notes

[edit]

In transcriptions of Buddhist terms,伐 (MC bjot) is often used to transcribeव(va).

Synonyms

[edit]

(to send troops to suppress):

edit

力征(lìzhēng)(literary)
征伐(zhēngfá)
征討(zhēngtǎo)
撻伐 /挞伐(tàfá)(literary)
砍伐(kǎnfá)(literary)
膺懲 /膺惩(yīngchéng)(literary)
討伐 /讨伐(tǎofá)

(to stride):

Dialectal synonyms of跨 (“to step across”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		跨
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	邁,跨
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	跨,邁
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	跨,蹻
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	𡘧
Southwestern Mandarin	Guilin	跨
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	跨
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	跨
Cantonese	Guangzhou	𨈇
	Hong Kong	𨈇
	Yangjiang	𨂾
Gan	Nanchang	跨
Hakka	Meixian	𨃰
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	𨃰
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	𨃰
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	𨃰
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	𨃰
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	𨃰
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	𨃰
Jin	Taiyuan	邁,跨
Northern Min	Jian'ou	𨂃
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	伐
Southern Min	Xiamen	伐
Southern Min	Chaozhou	跬
Wu	Suzhou	跨
Wu	Wenzhou	棚
Xiang	Shuangfeng	罷

伐

(Wu)alternative form of𠲎(⁰va,“final interrogative particle on a yes/no question”)

Etymology 3

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Wu(Shanghai,Wugniu):⁸veq

Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
  - Wugniu:⁸veq
  - MiniDict:veh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):⁵veq
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/vəʔ¹²/

Definitions

[edit]

伐

(Wu)alternative form of勿(“not”)

Etymology 4

[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of伐 – see筏 (“raft”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of筏).

Notes:

Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 5

[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of伐 – see閥 (“contribution;family status; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified and variant form of閥).

Notes:

Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 6

[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of伐 – see垡.
(This character is the second-round simplified form of垡).

Notes:

Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

References

[edit]

莆田市荔城区档案馆[Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “伐”, in莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page61.