Wikipedia has articles on:

• 主義 /主义(Chinese)
• 主義(Literary Chinese)
• chú-ngi(Hakka)

"position, stance"

FromShiji:

敢犯顏色以達主義，不顧其身。為國家樹長畫。[Classical Chinese,trad.]

---

敢犯颜色以达主义，不顾其身。为国家树长画。[Classical Chinese,simp.]

From: TheRecords of the Grand Historian, bySima Qian,c. 91BCE

Gǎn fàn yánsè yǐ dázhǔyì, bùgù qí shēn. Wèi guójiā shù chánghuà.[Pinyin]

[One] dared to insult the dignified face [of the Sovereign], so one could make [the Sovereign] understand [one's]positions; one did not care for one's own life, but made long-term plans for the state.

"doctrine, ideology"

主義

1. (chiefly as a suffix)doctrine;ideology;-ism

   社會主義／社会主义  ― shèhuìzhǔyì  ―  socialism

   • 砍頭不要緊，只要主義真。殺了夏明翰，還有後來人。[MSC,trad.]
     砍头不要紧，只要主义真。杀了夏明翰，还有后来人。[MSC,simp.]

     From:1928,Xia Minghan's last poem

     Kǎntóu bù yàojǐn, zhǐyàozhǔyì zhēn. Shā le Xià Mínghàn, háiyǒu hòulái rén.[Pinyin]

     Beheading does not matter; so long as I stay true to myprinciple / ideology. Killed Xia Minghan shall be; others will later come still.

   • 你不是很討厭我信仰的主義嗎？為什麼你又要愛我？[MSC,trad.]
     你不是很讨厌我信仰的主义吗？为什么你又要爱我？[MSC,simp.]

     From:1930,丁玲(Ding Ling),《韋護》

     Nǐ bùshì hěn tǎoyàn wǒ xìnyǎng dezhǔyì ma? Wèishénme nǐ yòu yào ài wǒ?[Pinyin]

     Don't you hate theideology I believe in? Why do you still love me?

   • “古斯曼迷失在光辉道路上 [Guzmán Has Lost His Way on His Shining Path]”, in南方人物周刊‎^[1] (overall work in Chinese), 1 December 2006, archived fromthe original on5 February 2024

     古斯曼希望推翻秘鲁现政权，按自己的“主义”来治理秘鲁，把秘鲁治理成一个欣欣向荣的国家。[MSC,simp.]
     古斯曼希望推翻秘魯現政權，按自己的“主義”來治理秘魯，把秘魯治理成一個欣欣向榮的國家。[MSC,trad.]

     Gǔsīmàn xīwàng tuīfān Bìlǔ xiàn zhèngquán, àn zìjǐ de “zhǔyì” lái zhìlǐ Bìlǔ, bǎ Bìlǔ zhìlǐ chéng yīge xīnxīnxiàngróng de guójiā.[Pinyin]

     Guzmán wanted to overthrow the current Peruvian regime, govern Peru according to his ownGonzaloism and transform Peru into a thriving country.

2. (literary)position;stance

   • 其信從者，下自士大夫，上亦至將相而止，主義為逐滿。[Written Vernacular Chinese,trad.]
     其信从者，下自士大夫，上亦至将相而止，主义为逐满。[Written Vernacular Chinese,simp.]

     From:1907CE,Liu E,The Travels of Lao Can

     Qí xìncóng zhě, xià zì shìdàfū, shàng yì zhì jiàngxiàng ér zhǐ,zhǔyì wéi zhú Mǎn.[Pinyin]

     Those who believe in them will range from the literati up to generals and ministers. Theirpolicy will be to expel the Manchu.

   • 大同府何都統鑒：寒電悉，卓識偉論，不勝欽佩。文始終主義在救同胞於水火，毫無私意於其間。[MSC,trad.]
     大同府何都统鉴：寒电悉，卓识伟论，不胜钦佩。文始终主义在救同胞于水火，毫无私意于其间。[MSC,simp.]

     From: 3 Feb1922,孫文(Sun Yat-sen),《致何宗蓮電》(Telegram to Mr. He Zonglian)

     Dàtóng fǔ Hé dūtǒng jiàn: hán diàn xī, zhuóshí wěilùn, bùshèng qīnpèi. Wén shǐzhōngzhǔyì zài jiù tóngbāo yú shuǐhuǒ, háowú sīyì yú qíjiān.[Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Hans van Ess translates主義／主义 (zhǔyì) inShiji as "the right conduct of a ruler".^[1]

(doctrine):

• → Zhuang:cujyi

• 理論／理论 (lǐlùn)
• 思想 (sīxiǎng)

主⫽義 (verb-object)

1. (Classical) toupholdrighteousness

   • 主義行德曰元。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
     主义行德曰元。[Classical Chinese,simp.]

     From:Lost Book of Zhou, circa 4^th – 1^st centuriesBCE

     Zhǔ yì xíng dé yuē Yuán.[Pinyin]

     [When the deceased]upheld righteousness and behaved virtuously, the posthumous name may be givenYuan (prime "元").

JapaneseWikipedia has an article on:

主義

Wikipedia^ja

EnglishWikipedia has an article on:

-ism

Wikipedia

FromLiterary Chinese主義(zhǔyì), attested in theRecords of the Grand Historian^[1]

• (Tokyo)しゅぎ[shúꜜgì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]
• IPA^(key): [ɕɨɡʲi]

主(しゅ)義(ぎ)• (shugi) 

1. aprinciple or set of principles; adoctrine; anism

   あの人(ひと)は主(しゅ)義(ぎ)に基(もと)づいて契(けい)約(やく)を拒(きょ)絶(ぜつ)するはずです。

   Ano hito washugi ni motozuite keiyaku o kyozetsu suru hazu desu.

   I expect they will reject the contract onprinciple.

主(しゅ)義(ぎ)• (-shugi) 

1. -ism

• → Chinese:主義 /主义(zhǔyì)^[1]
• → Korean:주의(juui)
• → Vietnamese:chủ nghĩa

• “主義”, in漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese),The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation,2015–2025
• Shōgaku Tosho (1988),国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese),Tōkyō:Shogakukan,→ISBN
• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al.,Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan,→ISBN.

主義• (juui) (hangeul주의)

1. hanja form^? of주의(“-ism”)

主義

1. chữ Hán form ofchủ nghĩa(“-ism;doctrine”)

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