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です

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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Alternative forms

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  • death(death)(humorous, slang)

Etymology

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The copulaです(desu) is thought to be a contracted version ofであります(de arimasu), from(de) +‎あります(arimasu); however, there are other possibilities, namelyでございます(de gozaimasu), from(de) +‎ございます(gozaimasu);でする(de suru), from(de) +‎する(suru);でおわす(de owasu), from(de) +‎おわす(owasu); andでそうろう(de sōrō), from(de) +‎そうろう(sōrō).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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です (desu

  1. polite form of(da), after uninflecting parts of speech: tobe
    これは(わたし)のパソコンです
    Kore wa watashi no pasokondesu.
    Thisis my PC.
    昨日(きのう)はいい天気(てんき)でした
    Kinō wa ii tenkideshita.
    Itwas good weather yesterday.
    このパスポートはあなたのですか。
    Kono pasupōto wa anata nodesu ka.
    Is this passport yours?
  2. (included even when a copula is not necessary) indicates politeness
    とても(うつく)しいです
    Totemo utsukushiidesu.
    It is very beautiful.
    (literally, “Very beautiful-ispol.”)
    とてもおいしかったです
    Totemo oishikattadesu.
    It was very delicious.
    (literally, “Very delicious-waspol.”)
    (わたし)()きたいです
    Watashi mo ikitaidesu.
    I want to go too.
    (literally, “1sg also go-wantpol.”)

Usage notes

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The perfective form isでした(deshita), volitionalでしょう(deshō), conjunctiveでして(deshite). Other forms are not used.

Plain form of verb +です(desu) /でした(deshita) is nonstandard. The standard form is verb ren'yōkei +ます(-masu) /ました(-mashita). However, both plain form of verb +でしょう(deshō) and verb ren'yōkei +ましょう(-mashō) are valid in Standard Japanese – the former mainly expressesconjecture and the latter mainly expressesvolition.

For the past tense of an-i adjective, the adjective +でした(deshita) is nonstandard and generally considered a common grammatical mistake made by non-native speakers. The standard form is instead to use the past form of the-i adjective +です(desu). For the formsないです(nai desu) andなかったです(nakatta desu), there are synonymsありません(arimasen) andありませんでした(arimasen deshita).

This word is phonologically anenclitic, similar toparticles. It is classified as助動詞(jodōshi,auxiliary verb) in traditional Japanese grammar.

Synonyms

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  • どす(dosu)(traditional for Kyoto)
  • だす(dasu)(traditional for Osaka)

Derived terms

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See also

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Japanese basic inflections
Verbs-i adjectivesnouns and-na adjectives
NonpastPlainAffirmativeUse the dictionary formstem +(-i)noun +(da)
(noun +ある(de aru))
Negativemizenkei +ない(-nai)stem +ない(-ku nai)noun +ない(de [wa] nai)
PoliteAffirmativeren'yōkei +ます(-masu)stem +です(-i desu)noun +です(desu)
Negativeren'yōkei +ませ(-masen)stem +ないです(-ku nai desu)
stem +ありませ(-ku arimasen)
noun +ないです(de [wa] nai desu)
noun +ありませ(de [wa] arimasen)
PastPlainAffirmativeren'yōkei (withonbin sound changes for Group I verbs) +(-ta)stem +かっ(-katta)noun +だっ(datta)
(noun +あっ(de atta))
Negativemizenkei +なかっ(-nakatta)stem +なかっ(-ku nakatta)noun +なかっ(de [wa] nakatta)
PoliteAffirmativeren'yōkei +まし(-mashita)stem +かっです(-katta desu)noun +でし(deshita)
Negativeren'yōkei +ませでし(-masen deshita)stem +なかっです(-ku nakatta desu)
stem +ありませでし(-ku arimasen deshita)
noun +なかっです(de [wa] nakatta desu)
noun +ありませでし(de [wa] arimasen deshita)
VolitionalPlainmizenkei (of Group I verbs) +(-u >-o)
mizenkei (of other verbs) +よう(-yō)
†stem +かろ(-karō)
(stem +だろ(-i darō))
noun +だろ(darō)
(noun +あろ(de arō))
Politeren'yōkei +ましょ(-mashō)(stem +でしょ(-i deshō))noun +でしょ(deshō)
Conjunctiveren'yōkei (withonbin sound changes for Group I verbs) +(-te)stem +(-kute)noun +(de)
(noun +あっ(de atte))
Hypothetical conditionalkateikei +(-ba)stem +けれ(-kereba)(noun +あれ(de areba))
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