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下

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:丅and卞
下U+4E0B,下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B
←上
[U+4E0A]		CJK Unified Ideographs丌 →
[U+4E0C]

𝍴U+1D374,𝍴
IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK THREE
←𝍳
[U+1D373]		Counting Rod Numerals𝍵 →
[U+1D375]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
Stroke order
3 strokes

Han character

[edit]

下 (Kangxi radical 1,一+2, 3 strokes,cangjie input一卜 (MY),four-corner10230,composition⿱一卜)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese

[edit]
simp. andtrad.
下
alternative forms丅ancient
𠄟

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character下
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptAncient scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
j00145
j00146
j00147
j00148
j00149
j00150
j00151
j00152
j00153
j00154
j00155
j00156
j00157
j00158
j00159
j00160
j00161
j00162
b00153
b00154
b00155
b00156
b00157
b00158
b00159
b00160
b00161
b00162
Transcribed ancient scripts
L34992
L34993
L34994
L34995
L34996
L34997
L34998
L34999
L35000
L35001
L17177
L17178
L17179
L17180
L17181
L17182
L17183
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears'Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the samephonetic series (下)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
丅*ɡraːʔ
下*ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs
芐*ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ

Ideogram (指事): a linebelow another. (contrast上) This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.

Etymology 1

[edit]

    FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*(k/g)la-k/j/t(“to fall”) (STEDT):

    • inside Sinitic, cognate with落 (OC*ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”),露 (OC*ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”),陊 (OC*l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and阤 (OC*l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
    • outside Sinitic, cognate withMizotla ~ tlâk(“to fall”),thla ~ thlâk(“to drop”),Burmeseကျ(kya.,“to fall”) andချ(hkya.,“to drop”).

    Schuessler (2007) instead proposed anAustroasiatic origin by comparing下 (OC*ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) toKhmer[script needed](gra'ka,“be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:

    • 下 (OC*ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is anexopassive derivation (ibid.);
    • 下 (OC*ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

    Pronunciation 1

    [edit]
    Note:
    • ha4 - vernacular;
    • xia4 - literary.
    Note:
    • hā - vernacular;
    • xiā - literary.
    Note:
    • hâ/ha1 - vernacular ("low", "below", "under");
    • ha/ha4 - literary ("inferior", "low-ranking", "next").
    Note:
    • hā - literary;
    • à - vernacular.
    Note:
    • hâ - literary;
    • â - vernacular.
    Note:
    • ha5 - literary;
    • or5 - vernacular.
    Note:
    • hā/hǎ/hēe/hiěe - literary, abstract sense (“lower (in status, rank, quantity); bad, poor; inferior; subservient; final (in a set of two or three); downward”);
    • ē/ě/ēe/ěe - vernacular, concrete sense (“lower (spacially); next, posterior (in time), younger; southern; under, below, down”);
    • both - in certain compounds (天下,地下,下層) or as a postposition (“under, with”,以下).
    Note:
    • hia6 - literary;
    • ê6 - vernacular.
    Note:
    • 6gho - vernacular;
    • shia - new literary;
    • 6ya,6yo - literary.
      Note:
      • Dialectal data
      VarietyLocation下 (底下)
      MandarinBeijing/ɕia⁵¹/
      Harbin/ɕia⁵³/
      Tianjin/ɕiɑ⁵³/
      Jinan/ɕia²¹/
      Qingdao/ɕia⁴²/
      Zhengzhou/ɕia³¹²/
      Xi'an/xa⁴⁴/～頭
      Xining/xa²¹³/
      Yinchuan/ɕia¹³/
      Lanzhou/xa¹³/
      Ürümqi/xa²¹³/
      Wuhan/ɕia³⁵/
      Chengdu/ɕia¹³/
      Guiyang/xa²¹³/
      /ɕia²¹³/
      Kunming/ɕia̠²¹²/
      Nanjing/ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
      Hefei/ɕia⁵³/
      JinTaiyuan/xa⁴⁵/
      Pingyao/xɑ³⁵/
      Hohhot/ɕiaʔ⁰/
      WuShanghai/ɦo²³/
      /ɕia⁵³/
      Suzhou/ɦo³¹/
      Hangzhou/ɦiɑ¹³/
      Wenzhou/ɦo³⁵/
      HuiShexian/ɕia²²/
      /xa³⁵/
      Tunxi/xɔ²⁴/
      XiangChangsha/xa¹¹/
      Xiangtan/ɦɒ²¹/
      GanNanchang/hɑ²¹/
      HakkaMeixian/ha⁴⁴/
      Taoyuan/hɑ²⁴/
      CantoneseGuangzhou/ha²²/
      Nanning/ha²⁴/
      Hong Kong/ha²²/
      MinXiamen (Hokkien)/ha²²/
      /ke²²/
      Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/ɑ²⁴²/
      Jian'ou (Northern Min)/tai²¹/
      Shantou (Teochew)/e³⁵/
      Haikou (Hainanese)/ɛ³³/
      Rime
      Character下
      Reading #1/2
      Initial (聲)匣 (33)
      Final (韻)麻 (98)
      Tone (調)Rising (X)
      Openness (開合)Open
      Division (等)II
      Fanqie胡雅切
      BaxterhaeX
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang      		/ɦˠaX/
      Pan
      Wuyun      		/ɦᵚaX/
      Shao
      Rongfen      		/ɣaX/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank      		/ɦaɨX/
      Li
      Rong      		/ɣaX/
      Wang
      Li      		/ɣaX/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren      		/ɣaX/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex      		xià
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex      		haa6
      Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character下
      Reading #1/2
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)      		xià
      Middle
      Chinese      		‹ hæX ›
      Old
      Chinese      		/*ɡˁraʔ/
      Englishdown

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character下
      Reading #1/2
      No.13445
      Phonetic
      component      		下
      Rime
      group      		魚
      Rime
      subdivision      		0
      Corresponding
      MC rime      		下
      Old
      Chinese      		/*ɡraːʔ/
      This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with theIPA then please add some!
      Particularly: “Taishanese”

      Definitions
      [edit]

      下

      1. lowerpart of;under
        樹下／树下  ― shùxià  ―  under the tree
        樓下／楼下  ― lóuxià  ―  downstairs
      2. under theinfluence of;with
        在這些條件下／在这些条件下  ― zài zhèxiē tiáojiànxià  ―  under these conditions
        在朋友的幫助下／在朋友的帮助下  ― zài péngyǒu de bāngzhùxià  ― with help from friends
        在藥師指導下／在药师指导下  ― zài yàoshī zhǐdǎoxià  ― under the instruction of a pharmacist
      3. lower; locatedbelow
        下層／下层  ― xiàcéng  ―  lower level
      4. later;next
        下個世紀／下个世纪  ― xià ge shìjì  ―  the next century
        下卷  ― xiàjuǎn  ―  Volume II
        下一站  ― xià yī zhàn  ―  The next station is... (used in public transport announcements)
      5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)inferior,poor
        下人  ― xiàrén  ―  servant
        下品  ― xiàpǐn  ―  inferior products
      6. (literary or Xiang)low
      Antonyms
      [edit]
      Compounds
      [edit]

      Pronunciation 2

      [edit]
      Note:
      • hâ/ha1 - "to descend", "to go to", "to leave (work)";
      • ha/ha4 - "to issue (orders)".
      • Dialectal data
      VarietyLocation下 (下降)
      MandarinBeijing/ɕia⁵¹/
      Harbin/ɕia⁵³/
      Tianjin/ɕiɑ⁵³/
      Jinan/ɕia²¹/
      Qingdao/ɕia⁴²/
      Zhengzhou/ɕia³¹²/
      Xi'an/ɕia⁴⁴/
      Xining/ɕia²¹³/
      Yinchuan/ɕia¹³/
      Lanzhou/ɕia¹³/
      Ürümqi/ɕia²¹³/
      Wuhan/ɕia³⁵/
      Chengdu/ɕia¹³/
      Guiyang/ɕia²¹³/
      Kunming/ɕia̠²¹²/
      Nanjing/ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
      Hefei/ɕia⁵³/
      JinTaiyuan/ɕia⁴⁵/
      Pingyao/xɑ³⁵/
      Hohhot/ɕia⁵⁵/
      WuShanghai/ɦo²³/
      /ɕia⁵³/
      Suzhou/ɦo³¹/
      Hangzhou/ɦiɑ¹³/
      Wenzhou/ɦo²²/
      HuiShexian/ɕia²²/
      /xa²²/
      Tunxi/xɔ²⁴/
      XiangChangsha/ɕia⁵⁵/
      /ɕia¹¹/
      Xiangtan/ɕiɒ²¹/
      GanNanchang/hɑ²¹/
      HakkaMeixian/ha³¹/
      Taoyuan/hɑ⁵⁵/
      CantoneseGuangzhou/ha²²/
      Nanning/ha²²/
      Hong Kong/ha²²/
      MinXiamen (Hokkien)/ha²²/
      Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/kiɑ²⁴²/
      Jian'ou (Northern Min)/a⁴²/
      Shantou (Teochew)/hia³⁵/
      Haikou (Hainanese)/ɛ³³/
      Rime
      Character下
      Reading #2/2
      Initial (聲)匣 (33)
      Final (韻)麻 (98)
      Tone (調)Departing (H)
      Openness (開合)Open
      Division (等)II
      Fanqie胡駕切
      BaxterhaeH
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang      		/ɦˠaH/
      Pan
      Wuyun      		/ɦᵚaH/
      Shao
      Rongfen      		/ɣaH/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank      		/ɦaɨH/
      Li
      Rong      		/ɣaH/
      Wang
      Li      		/ɣaH/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren      		/ɣaH/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex      		xià
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex      		haa6
      Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character下
      Reading #2/2
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)      		xià
      Middle
      Chinese      		‹ hæH ›
      Old
      Chinese      		/*m-ɡˁraʔ-s/
      Englishdescend

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character下
      Reading #2/2
      No.13446
      Phonetic
      component      		下
      Rime
      group      		魚
      Rime
      subdivision      		0
      Corresponding
      MC rime      		暇
      Old
      Chinese      		/*ɡraːs/
      Definitions
      [edit]

      下

      1. togo down; todescend(as complement)downwards;down
        你快下來。／你快下来。  ― Nǐ kuàixià lái.  ― Come down here.
        下海  ― xiàhǎi  ―  to go to sea
        下樓／下楼  ― xiàlóu  ―  to go downstairs
        下山  ― xiàshān  ―  to go down the mountain
        走下  ― zǒuxià  ―  to walk down
        落下  ― luòxià  ―  to fall down
        跳下深淵／跳下深渊  ― tiàoxià shēnyuān  ―  to jump down to an abyss
        1. (as complement)completely,thoroughly
          拿下  ― náxià  ―  to capture; to arrest
          打下基礎／打下基础  ― dǎxià jīchǔ  ―  to lay the foundation
      2. togetout of; toleave; toalight; toget off
        下船  ― xiàchuán  ―  to disembark from a boat
        下床  ― xiàchuáng  ―  to get out of bed
        1. tofinish, tocomplete
          下班  ― xiàbān  ―  to get off work
          下課／下课  ― xiàkè  ―  to finish class
      3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
        下鄉／下乡  ― xiàxiāng  ―  to go to the countryside
        下館子／下馆子  ― xiàguǎnzǐ  ―  to go to the restaurant
        下野  ― xiàyě  ―  to be forced to step down
      4. togive orissue something to an inferior person
        下令  ― xiàlìng  ―  to issue an order
        1. tosend aninvitation
          下戰書／下战书  ― xià zhànshū  ―  to send a letter of challenge
      5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to stay the night
        下榻  ― xiàtà  ―  to stay the night
      6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) toconquer
        連下三城／连下三城  ― liánxià sān chéng  ―  to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")
      7. (colloquial)short for下載 (“to download”)
        先去下個軟件。／先去下个软件。  ― Xiān qùxià ge ruǎnjiàn.  ― Download the software first.
      8. (colloquial)short for下線 (“to log out”)
      Synonyms
      [edit]
      Dialectal synonyms of下 (“to go down; to descend”)[map]
      VarietyLocationWords
      Formal(Written Standard Chinese)下,落 (Chiefly Cantonese)
      Northeastern MandarinBeijing下
      Taiwan下
      Malaysia下
      Singapore下
      Jilu MandarinJinan下
      Jiaoliao MandarinYantai(Muping)下
      Central Plains MandarinWanrong下
      Xi'an下
      Xining下
      Lanyin MandarinYinchuan下
      Ürümqi下
      Jianghuai MandarinYangzhou下
      CantoneseGuangzhou落
      Hong Kong落
      Yangjiang落
      Nanning落
      Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)落
      Singapore(Guangfu)落
      GanNanchang下
      Pingxiang下
      HakkaMeixian落
      JinTaiyuan下
      Xinzhou下
      Northern MinJian'ou下
      Southern MinXiamen落
      Quanzhou落
      Zhangzhou落
      Zhao'an落
      Taipei落 GT
      Penang(Hokkien)落
      Singapore(Hokkien)落
      Manila(Hokkien)落
      Chaozhou落
      Shantou落
      Jieyang落
      Singapore(Teochew)落
      Wenchang落
      Haikou落
      Qionghai落
      Singapore(Hainanese)落
      Zhongshan MinZhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi)落
      WuShanghai落
      Suzhou落
      Hangzhou下,落
      Hangzhou(Yuhang)落
      Wenzhou落
      Jinhua落
      NoteGT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
      See also
      [edit]
      Compounds
      [edit]

      Pronunciation 3

      [edit]
      Note:
      • ha/ha4 - "to put in (an effort)";
      • há/ha3 - "to take off", "to reproduce".
      Note: khē/khě - variant for "to put".
      Note:
      • Ningbo:
        • 6gho - "to put into boiling water", "to sow";
        • 1o — "to put in an effort", "to fill", "to fertilize".
        Note:3hua - as in下種／下种.
        Definitions
        [edit]

        下

        1. (transitive)(with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
          1. to use; to start doing something; to put in aneffort
            下手  ― xiàshǒu  ―  to start doing (lit., "to put the hands")
            下筆／下笔  ― xiàbǐ  ―  to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
            下腳／下脚  ― xiàjiǎo  ―  to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
            下藥／下药  ― xiàyào  ―  1) to prescribe medicine; 2) to drug someone
            下毒  ― xiàdú  ―  to poison someone
            下力  ― xiàlì  ―  to make an effort
            下命[Hokkien]  ― hē-miā[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  togo all out
            下心神[Hokkien]  ― hē sim-sîn[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to concentrate (on doing something)
          2. tosow; toplant
            下種／下种  ― xiàzhǒng  ―  to sow seeds
          3. to give money; to put in capital
            下本錢／下本钱  ― xià běnqián  ―  toput incapital
          4. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin) torain orsnow
            Synonym:落
            下雪  ― xiàxuě  ―  to snow
            下雨  ― xiàyǔ  ―  to rain
          5. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin) togive birth (as an animal)
            Synonym:生
            下豬仔／下猪仔  ― xià zhūzaǐ  ―  to have piglets
            下蛋  ― xiàdàn  ―  to lay eggs
          6. (Mandarin) to move (in chess)
          7. (chiefly Mandarin, Wu) toputfood into boiling water
            下麵條／下面条  ― xià miàntiáo  ―  to put noodles into boiling water
            下餃子／下饺子  ― xià jiǎozǐ  ―  to put dumplings into boiling water
          8. (Hokkien) to bribe
            下賂／下赂[Hokkien]  ― hē-lō͘[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to give abribe
          9. (Min, Taishanese) toput in; toadd(a condiment, etc.)
            下鹽／下盐[Hokkien]  ― hē-iâm[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to putsalt (in food)
          10. (Hokkien) toload; toship
          11. (Hokkien) to make avow
            下願／下愿[Hokkien]  ― hē-goān[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to make a vow (to a god)
            下神下佛[Hokkien]  ― hē-sîn hē-pu̍t[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to vow to spirits and buddhas
          12. (Hokkien, Ningbonese) tofertilize
          13. (Ningbonese) to fill (ammunition)
          14. (Hakka) toremove, totake off (especially ahat)
            下帽仔[Sixian Hakka]  ― há mo-é[Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  to take off the hat
            窗簾下下來洗撇知[Meixian Hakka,trad.]
            窗帘下下来洗撇知[Meixian Hakka,simp.]
            cung1 liam2 ha3 ha1 loi2 sê3 pêd5 di1[Hakka Transliteration Scheme]
            Take down the curtains and wash them.
        Compounds
        [edit]

        Pronunciation 4

        [edit]
        simp. andtrad.
        		下
        alternative forms吓Cantonese
        • Dialectal data
        VarietyLocation下 (等一下子)
        MandarinBeijing/ɕia⁵¹/
        Harbin/ɕia⁵³/
        Tianjin/ɕiɑ⁵³/
        Jinan/ɕia²¹/
        Qingdao/ɕia⁴²/
        Zhengzhou/ɕia³¹²/
        Xi'an/xa⁴⁴/
        Xining/xa²¹³/
        Yinchuan/ɕia¹³/
        Lanzhou/xa¹³/
        Ürümqi/xa²¹³/
        Wuhan/ɕia³⁵/
        /xa³⁵/
        Chengdu/xa¹³/
        Guiyang/xa²¹³/
        Kunming/xa̠²¹²/
        Nanjing/ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
        Hefei/ɕia⁵³/
        JinTaiyuan/xa⁴⁵/
        /ɕia⁴⁵/
        Pingyao/xɑ³⁵/
        Hohhot/ɕia⁵⁵/
        WuShanghai/ɕiɪʔ⁵/(歇)
        Suzhou
        Hangzhou/ɦiɑ¹³/
        Wenzhou/o⁴²/
        HuiShexian/xa²²/
        Tunxi/xɔ¹¹/
        XiangChangsha/xa¹¹/
        Xiangtan/ɦɒ²¹/
        GanNanchang/hɑ²¹/
        HakkaMeixian/ha⁵³/
        Taoyuan/hɑ⁵⁵/
        CantoneseGuangzhou/ha²³/
        Nanning/ha²²/
        Hong Kong/ha¹³/
        MinXiamen (Hokkien)/ha²²/
        /e²²/
        Fuzhou (Eastern Min)/hɑ²⁴²/
        Jian'ou (Northern Min)/xa⁴⁴/
        Shantou (Teochew)/e³¹/
        Haikou (Hainanese)/ɛ²³/
        Definitions
        [edit]

        下

        1. Classifier for the number of occurrences:time
          敲三下門。／敲三下门。  ― Qiāo sānxià mén.  ―  Knock at the door threetimes.
        2. (colloquial)(as complement)short for一下
          1. for a short time; for one moment
            等下  ― děngxià  ―  wait a moment
          2. give something a go
            看下  ― kànxià  ―  take a look
            睇下[Cantonese]  ― tai2haa5[Jyutping]  ― take a look
            聞下／闻下[Cantonese]  ― man4haa5[Jyutping]  ― try smelling it
            開始做下工／开始做下工[Cantonese]  ― hoi1 ci2 zou6haa5 gung1[Jyutping]  ―  start doing some work
        3. (historical, obsolete)synonym of點 /点(diǎn): an ancient unit oftime, equal to 24minutes
        Synonyms
        [edit]
        Dialectal synonyms of一下 (“give something a go; give something a try”)[map]
        VarietyLocationWords
        Formal(Written Standard Chinese)一下
        Northeastern MandarinTaiwan一下,看看
        Malaysia一下
        Singapore一下
        CantoneseGuangzhou下
        Hong Kong下
        Macau下
        Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu)下
        Singapore(Guangfu)下
        Southern MinXiamen看覓
        Quanzhou看覓
        Zhangzhou看覓
        Taipei看覓
        Kaohsiung看覓
        Penang(Hokkien)看覓
        Singapore(Hokkien)看覓,一下
        Manila(Hokkien)覓,看覓,一下
        Chaozhou睇,下睇
        Shantou一下
        Singapore(Teochew)睇
        WuShanghai看,一記,一下 often with non-monosyllabic verbs
        Suzhou看,一下
        Ningbo看
        Compounds
        [edit]

        Descendants

        [edit]
        Sino-Xenic (下):

        Etymology 2

        [edit]
        simp. andtrad.
        		下
        alternative forms低Southern Min

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Definitions

        [edit]

        下(Eastern Min, Southern Min)

        1. low;short

        Synonyms

        [edit]
        Dialectal synonyms of低 (“low”)[map]
        VarietyLocationWords
        Formal(Written Standard Chinese)低
        Northeastern MandarinBeijing低
        Taiwan低
        Malaysia低
        Singapore低
        Jilu MandarinJinan低
        Central Plains MandarinXi'an低
        Southwestern MandarinChengdu矮,低
        Wuhan低,矮
        Jianghuai MandarinYangzhou低
        Hefei低,矮
        CantoneseGuangzhou低
        Hong Kong低
        Taishan低
        Yangjiang低
        Singapore(Guangfu)低
        GanNanchang低,矮
        HakkaMeixian低,矮
        JinTaiyuan低
        Northern MinJian'ou矮
        Eastern MinFuzhou下,矮
        Southern MinXiamen下
        Quanzhou下
        Jinjiang下
        Zhangzhou下
        Tainan下
        Penang(Hokkien)下
        Singapore(Hokkien)下
        Manila(Hokkien)下
        Chaozhou下,矮
        Shantou下
        Jieyang下
        Singapore(Teochew)下
        Pontianak(Teochew)下
        Singapore(Hainanese)低
        Puxian MinPutian下,矮
        Xianyou下,矮
        WuSuzhou低
        Ningbo低,矮
        Zhoushan低,矮
        Wenzhou低,矮
        XiangChangsha低,矮,下
        Shuangfeng低,矮

        Compounds

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]

        Japanese

        [edit]

        Kanji

        [edit]
        See also:
        下

        (First grade kyōiku kanji)

        Readings

        [edit]

        Compounds

        [edit]
        Compounds

        Etymology 1

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        した
        Grade: 1
        kun'yomi

        /sita/ →/ɕita/

        FromOld Japanese, fromProto-Japonic*sita.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(した)• (shita) 

        1. theunderneath
          Antonym:上(ue)
          • 1928,Motojirō Kajii,Sakura no ki no shita ni wa [Under the cherry trees]‎[2], Modern kanji and kana edition:
            桜(さくら)の樹(き)の下(した)には屍体(したい)が埋(う)まっている！これは信(しん)じていいことなんだよ。
            Sakura no ki noshita ni wa shitai ga umatte iru! Kore wa shinjite ii koto na n da yo.
            There are dead bodies buriedunder the cherry trees! This is something you should believe.
        Derived terms
        [edit]

        Etymology 2

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        しも
        Grade: 1
        kun'yomi

        ⟨simo1⟩ →/simʷo/ →/ɕimo/

        FromOld Japanese, fromProto-Japonic*simo.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(しも)• (shimo) 

        1. thelowerportion,end
          Antonym:上(kami)
        2. lowness indegree orrank
        3. thedownstream portion of a river
        4. thedownriver area
        5. the area farther from thecapital
        6. thelast part of a month, year, etc.
        7. the lower half of the body
        8. (euphemistic)private parts
        9. (euphemistic)feces andurine,excrement
        Derived terms
        [edit]
        Derived terms

        Etymology 3

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        もと
        Grade: 1
        kun'yomi
        Alternative spelling
        許

        Cognate with本(moto,“origin”).[3][4]

        Alternative forms

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(もと)• (moto) 

        1. thelowerportion,base
        2. under theinfluence of
          同(どう)意(い)のもと、[…]
          dōi nomoto, […]
          with permission, […]

        Etymology 4

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        げ
        Grade: 1
        goon

        FromMiddle Chinese下 (MC haeX|haeH).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(げ)• (ge) 

        1. thelastvolume in a two- or three-volume set
        2. bottom,low

        Etymology 5

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        下
        か
        Grade: 1
        kan'on

        FromMiddle Chinese下 (MC haeX|haeH).

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Affix

        [edit]

        下(か)• (ka) 

        1. down;below;beneath

        Suffix

        [edit]

        下(か)• (-ka) 

        1. under asituation

        References

        [edit]
        1. ↑1.01.11.21.31.4Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
        2. ↑2.02.12.22.32.4NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998),NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN
        3. ^Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
        4. ^Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995),大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,→ISBN

        Korean

        [edit]

        Hanja

        [edit]

        下 (eumhun아래하(arae ha))

        1. (only used in compounds)hanja form? of하(“below;bottom;lower;underneath”)

        Compounds

        [edit]

        Okinawan

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        Attested in the沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) asしちや.[1]

        Cognate with mainlandJapanese下(shita).

        Noun

        [edit]

        下(しちゃ) (shicha) 

        1. thebelow

        Derived terms

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]
        1. ^Nakamoto, Masayo (中本政世) (1896),沖縄語典 [Documentation of the Language of Okinawa], Hikone (彦根市): Eishōdō (永昌堂),→DOI, page46

        Old Japanese

        [edit]

        Etymology 1

        [edit]

        FromProto-Japonic*sita.

        Noun

        [edit]

        下 (sita) (kana した)

        1. thebelow
          1. lookingdown
            • 711–712,Kojiki, poem 57:
              ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
              ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
              (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
          2. aplace
            • 711–712,Kojiki, poem 5:
              ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
              ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
              (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
          Antonym:上(upe2)
        Derived terms
        [edit]
        Descendants
        [edit]
        • Japanese:下(shita)

        Etymology 2

        [edit]

        FromProto-Japonic*simo.

        Noun

        [edit]

        下 (simo1 → simo) (kana しも)

        1. thelowerpart
          Antonym:上(kami1)
        Descendants
        [edit]
        • Japanese:下(shimo)

        Vietnamese

        [edit]

        Han character

        [edit]

        下:Hán Việt readings:hạ[1][2][3]
        下:Nôm readings:hạ[1][2][3]

        1. chữ Hán form ofhạ(“tolower; tobring down; totake down”)

        Compounds

        [edit]

        References

        [edit]
        1. ↑1.01.1Nguyễn (2014).
        2. ↑2.02.1Nguyễn et al. (2009).
        3. ↑3.03.1Trần (2004).
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