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九

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:玖,丸,and力

九	U+4E5D,九 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D

←乜
[U+4E5C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

乞 →
[U+4E5E]

㈨	U+3228,㈨ PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NINE

←㈧
[U+3227]

Enclosed CJK Letters and Months

㈩ →
[U+3229]

㊈	U+3288,㊈ CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NINE

←㊇
[U+3287]

Enclosed CJK Letters and Months

㊉ →
[U+3289]

Translingual

[edit]

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

See images of九
(radical 5 + 1)

九 (Kangxi radical 5,乙+1, 2 strokes,cangjie input大弓 (KN),four-corner4001₇,composition⿻㇓㇈)

Derived characters

[edit]

Additional Derived Characters

𢎩, 𨸒, 𮉠, 𨑍, 𪽇, 𥐜, 𫟲, 𫡦, 𮇃, 𧺎, 𮛂, 𮏆, 𧆟, 𭾭, 𩵍, 𢦎, 𬱓, 𩠒
𠠵, 𡚪, 𢒂, 𠆷, 𤰙, 𮁝, 𠃩, 𬼣, 𦓏, 𦔱, 𧈤, 𪜔, 𫦬, 𠃳, 𪜗, 𠄁, 𩨔
𠬚, 𭑂, 𡴴, 𤣬, 𤰚, 𭇍, 𠤙, 𩱼, 𪜙, 𪓒, 𪖒, 𠃙, 𬼃, 𠕴, 𭆸, 𬚉, 𦓑, 𩫴
𫷥, 𤴦, 𪊌, 𨳊, 𠘪, 𧗝, 𧆬

Descendants

[edit]

𛀭

References

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Kangxi Dictionary:page 83, character 19
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 5
Unihan data for U+4E5D

Chinese

[edit]

simp. andtrad.		九
alternative forms		玖financial 𠔀𢌬𣲄

Wikipedia has articles on:

九(Chinese)
九(Cantonese)
九(Literary Chinese)
9(Eastern Min)
9(Min Nan)

The number nine inChinese number gestures

Glyph origin

[edit]

Historical forms of the character九
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script j29822 j29823 j29824 j29825 j29826 j29827 j29828 j29829 j29830 j29831 j29832 j29833 j29834 j29835 j29836 j29837 j29838 j29839 j29840 j29841 j29842 j29843 j29844 j29845 j29846 j29847 j29848 j29849 j29850 j29851 Bronze inscriptions b19923 b19924 b19925 b19926 b19927 b19928 b19929 b19930 b19931 b19932 b19933 b19934 b19935 b19936 b19937 b19938 b19939 b19940 b19941 b19942 b19943 b19944 b19945 b19946 b19947 b19948 b19949 b19950 b19951 b19952 b19953 b19954 b19955 b19956 b19957 Small seal script s10923 Transcribed ancient scripts L35389 L35390 L35391 L35392 L35393 L18222 L18223 L18224 L18225 L18226 L18227 L18228 L18229 L18230 L18231 L18232
References: Mostly from Richard Sears'Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the samephonetic series (九)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
尻	*kʰuː
訄	kʰuː, kʰu, *ɡu
艽	krɯːw, qʰrɯːw, ɡu, ɡʷrɯw
虓	*qʰruː
鳩	*ku
勼	*ku
九	*kuʔ
究	*kus
仇	*ɡu
鼽	*ɡu
犰	*ɡu
叴	*ɡu
厹	*ɡu
頄	ɡu, ɡʷrɯw
朹	ɡu, kʷrɯwʔ
馗	ɡu, ɡʷrɯw
扏	*ɡu
訅	*ɡu
釚	*ɡu
肍	*ɡu
軌	*kʷrɯwʔ
宄	*kʷrɯwʔ
氿	*kʷrɯwʔ
匭	*kʷrɯwʔ
泦	*kuɡ
旭	*qʰʷoɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble手(shǒu),寸(cùn). The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written肘 (OC*tkuʔ).

After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten,九 was taken to symbolize afist tightening tobump up against something; thus, there is a metaphoricalbumping up ofnine againstten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.

Etymology 1

[edit]

FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*d/s-kəw. CompareTibetanདགུ(dgu).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):jiǔ (jiu³)
(Zhuyin):ㄐㄧㄡˇ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):jiu³
(Xi'an,Guanzhong Pinyin):jiù
(Nanjing,Nanjing Pinyin):jiǔ
(Dungan,Cyrillic andWiktionary):җю (ži͡u, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):gau²
(Dongguan,Jyutping++):gaau²
(Taishan,Wiktionary):giu²
(Yangjiang,Jyutping++):gieu²
Gan(Wiktionary):jiu³
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):kiú
(Hailu,HRS):giu^ˊ
(Meixian,Guangdong):giu³
Jin(Wiktionary):jiou²
Northern Min(KCR):giǔ
Eastern Min(BUC):gāu / giū
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):gao³ / giu³
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):káu /kiú
(Teochew,Peng'im):gao² / giu²
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):gao²
Southern Pinghua(Nanning,Jyutping++):gau²
Wu(Wugniu)
- (Northern):⁵cieu /⁵ciu /³cieu /³ciou /¹cieu /³cio
- (Jinhua):³cieu
Xiang
(Changsha,Wiktionary):jiou³
(Loudi,Wiktionary):jiou³
(Hengyang,Wiktionary):jiu³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:jiǔ
  - Zhuyin:ㄐㄧㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:jiǒu
  - Wade–Giles:chiu³
  - Yale:jyǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:jeou
  - Palladius:цзю(czju)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:jiu³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:giu
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin:jiù
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕiɤu⁵³/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin:jiǔ
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered):jiu³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕiəɯ¹¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic andWiktionary:җю (ži͡u, II)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕiou⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:gau²
  - Yale:gáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin:gau²
  - Guangdong Romanization:geo²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kɐu̯³⁵/
- (Dongguan,Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++:gaau²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kau³⁵/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:giu²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kiu⁵⁵/
- (Yangjiang Yue,Jiangcheng)
  - Jyutping++:gieu²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kiɛu²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:jiu³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕiu²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:kiú
  - Hakka Romanization System:giu^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:giu³
  - SinologicalIPA:/ki̯u³¹/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:giu^ˊ
  - SinologicalIPA:/kiu²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:giu³
  - SinologicalIPA:/kiu³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:jiou²
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:giǔ
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kiu²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:gāu / giū
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kau³³/, /kieu³³/

Note:

gāu - vernacular;
giū - literary.

Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:gao³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:gâu
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kau⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:gao³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kau³³²/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:giu³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:giû
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kiu⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:giu³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kiu³³²/

Note:

gao3 - vernacular;
giu3 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:káu /kiú
  - Tâi-lô:káu / kiú
  - Phofsit Daibuun:kao, kiuo
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiamen):/kau⁵³/,/kiu⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Quanzhou):/kau⁵⁵⁴/,/kiu⁵⁵⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhangzhou):/kau⁵³/,/kiu⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Taipei):/kau⁵³/,/kiu⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Kaohsiung):/kau⁴¹/,/kiu⁴¹/

Note:

káu - vernacular;
kiú - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im:gao² / giu²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:káu / kiú
- SinologicalIPA^(key):/kau⁵²/, /kiu⁵²/

Note:

gao2 - vernacular;
giu2 - literary.

(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin:gao²
- SinologicalIPA:/kau³¹/

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua,Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++:gau²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/kəu³³/
Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai)
  - Wugniu:⁵cieu
  - MiniDict:cieu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):²jieu
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/t͡ɕiɤ³⁴/
- (Northern:Jiading)
  - Wugniu:⁵ciu
  - MiniDict:ciu^去
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiading):/t͡ɕy³⁴/
- (Northern:Songjiang,Chongming,Chuansha,Yixing,Jingjiang,Jiaxing,Tongxiang,Haining,Haiyan,Deqing,Hangzhou,Shaoxing,Ningbo,Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu:³cieu
  - MiniDict:cieu^上
  - MiniDict:ciu^上
  - SinologicalIPA (Songjiang):/ciɯ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Chongming):/t͡ɕiɵ⁴²⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Chuansha):/t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Yixing):/t͡ɕiəu⁵²/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jingjiang):/t͡ɕiʏ³⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiaxing):/t͡ɕiəu⁴³³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Tongxiang):/t͡ɕiəɯ⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Haining):/t͡ɕiɤɯ⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Haiyan):/t͡ɕiɤ³⁴³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Deqing):/t͡ɕiʏ⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Hangzhou):/t͡ɕiø⁵³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Shaoxing):/t͡ɕiɤ³³⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Ningbo):/t͡ɕiʏ³²⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhoushan):/t͡ɕiu³⁵/
- (Northern:Changzhou)
  - Wugniu:³ciou
  - MiniDict:ciou^上
  - SinologicalIPA (Changzhou):/t͡ɕiɤɯ⁴⁵/
- (Northern:Cixi)
  - Wugniu:¹cieu
  - SinologicalIPA (Cixi):/t͡ɕiɤ³²⁴/
- (Northern:Xiaoshan)
  - Wugniu:³cio
  - SinologicalIPA (Xiaoshan):/t͡ɕio³⁴/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu:³cieu
  - SinologicalIPA (Jinhua):/t͡ɕiu⁵³⁵/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:jiou³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/
- (Loudi)
  - Wiktionary:jiou³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕi̯ʊ⁴²/
- (Hengyang)
  - Wiktionary:jiu³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/t͡ɕi̯u³³/

Middle Chinese:kjuwX

Rime
Character	九
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	舉有切
Baxter	kjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kiu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuw^X/
Li Rong	/kiu^X/
Wang Li	/kĭəu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*[k]uʔ/
(Zhengzhang):/*kuʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	九
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]uʔ/
English	nine
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	九
Reading #	1/1
No.	6941
Phonetic component	九
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	久
Old Chinese	/*kuʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

九

nine
- 九九八十一。[MSC,trad. andsimp.]
  From: “The Mnemonic of Multiplication”
  Jiǔjiǔ bāshíyī.[Pinyin]
  Nine timesnine iseighty-one.
(figurative)many
- 九曲黃河萬里沙，浪淘風簸自天涯。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  九曲黄河万里沙，浪淘风簸自天涯。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From:822?,Liu Yuxi, “Ripples Sifting Sand”
  Jiǔ qū huánghé wàn lǐ shā, làng táo fēng bò zì tiānyá.[Pinyin]
  The Yellow River with itsmany twists and turns flows thousands of miles full of sand / Carried by its waves stirred up by the wind coming from a faraway land.
(weather) each of the nine nine-dayperiods from thewinter solstice
- 一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走。[MSC,trad. andsimp.]
  From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
  Yījiǔ èrjiǔ bù chū shǒu, sānjiǔ sìjiǔ bīng shàng zǒu.[Pinyin]
  In the first and the secondnine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourthnine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
(Cantonese, minced oath, euphemistic)synonym of㞗(gau1,“penis”)

Chinese numbers
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	10²	10³	10⁴	10⁶	10⁸	10¹²
Normal (小寫 /小写)	〇,零,空	一,蜀	二,兩 /两	三	四	五	六	七	八	九	十	百	千	萬 /万, 十千(Malaysia, Singapore)	百萬 /百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶(Philippines)	億 /亿	兆(Taiwan) 萬億 /万亿(Mainland China)
Financial (大寫 /大写)	零	壹	貳 /贰	參 /叁	肆	伍	陸 /陆	柒	捌	玖	拾	佰	仟

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (九):

→ Japanese:九(く)(ku);九(きゅう)(kyū)
→ Korean:구(九)(gu)
→ Vietnamese:cửu(九)

Others:

→ Proto-Tai:*kɤwꟲ(“nine”)
- Northern Tai:
  - Bouyei:guz
  - Zhuang:gouj
  - Saek:กู̂
  - Tai Do:cau
- Central Tai:
  - Caolan:cáu
  - Nùng:càu
  - Tày:cẩu
- Wenma-Southwestern Tai:
  - Sapa-Southwestern Tai:
    - Proto-Southwestern Tai:
      - Thai:เก้า(gâao)
      - Northern Thai:ᨠᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ
      - Lao:ເກົ້າ(kao)
      - Lü:ᦂᧁᧉ(k̇aw²)
      - Tai Dam:ꪹꪀ꫁ꪱ(cảu)
      - Shan:ၵဝ်ႈ(kāo)
      - Tai Laing:ကႍဝ်
      - Tai Nüa:ᥐᥝᥲ(kàw)
      - Ahom:𑜀𑜧(kaw)

Etymology 2

[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of九 – see鳩 (“togather; toassemble”).
(This character is an obsolete form of鳩).

Etymology 3

[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of九 – see糾 (“togather,assemble”).
(This character is an obsolete form of糾).

Japanese

[edit]

**Japanese cardinal numbers**
< 8	9	10 >
Cardinal :九

Kanji

[edit]

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 九

九

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

nine

Readings

[edit]

Go-on:く(ku,Jōyō)
Kan-on:きゅう(kyū,Jōyō)^{←きう(kiu,historical)}
Kun:ここの(kokono,九,Jōyō)、ここのつ(kokonotsu,九つ,Jōyō)
Nanori:いちじく(ichijiku)、いちのく(ichinoku)、この(kono)、ひさし(hisashi)

Compounds

[edit]

Compounds

九(きゅう)夏(か)(kyūka)
九(きゅう)官(かん)鳥(ちょう)(kyūkanchō,“amina ormynah bird”)
九(きゅう)牛(ぎゅう)一(いち)毛(もう)(kyū gyū ichi mō,“nine cows one hair (a drop in the ocean)”)
九九(くく)(kuku),九々(くく)(kuku,“Multiplication table”)
九(く)月(がつ)(kugatsu,“September”)
九(きゅう)死(し)(kyūshi,“near death,nearly dead, aclose shave”)
九(きゅう)州(しゅう)(Kyūshū,“Kyushu”)
九(ここの)重(え)(kokonoe)
九(く)寸(すん)五分(ごぶ)(kusun gobu,“ashort sword, adagger”)
九(きゅう)星(せい)(kyūsei)
九(きゅう)折(せつ)(kyūsetsu)
九(きゅう)泉(せん)(kyūsen,“the nether world”)
九(きゅう)地(ち)(kyūchi)
九(きゅう)天(てん)(Kyūten,“Ninth Heaven (the highest of heavens)”)
九(きゅう)拝(はい)(kyūhai)
九分(くぶ)(kubu)
九(く)輪(りん)(kurin)
九(くん)六(ろく)(kunroku)

Etymology 1

[edit]

Kanji in this term
九
きゅう Grade: 1
kan'on

FromMiddle Chinese九 (MC kjuwX). Thekan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Borrowed after palatalization occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare literaryHokkien九(kiú),Hakka九(kiú).

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Tokyo)きゅう[kyúꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kʲɨː]
Audio: (file)

Numeral

[edit]

九(きゅう)• (kyū) ^{←きう(kiu)^?}

nine

Noun

[edit]

九(きゅう)• (kyū) ^{←きう(kiu)^?}

nine
究: anindeterminate large number, amyriad, a great many
(divination) the number ofyang, in opposition to六(roku,“six”) as the number ofyin

Etymology 2

[edit]

Kanji in this term
九
く Grade: 1
goon

Alternative spelling
玖

From EarlyMiddle Chinese九 (MC kjuwX). Thegoon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare vernacularHokkien九(káu).

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Tokyo)く[kúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟]

Numeral

[edit]

九(く)• (ku)

Usage notes

[edit]

Sometimes considered unlucky due to being homophonous with苦(ku,“suffering”).

Noun

[edit]

九(く)• (ku)

nine
theninth

Coordinate terms

[edit]

v • d • e Japanese numbers
Number	Kanji	Kana	Romaji
0	零	れい、ゼロ	rei, zero
1	一、壱、弌、壹	いち	ichi
2	二、弐、貳、貮	に	ni
3	三、参、參	さん	san
4	四、肆	よん、し	yon, shi
5	五、伍	ご	go
6	六、陸	ろく	roku
7	七、漆	なな、しち	nana, shichi
8	八、捌	はち	hachi
9	九、玖	きゅう、く	kyū, ku
10	十、拾	じゅう	jū
100	百、陌、佰	ひゃく	hyaku
1,000	千、阡、仟	せん	sen
10,000	一万、万、一萬、萬	いちまん、まん	ichiman, man
100,000,000	一億、億	いちおく、おく	ichioku, oku

Etymology 3

[edit]

Kanji in this term
九
ここの Grade: 1
kun'yomi

FromOld Japanese fromProto-Japonic*kəkənə.

First attested in theKojiki of 712CE.^[2]

Pronunciation

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(Tokyo)ここの[kòkóꜜnò] (Nakadaka – [2])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ko̞no̞]

Numeral

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九(ここの)• (kokono)

nine

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
九
この Grade: 1
kun'yomi

/kokono/ →/kono/

Abbreviation ofOld Japanese九(kokono,“nine”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

(Tokyo)この[kóꜜnò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞no̞]

Numeral

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九(この)• (kono)

nine
ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
hī, fū, mī,…nana, yā,kono, tō
one, two, three, ... seven, eight,nine, ten

Usage notes

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Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana asこの to make the reading unambiguous.