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Derived in theHeian period from writing theman'yōgana kanji天 in thecursivesōsho style.
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て• (te)
- Thehiragana syllableて(te). Its equivalent inkatakana isテ(te). It is the nineteenth syllable in thegojūon order; its position isた行え段(ta-gyō e-dan,“rowta, sectione”).
- (Hiragana)平仮名; あぁ,いぃ,うぅゔ,えぇ,おぉ,かゕが,きぎ,くぐ,けゖげ,こご,さざ,しじ,すず,せぜ,そぞ,ただ,ちぢ,つっづ,てで,とど,な,に,ぬ,ね,の,はばぱ,ひびぴ,ふぶぷ,へべぺ,ほぼぽ,ま,み,む,め,も,やゃ,𛀆,ゆゅ,𛀁,よょ,ら,り,る,れ,ろ,わゎ,ゐ,𛄟(𛄟),ゑ,を,ん,ー,ゝ,ゞ,ゟ
From theren'yōkei of the classical auxiliary verbつ(tsu).
- (allomorph used with -gu/-bu/-mu/-nu (voiced ending) godan verbs)で(de)
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て• (-te)
- the conjunctive ending, attaching to theren'yōkei of verbs and adjectives.
- simply indicates separate actions or states that occur simultaneously; and
- 大きくて甘いリンゴ
- ōkikute amai ringo
- a big, sweet apple
- 姉がピアノを弾いて妹が歌を歌う。
- Ane ga piano o hiite imōto ga uta o utau.
- The elder sister plays pianoand the younger sister sings songs.
- indicates actions or states that occur successively; do somethingand
- 家に帰って、テレビを見た。
- Ie ni kaette, terebi o mita.
- I went back homeand watched TV.
- indicates reason or cause;because doing something
- 風邪を引いて、学校を休んだ。
- Kaze o hiite, gakkō o yasunda.
- I didn't go to schoolbecause I caught a cold.
- used as a contrastive conjunction; do somethingbut
- 見て見ぬふり ―mite minu furi ―sawbut pretended not to see →turn a blind eye
- 知っていて教えない
- shitte ite oshienai
- to know somethingbut not to tell it
- indicates method or state
- 喜んで一日を過ごした。
- Yorokonde ichinichi o sugoshita.
- I spent the day being happy.
- followed byhojodōshi (subsidiary verbs, corresponding to auxiliary verbs in western languages) such asいる(iru),ある(aru),やる(yaru),くれる(kureru),あげる(ageru),もらう(morau),おく(oku),くる(kuru),いく(iku), etc., to make their complement
- 日本語を勉強している。
- Nihongo o benkyō shite iru.
- I'm learning Japanese.
- 机の上に置いてある。
- Tsukue no ue ni oite aru.
- It's put on the desk.
- used in the form…て…て (… te … te) to show emphasis or repetition
- ては(-te wa) andても(-te mo) make conditional clauses
- (women's speech)used in sentence-final position, an extension of the conjunctive particle above and simply omitting any following words; usually takes the formって when attaching to adjectives
- used to seek opinion or ask a question
- もうご覧になって？
- Mō goran ni natte?
- Have you seen it?
- よろしくって？
- Yoroshikutte?
- Is it OK?
- short forてください(-te kudasai) orてくれ(-te kure): makes a light command or request, usually followed byよ(yo) orね(ne)
- 助けて！
- Tasukete!
- Help!
- ちょっと待って
- chotto matte
- Wait a minute.
- いつか、私を助けてね
- itsuka, watashi o tasukete ne
- Help me someday, okay?
- short forている(-te iru)
- indicates the speaker's opinion or judgment; usually followed byよ(yo)
- お手紙ちょうだいね。待っててよ
- O-tegami chōdai ne. Mattete yo
- Please send me a letter. I'll be waiting.
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- In Standard Japanese the-te form of行く(iku,“togo”) is行って(itte).
- The Kansai forms are also literary. In Standard Japanese they are mandatory for the two verbs問う(tou,“toask”) and請う(kou,“tobeg”).
- When theて(te) indicates method or state,ない(nai) +て(te) becomesないで(naide) instead of the regularなくて(nakute):
- ご飯を食べないで出た ―gohan o tabenaide deta ―I went outwithout eating.
- In formal writing,て(te) is not used when simply indicating a series of actions or states. Instead, theren'yōkei is used for all but the last action or state, andいる(iru) (which becomesい(i)) is replaced byおり(ori).
- 姉がピアノを弾き、妹が歌を歌う。 ―ane ga piano o hiki, imōto ga uta o utau. ―(formal) The elder sister plays pianoand the younger sister sings songs.
- As both theren'yōkei form and theて(te)/で(de) form connect clauses together, they are usually interchangeable. They each serve specific grammatical purposes as follows:[1][2]
- When two verbs are closely related in context,て(te) must be used.
- デパートへ行って、買い物をする ―depāto eitte,kaimono o suru ―I'llgo to the department storeand do someshopping.
- When two verbs are both controllable in nature,て(te) must be used.
- 友達に会って、休みのことを尋ねる ―tomodachi niatte, yasumi no koto otazuneru ―I'llmeet my friendand ask about their holiday.
- When two verbs are both uncontrollable in nature,て(te) must be used.
- 地震で地面がすごく揺れて、立てなかった ―jishin de jimen ga sugokuyurete,tatenakatta ―The groundshook so much in the earthquakethat Icouldn't stand up.
- This word is classified as助詞(joshi,“auxiliary word; particle”) in traditional Japanese grammar. In modern linguistics, it is aninflectionalsuffix, and “ren'yōkei +て(te)” is usually called thegerund, a term used for subordinate adverbial verb forms in the description of many languages such as Dutch, Italian and Russian. For Japanese this nomenclature is found first in the works of Portuguese missionaries such as theArte da Lingoa de Iapam[3] and continues to be used to this day. In Japanese materials adopting the modern linguistic analysis, this form is simply called theテ形(-te kei,“-te form”).
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て• (te)
- alternative form ofって(tte,quotative particle)
- used afterん(n)
- こまちゃんて言うな――!!
- Koma-chante iu na――!!
- Don't call me Koma-chan!
- (Kansai)used anywhere
| For pronunciation and definitions ofて – see the following entries. |
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| 【風】2 | - [affix]element in compounds related towind
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(This term,て(te), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read asて, seeCategory:Japanese kanji read as て. |
- ^Makino, Seiichi; Tsutsui, Michio (1 January 1989), “Main Entries: -te て”, inA Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times,→ISBN, pages464–467
- ^Makino, Seiichi; Tsutsui, Michio (1 January 1995), “Main Entries: Vmasu”, inA Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times,→ISBN, pages556-560
- ^Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010),A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN, page57
