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三

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Ξ,≡,ミ,參,叁,彡,and丰
三U+4E09,三
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09
←丈
[U+4E08]		CJK Unified Ideographs上 →
[U+4E0A]

㈢U+3222,㈢
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH THREE
←㈡
[U+3221]		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months㈣ →
[U+3223]

㊂U+3282,㊂
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH THREE
←㊁
[U+3281]		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months㊃ →
[U+3283]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

三 (Kangxi radical 1,一+2, 3 strokes,cangjie input一一一 (MMM),four-corner10101,composition⿱一二 or⿱𠄟一)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №4

Derived characters

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 76, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12
  • Dae Jaweon: page 138, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 4, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+4E09

Further reading

[edit]

Chinese

[edit]
simp. andtrad.
三
alternative forms叄／叁／參／参financial
𠫰／𠬅／𠬄less used
弎
𢦘
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 三(Chinese)
  • 三(Cantonese)
  • 三(Literary Chinese)

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character三
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled inHan)Liushutong (compiled inMing)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptAncient scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
j00545
j00546
j00547
j00548
j00549
j00550
j00551
j00552
j00553
j00554
b00355
b00356
b00357
b00358
b00359
b00360
b00361
b00362
b00363
b00364
b00365
b00366
b00367
b00368
b00369
b00370
b00371
b00372
b00373
b00374
b00375
Transcribed ancient scripts
L12758
L12759
L12760
L12761
L12762
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears'Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the samephonetic series (三)(Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
三*suːm, *suːms
弎*suːm

Ideogram (指事) - three parallel strokes. Compare with一, one stroke meaning “one”,二, two strokes meaning “two”, and亖, four strokes meaning “four”.Triplication of一 (“one”). See also畺. Unrelated to丰.

Etymology

[edit]

FromProto-Sino-Tibetan*kV-sum.

Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese should be*srim, but actually is*sam, with a non-retroflex initial consonant. This irregular development should be due by analogy with the initial of number four in EMC,*sijH.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note: sānr - (1) "the other woman; the other man", (2) "rfdef".
Note:
  • sor1/sornn1 - vernacular;
  • sang1 - literary.
Note:
  • saⁿ - vernacular;
  • sam - literary.
Note:
  • san1 - vernacular;
  • sam1 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin:sa1 / sam1
      • SinologicalIPA:/sa³⁵/, /sam³⁵/
Note:
  • sa1 - vernacular;
  • sam1 - literary.
Note:1sa (Chuansha, Songjiang) - alternative.
Rime
Character三
Reading #1/2
Initial (聲)心 (16)
Final (韻)談 (143)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie蘇甘切
Baxtersam
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/sɑm/
Pan
Wuyun		/sɑm/
Shao
Rongfen		/sɑm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/sam/
Li
Rong		/sɑm/
Wang
Li		/sɑm/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/sɑm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		sān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		saam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character三
Reading #1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		sān
Middle
Chinese		‹ sam ›
Old
Chinese		/*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
Englishthree

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character三
Reading #1/2
No.10963
Phonetic
component		三
Rime
group		侵
Rime
subdivision		3
Corresponding
MC rime		三
Old
Chinese		/*suːm/

Definitions

[edit]

三

  1. three
  2. (Mainland China, slang, neologism) theother woman; theother man
  3. (Mainland China, slang, neologism)This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.
  4. asurname
See also
[edit]
Chinese numbers
0123456789101021031041061081012
Normal
(小寫 /小写)		〇,零,空一,蜀二,兩 /两三四五六七八九十百千萬 /万,
十千(Malaysia, Singapore)		百萬 /百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶(Philippines)		億 /亿兆(Taiwan)
萬億 /万亿(Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫 /大写)		零壹貳 /贰參 /叁肆伍陸 /陆柒捌玖拾佰仟

In Min Nan numbers, thevernacular (白) pronunciation is the more common pronunciation, while theliterary (文) reading is used for reading numbers out loud, such as in phone numbers. Please note that this usage is similar to the usage of the variant幺 for the numeral一 in Mandarin.

Playing cards in Mandarin ·撲克牌／扑克牌 (pūkèpái)(layout ·text)
尖兒 /尖儿(jiānr)二(èr)三(sān)四(sì)五(wǔ)六(liù)七(qī)
八(bā)九(jiǔ)十(shí)鉤兒 /钩儿(gōur)圈兒 /圈儿(quānr),皮蛋(pídàn,regional)K(kèi)小王(xiǎowáng,black),大王(red),
小鬼(xiǎoguǐ,black),大鬼(dàguǐ,red)

Compounds

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Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (三):

Others:

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Rime
Character三
Reading #2/2
Initial (聲)心 (16)
Final (韻)談 (143)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie蘇暫切
BaxtersamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/sɑmH/
Pan
Wuyun		/sɑmH/
Shao
Rongfen		/sɑmH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/samH/
Li
Rong		/sɑmH/
Wang
Li		/sɑmH/
Bernhard
Karlgren		/sɑmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		sàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		saam3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character三
Reading #2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		sān
Middle
Chinese		‹ samH ›
Old
Chinese		/*s.r[u]m-s/ (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?)
Englishthree times

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character三
Reading #2/2
No.10965
Phonetic
component		三
Rime
group		侵
Rime
subdivision		3
Corresponding
MC rime		三
Old
Chinese		/*suːms/

Definitions

[edit]

三(obsolete)

  1. repeatedly;thrice
    三思  ― sānsī  ―  to think carefully

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]
Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  234  > 
   Cardinal :三

Kanji

[edit]
See also:
三

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. three

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]
  • (Financial/formal form):参

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
三
さん
Grade: 1
on'yomi

*/sam/ →/samu/ →/saɴ/

FromMiddle Chinese三 (MC sam|samH). Compare modernMandarin三(sān), literaryHokkien三(sam),Cantonese三(saam1).

InOld Japanese, this kanji was used phonetically to transcribeさむ(samu).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Numeral

[edit]

三(さん)• (san) 

  1. three,3
    Synonym:スリー(surī)
  2. third
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
三
サン
Grade: 1
tōon

Borrowing fromMandarin三(sān), with the pitch accent different from etymology 1.(Canthis(+) etymology besourced?)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Numeral

[edit]

三(サン)• (san) 

  1. three
Coordinate terms
[edit]
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
三
み
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

⟨mi1⟩ →/mi/

FromOld Japanese, fromProto-Japonic*mi.

Likely anapophonic form of六(mu,“six”), compare四(yo,“four”) with八(ya,“eight”).(Canthis(+) etymology besourced?)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Numeral

[edit]

三(み)• (mi) 

  1. three
    一(ひ)、二(ふ)、三(み)、四(よ)、[…]
    hi, fu,mi, yo,[…]
    one, two,three, four, […]
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 4

[edit]
Kanji in this term
三
みい
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

/mi/ →/miː/

Shift frommi above.[1]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Numeral

[edit]

三(みい)• (mī) 

  1. (colloquial)three
    一(ひい)、二(ふう)、三(みい)、四(よお)、五(いつ)、六(むう)、七(なあ)、八(やあ)、九(こお)、十(とお)
    hī, fū,mī, yō, itsu, mū, nā, yā, kō, tō
    one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
Coordinate terms
[edit]
v • d • e
Japanese numbers
NumberKanjiKanaRomaji
0零れい、ゼロrei, zero
1一、壱、弌、壹いちichi
2二、弐、貳、貮にni
3三、参さんsan
4四、肆よん、しyon, shi
5五、伍ごgo
6六、陸ろくroku
7七、漆なな、しちnana, shichi
8八、捌はちhachi
9九、玖きゅう、くkyū, ku
10十、拾じゅうjū
100百、陌、佰ひゃくhyaku
1,000千、阡、仟せんsen
10,000一万、万、一萬、萬いちまん、まんichiman, man
100,000,000一億、億いちおく、おくichioku, oku

References

[edit]
  1. ↑1.01.11.21.31.4Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]
Korean numbers(edit)
30
 ←  234  → 
   Nativeisol.:셋(set)
    Nativeattr.:세(se),(dated)석(seok),(archaic)서(seo)
   Sino-Korean:삼(sam)
   Hanja:三
   Ordinal:셋째(setjjae)

FromMiddle Chinese三 (MC sam).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448삼 (Yale:sàm)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1]석〯 (Yale:sěk)삼 (Yale:sàm)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
KoreanWikisource has texts containing thehanja:

三 (eumhun셋삼(set sam))

  1. hanja form? of삼(“three”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary,전자사전／電子字典.[2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

[edit]

三:Hán Việt readings:tam (蘇(tô)甘(cam)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4]
三:Nôm readings:tam[1][2][3][4][5][6],ba[1],tám[5]

  1. chữ Hán form oftam(“three”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  1. ↑1.01.11.2Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑2.02.1Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑3.03.1Trần (2004).
  4. ↑4.04.1Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑5.05.1Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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