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不

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:𣎴and𤓯

不	U+4E0D,不 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0D

←丌
[U+4E0C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

与 →
[U+4E0E]

不	U+F967,不 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F967

←復
[U+F966]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

泌 →
[U+F968]

Translingual

[edit]

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

不 (Kangxi radical 1,一+3, 4 strokes,cangjie input一火 (MF),four-corner1090₀,composition⿸丆⿰丨丶(GHJKT) or⿻丆卜(V))

Usage notes

[edit]

This character is not to be confused with visually similar but unrelated𣎴 (U+233B4) or𤓯 (U+244EF).

Derived characters

[edit]

伓,吥,坏,妚,怀,抔,㳅,还,阫,肧,杯,炋,环,紑,衃,䞜,鈈 (钚),䬪
鴀 (𫛜),㞸,芣,罘,䯱,丕,㔻,否,奀,㫘,㶪,㶨,甭,盃,歪,孬,覔,䬩,嫑,囨

Additional Derived Characters

𭾟,𥐴,𧉈,𦤹,𮅁,𠀱,𠀰,𧖯,𧗩,𠀾,𠁆,𧶏,𠁞,𠁙,𡮗

Descendants

[edit]

ふ(Hiragana character derived fromMan'yōgana)
フ(Katakana character derived fromMan'yōgana)
𛂰(Hentaigana character derived fromMan'yōgana)

References

[edit]

Kangxi Dictionary:page 76, character 15
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19
Dae Jaweon: page 149, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 11, character 6
Unihan data for U+4E0D

Unihan data for U+F967

Chinese

[edit]

simp. andtrad.		不
alternative forms		㐬𠀚𠙐

Glyph origin

[edit]

Historical forms of the character不
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)	Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Oracle bone script j25391 j25392 j25393 j25394 j25395 j25396 j25397 j25398 j25399 j25400 j25401 j25402 j25403 j25404 j25405 j25406 j25407 j25408 j25409 j25410 j25411 j25412 j25413 j25414 j25415 j25416 j25417 j25418 j25419 j25420 j25421 j25422 j25423 j25424 j25425 j25426 j25427 j25428 j25429 j25430 j25431 j25432 j25433 j25434 j25435 j25436 j25437 j25438 j25439 j25440 j25441 j25442 j25443 j25444 j25445 j25446 j25447 j25448 j25449 j25450 j25451 j25452 j25453 j25454 j25455 j25456 j25457 j25458 j25459 j25460 j25461 j25462 j25463 j25464 j25465 j25466 j25467 j25468 j25469 j25470 j25471 j25472 j25473 j25474 j25475 j25476 j25477 j25478 j25479 j25480 j25481 j25482 j25483 j25484 j25485 j25486 j25487 j25488 j25489 j25490 j25491 j25492 j25493 j25494 j25495 j25496 j25497 j25498 j25499 j25500 j25501 j25502 j25503 j25504 j25505 j25506 j25507 j25508 j25509 j25510 j25511 j25512 j25513 j25514 j25515 j25516 j25517 j25518 j25519 j25520 j25521 j25522 j25523 j25524 j25525 j25526 j25527 j25528 j25529 j25530 j25531 j25532 j25533 j25534 j25535 j25536 j25537 j25538 j25539 j25540 j25541 j25542 j25543 j25544 j25545 j25546 j25547 j25548 j25549 j25550 j25551 j25552 j25553 j25554 j25555 j25556 j25557 j25558 j25559 j25560 j25561 j25562 j25563 j25564 j25565 j25566 j25567 j25568 j25569 j25570 j25571 j25572 j25573 j25574 j25575 j25576 j25577 j25578 j25579 j25580 j25581 j25582 j25583 j25584 j25585 j25586 j25587 j25588 j25589 j25590 j25591 j25592 j25593 j25594 j25595 j25596 j25597 j25598 j25599 j25600 j25601 j25602 j25603 j25604 j25605 j25606 j25607 j25608 j25609 j25610 j25611 j25612 j25613 j25614 j25615 j25616 j25617 j25618 j25619 j25620 j25621 j25622 j25623 j25624 j25625 j25626 j25627 j25628 j25629 j25630 Bronze inscriptions b16048 b16049 b16050 b16051 b16052 b16053 b16054 b16055 b16056 b16057 b16058 b16059 b16060 b16061 b16062 b16063 b16064 b16065 b16066 b16067 b16068 b16069 b16070 b16071 b16072 b16073 b16074 b16075 b16076 b16077 b16078 b16079 b16080 b16081 b16082 b16083 b16084 b16085 b16086 b16087 b16088 b16089 b16090 b16091 b16092 b16093 b16094 b16095 b16096 b16097 b16098 b16099 b16100 b16101 Small seal script s08670 Transcribed ancient scripts L35401 L35402 L35403 L35404 L35405 L35406 L35407 L18305 L18307 L18308 L18309 L18310 L18311 L18312 L18313 L18314 L18315 L18316 L18317 L18318 L18319 L18320 L18321 L18322 L18323 L18324 L18325
References: Mostly from Richard Sears'Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the samephonetic series (不)(Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
肧	pʰlɯː, pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː
俖	*pʰɯːʔ
娝	*prɯʔ
痞	prɯʔ, brɯʔ, *pɯʔ
丕	*pʰrɯ
伾	*pʰrɯ
秠	pʰrɯ, pʰrɯʔ, pʰɯ, pʰɯʔ
駓	*pʰrɯ
怌	*pʰrɯ
豾	*pʰrɯ
髬	*pʰrɯ
魾	pʰrɯ, brɯ
鉟	pʰrɯ, brɯ
嚭	*pʰrɯʔ
邳	*brɯ
岯	*brɯ
否	brɯʔ, pɯʔ
抔	bɯ, pʰlɯː
不	pɯ, pɯʔ, *pɯ'
紑	pɯ, pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ
鴀	pɯ, pɯʔ
衃	pʰɯ, pʰlɯː
罘	*bɯ
芣	*bɯ
杯	*plɯː
盃	*plɯː
桮	*pɯː
坯	*pʰɯː
胚	*pʰɯː

Pictogram (象形): thecalyx of a flower.不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form否 (OC*brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character不, making it a synonym of否. A new character of柎 (OC*po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.

FollowingShuowen’s interpretation,Karlgren andWieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.

Etymology 1

[edit]

Old Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series.不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from theoracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found:不,弗,毋,勿 and非. With the exception of非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:

	*-V	*-ɯd
*p-type negatives (< ?)	不 (OCpɯ, pɯʔ, pɯ'*)	弗 (OCpɯd*)
m-type negatives (<Proto-Sino-Tibetanma)	毋 (OCma) (無 (OCma))	勿 (OCmɯd*)

Takahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by theShang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).

In the *p-series,不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and弗 (OC*pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category.Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.

It is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan*ma(“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by theShang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai:*ɓawᴮ(“not [strong form 1]”),*boːᴮ(“not [strong form 2]”),*miːᴬ(“not [weak form]”);Thaiบ่(bɔ̀ɔ,“(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).

The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character不 replaced弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect thenaming taboo forEmperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarinbù, Guangzhou Cantonesebat¹, Meixian Hakkabud⁵, Shanghainese Wupeq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciationbù. The expected reading isfu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modernf-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is父 (OC*paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character爸 (bà).

不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:

弗 (OC*pɯd, “not”);
非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of不 (OC*pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and惟 (OC*ɢʷi, “to be”);
否 (OC*brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);
匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and
棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).

Cognate withThaiบ่(bɔ̀ɔ,“(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin):bù (bu⁴)
(Zhuyin):ㄅㄨˋ
(Chengdu,Sichuanese Pinyin):bu²
(Xi'an,Guanzhong Pinyin):bú / bu
(Nanjing,Nanjing Pinyin):bůq
(Dungan,Cyrillic andWiktionary):бу (bu, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong,Jyutping):bat¹
(Dongguan,Jyutping++):bat⁷
(Taishan,Wiktionary):but²
Gan(Wiktionary):biit⁶
Hakka
(Sixian,PFS):put
(Hailu,HRS):bud
(Meixian,Guangdong):bud⁵
Jin(Wiktionary):beh⁴
Northern Min(KCR):bŭ
Eastern Min(BUC):bók
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):boh⁶ / buoh⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien,POJ):put
(Teochew,Peng'im):bug⁴
(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin):bug⁴
Wu(Wugniu)
- (Northern):⁷peq /⁷paq
- (Jinhua):⁷peq
Xiang(Changsha,Wiktionary):bu⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:bù
  - Zhuyin:ㄅㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:bù
  - Wade–Giles:pu⁴
  - Yale:bù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:bu
  - Palladius:бу(bu)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pu⁵¹/

Note: Pronunciation changes tobú when followed by fourth-tone syllables (e.g.不是).

- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin:bu²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz:bu
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pu²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin:bú / bu
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pu²⁴/, /pu/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin:bůq
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered):buq⁵
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/puʔ⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic andWiktionary:бу (bu, I)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pou²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:bat¹
  - Yale:bāt
  - Cantonese Pinyin:bat⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization:bed¹
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pɐt̚⁵/
- (Dongguan,Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++:bat⁷
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pɐt̚⁴⁴/
- (Taishanese,Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary:but²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/put̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary:biit⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pɨt̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl.Miaoli andNeipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:put
  - Hakka Romanization System:bud^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim:bud⁵
  - SinologicalIPA:/put̚²/
- (Hailu, incl.Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System:bud
  - SinologicalIPA:/put⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong:bud⁵
  - SinologicalIPA:/put̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary:beh⁴
  - SinologicalIPA (old-style):/pəʔ²/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized:bŭ
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pu²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê:bók
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pouʔ²⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:boh⁶
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:beoh
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pɔʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:buoh⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/puoʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien:Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou,Jinjiang,GeneralTaiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī:put
  - Tâi-lô:put
  - Phofsit Daibuun:pud
  - IPA (Quanzhou,Jinjiang):/put̚⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen,Zhangzhou,Taipei,Kaohsiung):/put̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im:bug⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:puk
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/puk̚²/
- (Leizhou)
  - Leizhou Pinyin:bug⁴
  - SinologicalIPA:/puk̚⁵/
Wu
- (Northern:Shanghai,Jiading,Songjiang,Chongming,Suzhou,Changzhou,Jiaxing,Hangzhou,Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu:⁷peq
  - MiniDict:peh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai):⁴peq
  - SinologicalIPA (Shanghai):/pəʔ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiading):/pəʔ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Songjiang):/ɓəʔ⁴⁴/
  - SinologicalIPA (Chongming):/pəʔ⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Suzhou):/pəʔ⁴³/
  - SinologicalIPA (Changzhou):/pəʔ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Jiaxing):/pəʔ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Hangzhou):/pəʔ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Shaoxing):/peʔ⁴⁵/
- (Northern:Ningbo,Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu:⁷paq
  - MiniDict:pah^入
  - SinologicalIPA (Ningbo):/pɐʔ⁵⁵/
  - SinologicalIPA (Zhoushan):/pɐʔ⁵⁵/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu:⁷peq
  - SinologicalIPA (Jinhua):/pəʔ⁴⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary:bu⁶
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/pu²⁴/

Middle Chinese:pjut

Rime
Character	不
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	物 (60)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	分勿切
Baxter	pjut
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨut̚/
Pan Wuyun	/piut̚/
Shao Rongfen	/piuət̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/put̚/
Li Rong	/piuət̚/
Wang Li	/pĭuət̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯uət̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fat¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*pə/
(Zhengzhang):/*pɯ/, /*pɯʔ/, /*pɯ'/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	不
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bù
Middle Chinese	‹ pjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*pə/
English	not
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	不	不	不
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	1025	1029	1048
Phonetic component	不	不	不
Rime group	之	之	物
Rime subdivision	0	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	不	缶	弗
Old Chinese	/*pɯ/	/*pɯʔ/	/*pɯ'/
Notes		象花柎與本同源	中古才促化

Definitions

[edit]

不

(preceding verbs and adjectives)not
這個不好。／这个不好。 ― Zhègebù hǎo. ― This isnot good.
他不愛你。／他不爱你。 ― Tābú ài nǐ. ― He doesnot love you.
(between a verb and a complement)cannot
Antonym:得
我看不見你。／我看不见你。 ― Wǒ kànbú jiàn nǐ. ― Ican't see you.
- 1976 revised / 1955–56,金庸, chapter 5, in書劍恩仇錄,明河社, page182:
  你不信他話，就是瞧我不起。[MSC,trad.]
  你不信他话，就是瞧我不起。[MSC,simp.]
  Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒbù qǐ.[Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Used as an answer of refutation to apolar question:no (to a positive polar question);yes (to a negative polar question)
你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。[MSC,trad.]
你是日本人吗？不，我不是。[MSC,simp.]
Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma?Bù, wǒ bú shì.[Pinyin]
Are you Japanese?No, I'm not.
你不是日本人嗎？不，我是日本人。[MSC,trad.]
你不是日本人吗？不，我是日本人。[MSC,simp.]
Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma?Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén.[Pinyin]
*Intonational high pitch here.
Aren't you Japanese?Yes, I am Japanese.
- 1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number77,page12:
  难道这是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。[MSC,simp.]
  難道這是做不到的嗎？是吹牛皮、放大炮嗎？不，是做得到的。旣不是吹牛皮，也不是放大炮。[MSC,trad.]
  Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma?Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào.[Pinyin]
  Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk?No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.
- 2011,盧靜文,《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei:知青頻道,→ISBN,page137:
  蘇格拉底還在啟發學生：「你説欺騙朋友是惡行，可是在戰爭時統帥為了鼓舞士氣，會假稱援軍就要到了，實際上並無援軍，你説這種欺騙是惡行嗎？」學生説：「不，這是善行。」[Taiwanese Mandarin,trad.]
  苏格拉底还在启发学生：「你说欺骗朋友是恶行，可是在战争时统帅为了鼓舞士气，会假称援军就要到了，实际上并无援军，你说这种欺骗是恶行吗？」学生说：「不，这是善行。」[Taiwanese Mandarin,simp.]
  Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.”[Pinyin]
  Socrates enlightened his students, "You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?" The students said, "No, this is a good deed."
Used with就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives.
他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。[MSC,trad.]
他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。[MSC,simp.]
Tā měitiānbúshì shàngbān,jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu.[Pinyin]
Every day, heeither goes to workor volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.
(regional)Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question.
你愛吃紅蘿蔔不？[Guanzhong Mandarin,trad.]
你爱吃红萝卜不？[Guanzhong Mandarin,simp.]
Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu?[Guanzhong Pinyin]
Do you like eating carrots?
(colloquial)Question particle placed at the end of the sentence.
(colloquial)Intensifying particle often used with好 (hǎo).
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts.
- 有周不顯、帝命不時。[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  有周不显、帝命不时。[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From: TheClassic of Poetry,c. 11^th – 7^th centuriesBCE, translated based onJames Legge's version
  Yǒu zhōubù xiǎn, dì mìngbù shí.[Pinyin]
  Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.

Synonyms

[edit]

(not):

Dialectal synonyms of不 (“not”)[map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		不,弗,毋,勿,莫,否,未
Formal(Written Standard Chinese)		不
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	不
	Taiwan	不
	Langfang	不
	Chengde	不
	Chifeng	不
	Hulunbuir(Hailar)	不
	Heihe	不
	Nenjiang	不
	Mohe	不
	Qiqihar	不
	Tailai	不
	Jixian	不
	Lanxi	不
	Boli	不
	Jiayin	不
	Muling	不
	Dongning	不
	Ning'an	不
	Linkou	不
	Zhaozhou	不
	Zhaodong	不
	Mishan	不
	Harbin	不
	Shangzhi	不
	Jiamusi	不
	Tongjiang	不
	Baicheng	不
	Changchun	不
	Tonghua	不
	Shenyang	不
	Jinzhou	不
	Jingzhou(Shashi)	不
	Malaysia	不
	Singapore	不
	Olginsky(Mikhaylovka)	不
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	不
	Tangshan	不
	Cangzhou	不
	Baoding	不
	Dingxing	不
	Shijiazhuang	不
	Lijin	不
	Wudi	不
	Weifang(Weicheng)	不
	Jinan	不
	Jinan(Zhangqiu)	不
	Dezhou	不
	Tai'an	不
	Xintai	不
	Zichuan	不
	Boshan	不
	Yinan	不
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	不
	Dandong	不
	Yantai	不
	Yantai(Muping)	不
	Laizhou	不
	Weihai	不
	Rongcheng	不
	Qingdao	不
	Zhucheng	不
	Yishui	不
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	不
	Lingbao	不
	Ningyang	不
	Daming	不
	Yuncheng	不
	Wanrong	不
	Linfen	不
	Hongtong	不
	Shangqiu	不
	Yuanyang	不
	Zhengzhou	不
	Xinyang	不
	Shangluo	不
	Luonan	不
	Danfeng	不
	Shangnan	不
	Shanyang	不
	Zhen'an	不
	Ankang	不
	Baihe	不
	Pingli	不
	Xunyang	不
	Lueyang	不
	Mianxian	不
	Yangxian	不
	Xi'an	不
	Xi'an(Baqiao)	不
	Xi'an(Yanliang)	不
	Xi'an(Lintong)	不
	Xi'an(Chang'an)	不
	Xi'an(Huyi)	不
	Xi'an(Gaoling)	不
	Zhouzhi	不
	Lantian	不
	Xianyang	不
	Xingping	不
	Wugong	不
	Qianxian	不
	Liquan	不
	Jingyang	不
	Sanyuan	不
	Yongshou	不
	Changwu	不
	Tongchuan(Wangyi)	不
	Tongchuan(Yaozhou)	不
	Yijun	不
	Weinan	不
	Weinan(Huazhou)	不
	Hancheng	不
	Huayin	不
	Tongguan	不
	Dali	不
	Heyang	不
	Chengcheng	不
	Baishui	不
	Pucheng	不
	Fuping	不
	Huanglong	不
	Yichuan	不
	Huangling	不
	Luochuan	不
	Fuxian	不
	Dingbian	不
	Baoji	不
Baoji(Chencang)	不
Fengxiang	不
Qishan	不
Fufeng	不
Meixian	不
Taibai	不
Fengxian	不
Qianyang	不
Longxian	不
Linyou	不
Tianshui	不
Xining	不
Xuzhou	不
Pizhou	不
Suqian	不
Lianyungang(Ganyu)	不
Donghai	不
Fuyang	不
Bengbu	不
Suzhou, Anhui	不
Huaibei	不
Guangde(Qiuzhuang)	不
Qimen(Anling; Junhua)	不
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	不
	Lanzhou	不
	Jiuquan	不
	Dunhuang	不
	Shandan	不
	Hami	不
	Ürümqi	不
	Jimsar	不
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	不
	Chengdu(Xindu)	不
	Chengdu(Xinfan, Xindu)	不
	Chengdu(Huayang, Shuangliu)	不
	Chengdu(Pidu)	不
	Chengdu(Wenjiang)	不
	Chengdu(Shuangliu)	不
	Chengdu(Xinjin)	不
	Jintang	不
	Pengzhou	不
	Dujiangyan	不
	Chongzhou	不
	Dayi	不
	Pujiang	不
	Qionglai	不
	Jianyang	不
	Xiaojin	不
	Jinchuan	不
	Songpan	不
	Maoxian	不
	Lixian	不
	Wenchuan	不
	Deyang	不
	Deyang(Luojiang)	不
	Mianzhu	不
	Shifang	不
	Guanghan	不
	Zhongjiang	不
	Ziyang	不
	Anyue	沒有
	Lezhi	不
	Mianyang	不
	Mianyang(Anzhou)	不
	Zitong	不
	Jiangyou	不
	Jiangyou(Zhangming)	沒
	Pingwu	不
	Beichuan	不
	Yanting	不
	Santai	不
	Guangyuan	不
	Guangyuan(Zhaohua)	不
	Cangxi	不
	Jiange	不
	Meishan	沒
	Pengshan	不
	Danling	不
	Hongya	不
	Qingshen	不
	Renshou	不
	Luzhou(Naxi)	不
	Luxian	不
	Xuyong	沒有
	Gulin	不
	Hejiang	不
	Yibin	不
	Yibin(Nanxi)	不
	Pingshan	不
	Gaoxian	不
	Changning	不
	Gongxian	不
	Xingwen(Gusong)	不
	Xingwen(Bowangshan)	不
	Jiang'an	不
Junlian	不
Leshan	不
Jiajiang	不
Emeishan	不
Ebian	不
Qianwei	不
Mabian	不
Jingyan	不
Neijiang	沒有
Zizhong	不
Weiyuan	不
Longchang	不
Suining	不
Pengxi	不
Shehong	不
Guang'an	不
Yuechi	不
Wusheng	不
Linshui	不
Nanchong	不
Nanbu	不
Langzhong	不
Yilong	不
Yingshan	不
Peng'an	不
Dazhou	不
Dazhu	不
Kaijiang	不
Wanyuan	不
Xuanhan	沒
Bazhong	不
Tongjiang	不
Nanjiang	不
Hanyuan	不
Xichang	不
Zigong	不
Fushun	不
Rongxian	不
Leibo	不
Chongqing	不
Chongqing(Nanchuan)	不
Chongqing(Dazu)	不
Chongqing(Rongchang)	不
Chongqing(Yongchuan)	不
Chongqing(Bishan)	沒
Chongqing(Tongliang)	沒有
Chongqing(Tongnan)	不
Chongqing(Hechuan)	不
Chongqing(Changshou)	不
Chongqing(Fuling)	不
Chongqing(Jiangjin)	不
Chongqing(Wanzhou)	不
Chongqing(Shizhu)	不
Chongqing(Kaizhou)	不
Chongqing(Chengkou)	不
Chongqing(Dianjiang)	不
Chongqing(Liangping)	不
Chongqing(Fengdu)	不
Chongqing(Zhongxian)	不
Chongqing(Qianjiang)	不
Chongqing(Pengshui)	不
Chongqing(Youyang)	不
Chongqing(Xiushan)	不
Chongqing(Yunyang)	不
Chongqing(Wuxi)	不
Chongqing(Fengjie)	不
Chongqing(Wushan)	不
Wuhan	冇
Wuhan(Jiangxia)	冇
Wuhan(Caidian)	冇
Wuhan(Xinzhou)	冇
Wuhan(Huangpi)	冇
Hanchuan	冇
Suizhou	不
Suixian	不
Yichang	不
Dangyang	不
Zhijiang	不
Yidu	不
Changyang	不,沒
Xingshan	不
Zigui	不
Wufeng	不
Enshi	不
Hefeng	不
Badong	不
Xuan'en	沒
Laifeng	不
Lichuan	沒
Jianshi	不
Xianfeng	不
Xiangyang	不
Laohekou	不
Baokang	不
Nanzhang	不
Zaoyang	不
Yicheng	不
Gucheng	不
Jingzhou	不
Jiangling	不
Shishou	不
Gong'an	不
Songzi	沒有
Jingmen	不
Zhongxiang	不
Jingshan	不
Tianmen	不
Xiantao	不
Qianjiang	不
Shennongjia	不
Shiyan	不
Zhuxi	冒
Zhushan	不
Yunxi	沒
Yunyang	不
Danjiangkou	不
Fangxian	不
Lhasa	不
Guiyang	不
Zunyi	不
Bijie	不
Zhaotong	不
Baoshan, Yunnan	不
Dali	不
Kunming	不
Qujing	不
Wenshan	不
Mengzi	不
Pu'er	不
Lincang	不
Guilin	不
Liuzhou	沒,不
Jishou	沒
Changde	不
Zhangjiajie	不
Yongzhou	不
Huitong	不
Xiangtan(Jiangnan Industries Group koine)	不
Ganzhou	不
Shiquan	不
Ziyang	不
Ningshan	不
Langao	不
Zhenping	不
Hanzhong	不
Hanzhong(Nanzheng)	不
Ningqiang	不
Liuba	不
Chenggu	不
Foping	不
Xixiang	不
Zhenba	不
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	不
	Nanjing(Pukou)	不
	Nanjing(Luhe)	不
	Nanjing(Lishui)	不
	Yangzhou	不
	Yangzhou(Jiangdu)	不
	Baoying	不
	Gaoyou	不
	Yizheng	不
	Taizhou	不
	Taixing	不
	Taizhou(Jiangyan)	不
	Jingjiang(Dongxing)	不
	Zhenjiang	不
	Jurong	不
	Yangzhong	不
	Lianyungang	不
	Lianyungang(Haizhou)	不
	Guanyun	不
	Guannan	不
	Huai'an	不
	Huai'an(Huai'an District)	不
	Huai'an(Huaiyin)	不
	Huai'an(Hongze)	不
	Lianshui	不
	Xuyi	不
	Jinhu	不
	Xinghua	不
	Nantong	不
	Rugao	不
	Rudong	不
	Hai'an	不
	Yancheng	不
	Dongtai	不
	Binhai	不
	Sheyang	不
	Yancheng(Dafeng)	不
	Funing	不
	Jianhu	不
	Xiangshui	不
	Shuyang	不
	Sihong	不
	Siyang	不
	Anqing	不
	Tongcheng	不
	Zongyang	不
	Chizhou	不
	Qingyang	不
	Wuhu	不
	Wuhu(Wanzhi)	不
	Wuhu(Jinghu)	不
	Wuhu(Fanchang)	不
	Wuwei	不
	Hanshan	不
	Hexian	不
	Ma'anshan	不
	Dangtu	不
	Xuancheng	不
	Langxi	不
	Hefei	不
	Feidong	不
	Feixi	不
	Chaohu	不
	Lujiang	不
Changfeng	不
Huainan	不
Lu'an	不
Lu'an(Qingshuihe, Jin'an)	不
Shucheng	不
Huoshan	不
Chuzhou	不
Lai'an	不
Quanjiao	不
Mingguang	不
Tianchang	不
Ezhou(Echeng)	不
Huangshi	不
Huanggang	不
Hong'an	不
Macheng	不
Luotian	不
Yingshan	不
Xishui	不
Huangmei	不
Wuxue	不
Qichun	不
Xiaogan	不
Anlu	不
Yingcheng	不
Yunmeng	不
Dawu	不
Guangshui	不
Zhashui	不
Jiujiang	不
Ruichang	不
Mandarin	Ningguo(Gangkou)	不
Cantonese	Guangzhou	唔
	Hong Kong	唔
	Hong Kong(Kam Tin; Weitou)	唔
	Macau	唔
	Guangzhou(Panyu)	唔
	Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu)	唔
	Guangzhou(Conghua)	唔
	Guangzhou(Zengcheng)	唔
	Foshan	唔
	Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai)	唔
	Foshan(Shunde)	唔
	Foshan(Sanshui)	唔
	Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming)	唔
	Zhongshan(Shiqi)	唔
	Zhongshan(Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka)	唔
	Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	唔
	Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	唔
	Zhuhai(Doumen)	唔
	Jiangmen(Baisha)	唔
	Jiangmen(Xinhui)	唔
	Taishan	唔
	Kaiping(Chikan)	唔
	Enping(Niujiang)	唔
	Heshan(Yayao)	唔
	Dongguan	唔
	Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an)	唔
	Qingyuan	唔
	Fogang	唔
	Yingde(Hanguang)	唔
	Yangshan	唔
	Lianshan(Butian)	冇
	Lianshan(Yonghe)	唔
	Lianzhou(Qingshui; Sihui)	冇
	Shaoguan	唔
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	唔
	Renhua	唔
	Lechang	唔
	Yunfu	唔
	Yangjiang	冇
	Yangjiang(Yangdong)	冇
	Yangdong(Yashao)	冇
	Yangxi	冇
	Xinyi	冇
	Maoming(Xinpo)	冇
	Maoming(Yangjiao)	冇
	Gaozhou	冇
	Zhanjiang	冇
	Lianjiang	冇
	Wuchuan(Wuyang)	冇
	Nanning	冇
	Wuzhou	冇
	Cangwu(Liubao)	冇
	Yulin	冇
	Hepu(Lianzhou)	冇
	Hepu(Shatian)	冇
	Guiping(Madong)	冇
	Beihai	冇
	Beihai(Nankang)	冇
	Beihai(Yingpan)	冇
	Beihai(Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	冇
	Beihai(Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	冇
	Fangchenggang(Fangcheng)	冇
	Chongzuo(Laituan)	冇
	Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)	唔
Singapore(Guangfu)	唔
Ho Chi Minh City(Guangfu)	唔
Móng Cái	冇
Gan	Nanchang	不
	Nanchang(Wangcheng)	冒
	Anyi	不
	Hukou	不
	Lushan	不
	Yongxiu	不
	Xiushui	不
	Pengze	不
	Duchang	不
	Wuning(Quankou)	不
	Poyang	不
	Yugan	不
	Wannian	冒
	Yiyang, Jiangxi	不
	Hengfeng	莫
	Leping	不
	Yichun	冇
	Yifeng	不
	Gao'an	唔
	Fengxin	不
	Shanggao	唔
	Wanzai	唔
	Fengcheng	不
	Xinyu	不
	Fuzhou	不
	Fuzhou(Dongxiang)	不,唔
	Nancheng	不
	Nanfeng	不
	Yihuang	不
	Lichuan	不
	Chongren	冒
	Pingxiang	冒
	Lianhua	不,唔
	Ji'an	不
	Jishui(Luotian)	不
	Yongfeng	不
	Taihe	唔
	Xiajiang	冒
	Yongxin	唔
	Yingtan(Yujiang)	不
	Guixi	沒
	Susong	不
	Susong(Heta)	不
	Wangjiang	不
	Qianshan	不
	Huaining	不
	Dongzhi	不
	Shitai	不
	Yangxin	不
	Daye	不
	Xianning	不
	Xianning(Maqiao)	不
	Jiayu	不
	Chongyang	不
	Chibi	冒
	Tongshan	不
	Jianli	不
	Yueyang	不
	Pingjiang(Xijiang)	不
	Liuyang	不
	Liling(Baitutan)	不
	Youxian	不
	Chaling	唔
	Leiyang	唔
Jianning	唔
Jinxian	不
Jinxi	冒
Le'an	冒
Guangchang	冒
Anfu	冒
Suichuan	唔
Wan'an	唔
Jing'an	沒
Zhangshu	冒
Xingan	冒
Fenyi	冒
Hakka	Meixian	唔
	Xingning	唔
	Huizhou(Huicheng; Bendihua)	唔
	Huidong(Daling)	唔
	Dongguan(Qingxi)	唔
	Shenzhen(Shatoujiao)	唔
	Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui)	唔
	Heyuan(Bendihua)	唔
	Wengyuan	唔
	Shaoguan(Qujiang)	唔
	Lianshan(Xiaosanjiang)	唔
	Liannan	唔
	Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua)	唔
	Jiexi	唔
	Zhao'an(Xiuzhuan)	唔
	Changting	唔
	Shanghang	唔
	Wuping	唔
	Wuping(Pingyu)	唔
	Liancheng	唔
	Ninghua	唔,不
	Qingliu	唔
	Yudu	唔
	Ningdu	唔
	Ruijin	唔
	Shicheng	唔
	Shangyou(Shexi)	晤
	Tonggu(Sandu)	唔
	Ganzhou(Panlong)	唔
	Ganzhou(Nankang)	唔
	Dayu	唔
	Quannan	唔
	Dingnan	唔
	Longnan	唔
	Xunwu	冒
	Anyuan	唔
	Huichang	冒
	Chongyi	唔
	Xingguo	莫
	Yunhe(Jinshuitan)	唔
	Tonggu	唔
	Fengxin(Zaoxi)	唔
	Miaoli(N. Sixian)	唔
	Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian)	唔
	Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu)	唔
	Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu)	唔
	Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping)	唔
	Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an)	唔
	Hong Kong	唔
	Maoming(Shalang, Dianbai)	無
	Mengshan(Xihe)	冒
	Luchuan(Daqiao)	冇
Huizhou	Jixi	不
	Shexian	不
	Huangshan(Tunxi)	不
	Huangshan(Huizhou)	不
	Wuyuan	沒
	Fuliang	不
	Dexing	不
	Chun'an(Qiandaohu)	不
	Jiande(Meicheng)	弗
	Jiande(Shouchang)	勿
Jin	Taiyuan	不
	Jinzhong(Taigu)	不
	Pingyao	不
	Heshun	不
	Qixian	不
	Yangyuan	不
	Datong	不
	Guangling	不
	Shuozhou(Pinglu)	不
	Xinzhou	不
	Wuzhai	不
	Lüliang(Lishi)	不
	Shilou	不
	Linxian	不
	Wenshui	不
	Xixian	不
	Changzhi	不
	Changzhi(Tunliu)	不
	Linhe	不
	Zhangzi	不
	Qinxian	不
	Lingchuan	不
	Jining	不
	Hohhot	不
	Erenhot	不
	Pingshan	不
	Zhangjiakou	不
	Handan	不
	Linzhou	不
	Suide	不
	Zizhou	不
	Mizhi	不
	Jiaxian	不
	Wubu	不
	Shenmu	不
	Fugu	不
	Yulin	不
	Yulin(Hengshan)	不
	Jingbian	不
	Yan'an	不
	Yan'an(Ansai)	不
	Ganquan	不
	Zhidan	不
	Wuqi	不
	Qingjian	不
	Zichang	不
	Yanchuan	不
	Yanchang	不
Jiuxing Yumin	Lanxi	弗
Northern Min	Jian'ou	伓,𣍐
	Songxi	唔,𣍐
	Zhenghe	唔,𣍐
	Pucheng(Shibei)	伓,𣍐
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	伓,𣍐
	Fuzhou(Changle)	伓,𣍐
	Lianjiang	伓,𣍐
	Fuqing	伓,𣍐
	Pingtan	伓,𣍐
	Yongtai	伓,𣍐
	Minqing	伓,𣍐
	Gutian	伓,𣍐
	Pingnan	伓,𣍐
	Luoyuan	伓,𣍐
	Fu'an	伓,𣍐
	Ningde	伓,𣍐
	Xiapu	伓,𣍐
	Zherong	伓,𣍐
	Shouning	伓,𣍐
	Zhouning	伓,𣍐
	Fuding	伓,𣍐
	Matsu	伓,𣍐
	Taishun	伓
	Cangnan	冇,無
	Cixi(Guanhaiwei)	伓
Southern Min	Xiamen	毋,𣍐,無
	Xiamen(Tong'an)	毋,𣍐,無
	Quanzhou	毋,𣍐,無
	Jinjiang	毋,𣍐,無
	Nan'an	毋,𣍐,無
	Shishi	毋,𣍐,無
	Hui'an	毋,𣍐,無
	Anxi	毋,𣍐,無
	Yongchun	毋,𣍐,無
	Dehua	毋,𣍐,無
	Zhangzhou	毋,𣍐,無
	Zhangzhou(Longhai)	毋,𣍐,無
	Zhangzhou(Changtai)	毋,𣍐,無
	Hua'an	毋,𣍐,無
	Nanjing	毋,𣍐,無
	Pinghe	毋,𣍐,無
	Zhangpu	毋,𣍐,無
	Yunxiao	毋,𣍐,無
	Zhao'an	毋,𣍐,無
	Dongshan	毋,𣍐,無
	Taipei	毋,𣍐,無
	Kaohsiung	毋,𣍐,無
	Tainan	毋,𣍐,無
	Kinmen	毋,𣍐,無
	Penang(Hokkien)	毋,𣍐,無
	Singapore(Hokkien)	毋,𣍐,無
	Manila(Hokkien)	毋,𣍐,無
	Datian	毋,𣍐
	Pingnan(Shangdu)	毋
	Cangnan	毋
	Langxi(Feili)	毋
	Chaozhou	唔,𣍐,無
	Shantou	唔,𣍐,無
	Jieyang	唔
	Haifeng	唔
	Singapore(Teochew)	唔,𣍐,無
	Batam(Teochew)	唔,𣍐,無
	Pontianak(Teochew)	唔
	Leizhou	伓
	Maoming(Xiadong, Dianbai)	無
	Wenchang	無
	Haikou	無
	Singapore(Hainanese)	無
Puxian Min	Putian	伓,𣍐
Puxian Min	Xianyou	伓,𣍐
Central Min	Yong'an	伓,𣍐
Central Min	Sanming(Shaxian)	伓,𣍐
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	冒,唔
	Guangze	唔
	Jiangle	唔
	Mingxi	唔
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)	唔
Southern Pinghua	Nanning(Tingzi)	冇
Southern Pinghua	Binyang	冇
Northern Pinghua	Guilin(Dahe)	不
Shehua	Fu'an	唔,𣍐
	Fuding	唔,𣍐
	Luoyuan	唔,𣍐
	Sanming	唔,𣍐
	Shunchang	唔,𣍐
	Hua'an	唔,𣍐
	Jingning(Hexi)	嘸
	Jingning(Zhengkeng)	嘸
Wu	Shanghai	勿
	Shanghai(Yangpu)	勿
	Shanghai(Xinzhuang, Minhang)	勿
	Shanghai(Songjiang)	勿
	Shanghai(Chuansha, Pudong)	勿,弗
	Shanghai(Nanhui, Pudong)	勿
	Shanghai(Huinan, Pudong)	勿
	Shanghai(Fengxian)	勿
	Shanghai(Jinshan)	勿
	Shanghai(Qingpu)	勿
	Shanghai(Jiading)	勿
	Shanghai(Luodian, Baoshan)	勿
	Shanghai(Yuepu, Baoshan)	勿
	Shanghai(Chongming)	弗,勿
	Suzhou	弗
	Suzhou(Xishan, Wuzhong)	弗
	Suzhou(Lili, Wujiang)	弗
	Wuxi	弗
	Changshu	弗
	Kunshan	弗
	Zhangjiagang	弗
	Qidong	弗
	Qidong(Lüsi)	不
	Nantong(Haimen)	弗
	Haimen(Sijia)	不
	Rudong	弗
	Jiaxing	弗
	Jiashan	弗
	Pinghu	弗
	Haining(Xiashi)	弗
	Tongxiang	弗
	Haiyan	弗
	Changzhou	弗
	Liyang	弗
	Changzhou(Jintan)	弗
	Yixing	勿
	Danyang	弗
	Jingjiang	不
	Jiangyin	弗
	Nanjing(Gaochun)	不
	Huzhou	弗
	Changxing	弗
	Anji	弗
	Anji(Xiaofeng)	弗
	Deqing	弗
	Hangzhou	不
	Hangzhou(Yuhang)	弗
	Hangzhou(Lin'an)	弗
	Hangzhou(Changfa, Lin'an)	不
	Hangzhou(Yuqian, Lin'an)	不
	Hangzhou(Fuyang)	弗
	Hangzhou(Xiaoshan)	弗
	Tonglu	勿
	Tonglu(Wusheng)	不
	Shaoxing	勿
	Shaoxing(Keqiao)	勿
	Shaoxing(Shangyu)	勿
	Zhuji	弗
	Shengzhou	弗
	Xinchang	弗
	Ningbo	勿,嘸沒
	Ningbo(Zhenhai)	弗
	Ningbo(Fenghua)	弗
	Ningbo(Beilun)	勿
Ningbo(Yinzhou)	弗
Yuyao	勿
Cixi	弗
Xiangshan	弗
Ninghai	弗
Zhoushan	弗
Zhoushan(Dinghai)	弗
Daishan	弗
Shengsi	勿
Taizhou(Huangyan)	弗
Tiantai	弗,勿
Xianju	弗
Sanmen	弗
Linhai	弗
Wenling	弗
Yuhuan	弗
Wenzhou	否
Yueqing	否
Yongjia	否
Rui'an	否
Pingyang	否
Taishun	否
Wencheng	否
Lishui	否
Qingtian	否
Jinyun	弗
Wuyi(Liucheng)	弗
Songyang(Xiping)	弗
Yunhe	否
Jingning	否
Qingyuan	否
Longquan	否
Quzhou	弗
Quzhou(Duze, Qujiang)	弗
Suichang	否
Jiangshan	弗
Changshan	弗
Kaihua	弗
Longyou	弗
Jinhua	弗
Jinhua(Tangxi)	弗
Yiwu	弗
Yongkang	弗
Pujiang	弗
Dongyang	弗
Wuyi	弗
Lanxi	弗
Shangrao	嘸
Shangrao(Guangfeng)	唔
Tongling(Xihu & Shun'an)	不
Nanling	不
Tongling(Yi'an)	不
Huangshan	不
Jingxian	不
Jingxian(Zhaji)	不
Pucheng	嘸
Xiang	Changsha	不,唔
	Yiyang, Hunan	不
	Xiangtan	不
	Xiangxiang	不
	Loudi	不
	Shuangfeng	不
	Xinhua	唔
	Lianyuan	不
	Shaoyang	唔,莫
	Wugang	不,冇
	Hengyang	不
	Hengshan	不
	Qiyang	不
	Quanzhou	不
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	沒
Xiangnan Tuhua	Dong'an	不
Yuebei Tuhua	Shaoguan(Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang)	唔
	Shaoguan(Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang)	唔
	Shaoguan(Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang)	唔
	Renhua(Zhoutian)	唔
	Renhua(Shitang)	不,唔
	Ruyuan(Songwei, Guitou)	唔

Usage notes

[edit]

(Mandarin)
- The tone changes from fourth to second tone when followed by a fourth-tone syllable.
- (not):
  - The past-perfect form of不 is沒／没 (méi) or未 (wèi), not *不了.
    我不當兵。／我不当兵。 ― Wǒbù dāngbīng. ― I amnot becoming a soldier.
    我沒當兵。／我没当兵。 ― Wǒméi dāngbīng. ― I didnot become a soldier.
    我未當兵。／我未当兵。 ― Wǒwèi dāngbīng. ― I havenot yet become a soldier.
    我不當兵了。／我不当兵了。 ― Wǒbù dāngbīngle. ― I amno longer a soldier.
    Note that the 4th sentence does not mean "I have not become a soldier". Syntactically,不 is a verb prefix that forms astative verb with the verb to be negated. Therefore it can not be modified by the perfective aspect marker了 (le), which modifies onlydynamic verbs. When了 appears in a不 sentence, it usually functions as a marker of "currently relevant state" instead.
  - 不 can not be used before the verb有 (yǒu, “to have”). Use沒／没 (méi) instead.
    Incorrect:
    *我不有手機。
    Correct:
    我沒有手機。／我没有手机。 ― Wǒméiyǒu shǒujī. ― I donot have a mobile phone.
  - 不 can not be used before compounds beginning with有, or another不. Depending on the context, other negative particles must be used instead which formally contain a predicate or auxiliary, e.g.,不是 (bùshì),並非／并非 (bìngfēi), imperfective沒有／没有 (méiyǒu), epistemic不會／不会 (bùhuì).
    Incorrect:
    *這個問題不不值一提。
    Correct:
    這個問題不是不值一提。[MSC,trad.]
    这个问题不是不值一提。[MSC,simp.]
    Zhè ge wèntíbùshì bùzhí yī tí.[Pinyin]
    This problem is not unworth mentioning.
  - The verb can be elided, as in the following:
    爲什麼不呢？／为什么不呢？ ― Wèishénmebù ne? ― Why not?
    - An equivalent construction is not valid in Cantonese.
- (can not):
  - "not" and "can not" are distinguished only by word order.
    他不打開門。／他不打开门。 ― Tābù dǎkāi mén. ― Hedoes not open the door.
    他打不開門。／他打不开门。 ― Tā dǎbù kāi mén. ― Hecan not open the door.
  - Since不 must be placed before a complement, if there is no complement in the sentence, a placeholder了 (liǎo) can be used for this purpose.
    我動不了。／我动不了。 ― Wǒ dòngbù liǎo. ― Ican not move.
- (no): Although不 can be used like Englishno to answer a yes/no question, it is more natural to answer it by changing the question to a negative statement.
  你認識他嗎？不。[MSC,trad.]
  你认识他吗？不。[MSC,simp.]
  Nǐ rènshí tā ma?Bù.[Pinyin]
  Do you know him?No.
  你認識他嗎？(我 )不認識。[MSC,trad.]
  你认识他吗？(我 )不认识。[MSC,simp.]
  Nǐ rènshí tā ma? (wǒ)bù rènshí.[Pinyin]
  Do you know him?No.
When read inNorthern Wu languages, such asShanghainese orSuzhounese, the syllable is pronounced the same as勿, despite the existing expected pronunciation.

Descendants

[edit]

Sino-Xenic (不):

→ Japanese:不(ふ)(fu)
→ Korean:불(不)(bul),부(不)(bu)
→ Vietnamese:bất(不)

Etymology 2

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin):fǒu (fou³)
(Zhuyin):ㄈㄡˇ
Cantonese(Jyutping):fau²
Puxian Min(Pouseng Ping'ing):hieo³
Southern Min(Teochew,Peng'im):houn²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:fǒu
  - Zhuyin:ㄈㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:fǒu
  - Wade–Giles:fou³
  - Yale:fǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:bu
  - Palladius:фоу(fou)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/foʊ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese,Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping:fau²
  - Yale:fáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin:fau²
  - Guangdong Romanization:feo²
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/fɐu̯³⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:hieo³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍:hâ̤u
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/hieu⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing:hieo³
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/hieu³³²/
Southern Min
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im:houn²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:hóuⁿ
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/hõũ⁵²/

Middle Chinese:pjuwX

Rime
Character	不
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	方久切
Baxter	pjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/piu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/piəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puw^X/
Li Rong	/piu^X/
Wang Li	/pĭəu^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fǒu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau²

Definitions

[edit]

不

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)alternative form of否(negation and question particle)
- 須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？[Classical Chinese,trad.]
  须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？[Classical Chinese,simp.]
  From:The Diamond Sutra, translated byKumārajīva circa 5^th centuryCE
  Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duōfǒu?[Pinyin]
  Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?

Etymology 3

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin):Fōu (Fou¹)
(Zhuyin):ㄈㄡ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:Fōu
  - Zhuyin:ㄈㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:Fou
  - Wade–Giles:Fou¹
  - Yale:Fōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:Bu
  - Palladius:Фоу(Fou)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/foʊ̯⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese:pjuw

Rime
Character	不
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	甫鳩切
Baxter	pjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/piu/
Shao Rongfen	/piəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puw/
Li Rong	/piu/
Wang Li	/pĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart):/*pə/
(Zhengzhang):/*pɯ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	不
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bù
Middle Chinese	‹ pjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*pə/
English	not
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	不
Reading #	1/3
No.	1025
Phonetic component	不
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	不
Old Chinese	/*pɯ/

Definitions

[edit]

不

asurname

Etymology 4

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin):fū (fu¹)
(Zhuyin):ㄈㄨ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin:fū
  - Zhuyin:ㄈㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin:fu
  - Wade–Giles:fu¹
  - Yale:fū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh:bu
  - Palladius:фу(fu)
  - SinologicalIPA^(key):/fu⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese:pjut

Rime
Character	不
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	物 (60)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	分勿切
Baxter	pjut
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨut̚/
Pan Wuyun	/piut̚/
Shao Rongfen	/piuət̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/put̚/
Li Rong	/piuət̚/
Wang Li	/pĭuət̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯uət̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fat¹