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| Traditional | 令 |
|---|---|
| Simplified | 令 |
| Japanese | 令 |
| Korean | 令 |
令 (Kangxi radical 9,人+3, 5 strokes,cangjie input人戈弓戈 (OINI),four-corner80307,composition⿱亽龴(G) or⿱亼龴(HTV) or⿱亼𰆊(JK))
| Stroke order | |||
| Traditional or simplified Japanese or Korean | |||
| Historical forms of the character令 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan) | Liushutong (compiled inMing) | |||
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
References: Mostly from Richard Sears'Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 令 | *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs |
| 怜 | *riːn, *reːŋ |
| 零 | *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs |
| 魿 | *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ |
| 命 | *mreŋs |
| 冷 | *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ |
| 跉 | *reŋ, *reːŋ |
| 嶺 | *reŋʔ |
| 領 | *reŋʔ |
| 阾 | *reŋʔ, *reːŋ |
| 柃 | *reŋʔ, *reːŋ |
| 袊 | *reŋʔ |
| 詅 | *reŋs, *reːŋ |
| 旍 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 舲 | *reːŋ |
| 齡 | *reːŋ |
| 囹 | *reːŋ |
| 鴒 | *reːŋ |
| 蛉 | *reːŋ |
| 鈴 | *reːŋ |
| 苓 | *reːŋ |
| 伶 | *reːŋ |
| 泠 | *reːŋ |
| 瓴 | *reːŋ |
| 拎 | *reːŋ |
| 刢 | *reːŋ |
| 玲 | *reːŋ |
| 聆 | *reːŋ |
| 竛 | *reːŋ |
| 軨 | *reːŋ |
| 笭 | *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ |
| 翎 | *reːŋ |
| 閝 | *reːŋ |
| 鹷 | *reːŋ |
| 昤 | *reːŋ |
| 駖 | *reːŋ |
| 彾 | *reːŋ |
| 呤 | *reːŋ |
| 狑 | *reːŋ |
| 秢 | *reːŋ |
| 岭 | *reːŋ |
| 紷 | *reːŋ |
| 砱 | *reːŋ |
| 羚 | *reːŋ |
| 姈 | *reːŋ |
| 蕶 | *reːŋ |
| 澪 | *reːŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亼 + 卩. The upper part is an open mouth to convey the idea of giving orders, while the bottom part is a kneeling man. Compare兄, in which an open mouth on top of the character conveys the same idea of giving orders.
| trad. | 令 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp.# | 令 | |
Usually thought to be related to命 (OC*mreŋs, “order”) (Schuessler, 2007). As a surname, 令 has many origins, one of them is令狐 (Línghú).
| Variety | Location | 令 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /liŋ⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /liŋ⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /liŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /liŋ²¹/ | |
| Qingdao | /liŋ⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /liŋ³¹²/ | |
| Xi'an | /liŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Xining | /liə̃²¹³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /liŋ¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /lĩn¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /liŋ²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /nin³⁵/ | |
| Chengdu | /nin¹³/ | |
| Guiyang | /nin²¹³/ | |
| Kunming | /lĩ¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /lin⁴⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /lin⁵³/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /liəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Pingyao | /liŋ³⁵/ | |
| Hohhot | /lĩŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /liŋ²³/ |
| Suzhou | /lin³¹/ | |
| Hangzhou | /lin¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /leŋ²²/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /liʌ̃³¹/ |
| Tunxi | /lɛ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lin⁵⁵/ |
| Xiangtan | /nin⁵⁵/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lin²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lin⁵³/ |
| Taoyuan | /lin⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /leŋ²²/ |
| Nanning | /leŋ²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /liŋ²²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liŋ³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /lɛiŋ²⁴²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /leiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /leŋ³⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /leŋ³³/使~(俗) |
| Rime | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 令 | 令 | 令 |
| Reading # | 2/5 | 4/5 | 5/5 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 清 (121) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 呂貞切 | 力政切 | 郎定切 |
| Baxter | ljeng | ljengH | lengH |
| Reconstructions | |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liᴇŋ/ | /liᴇŋH/ | /leŋH/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɛŋ/ | /liɛŋH/ | /leŋH/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liæŋ/ | /liæŋH/ | /lɛŋH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /liajŋ/ | /liajŋH/ | /lɛjŋH/ |
| Li Rong | /liɛŋ/ | /liɛŋH/ | /leŋH/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭɛŋ/ | /lĭɛŋH/ | /lieŋH/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ɛŋ/ | /li̯ɛŋH/ | /lieŋH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | líng | lìng | lìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ling4 | ling6 | ling6 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 令 | 令 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | líng | lìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljeng › | ‹ ljengH › |
| Old Chinese | /*riŋ/ | /*riŋ-s/ |
| English | send (a person) | issue a command |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 令 | 令 | 令 |
| Reading # | 2/5 | 3/5 | 5/5 |
| No. | 8277 | 8284 | 8332 |
| Phonetic component | 令 | 令 | 令 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 跉 | 令 | 零 |
| Old Chinese | /*reŋ/ | /*reŋs/ | /*reːŋs/ |
令
| trad. | 令 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp.# | 令 | |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 3/5 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 郎丁切 |
| Baxter | leng |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /leŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /leŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /leŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lieŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lieŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | líng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ling4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | líng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ leng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁiŋ/ |
| English | 脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 4/5 |
| No. | 8306 |
| Phonetic component | 令 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 靈 |
| Old Chinese | /*reːŋ/ |
令
| trad. | 令 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp.# | 令 | |
令
| trad. | 令 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp.# | 令 | |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 1/5 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力延切 |
| Baxter | ljen |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lian/ |
| Li Rong | /liɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lin4 |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 1/5 |
| No. | 8271 |
| Phonetic component | 令 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 連 |
| Old Chinese | /*ren/ |
令
| For pronunciation and definitions of令 – see齡 (“age;length oftime;duration; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of齡). |
Notes:
|
| trad. | 令 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp.# | 令 | |
| alternative forms | 炩 | |
| Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Cognate with Hakka亮 (lang, “smooth and shiny”)?” |
令
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 令 |
| れい Grade: 4 |
| kan'on |
FromMiddle Chinese令 (MC ljeng),令 (MC ljengH), or令 (MC lengH).
{{rfdef}}.| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 令 |
| りょう Grade: 4 |
| goon |
/rjau/ →/rjɔː/ →/rjoː/
FromMiddle Chinese令 (MC ljeng),令 (MC ljengH), or令 (MC lengH).
FromMiddle Chinese令 (MC ljeng).
FromMiddle Chinese令 (MC ljengH).

令 (eumhun하여금령(hayeogeum ryeong),word-initial (South Korea)하여금영(hayeogeum yeong))
令:Hán Nôm readings:lệnh,linh,lanh,lành,lênh,lình,liệng,lịnh,loanh
{{rfdef}}.