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See also:,,ح,ج,خ,andՇ

U+3066,て
HIRAGANA LETTER TE

[U+3065]
Hiragana
[U+3067]

Japanese

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Stroke order
1 stroke

Etymology 1

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Derived in theHeian period from writing theman'yōgana kanji in thecursivesōsho style.

Pronunciation

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Syllable

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(te

  1. Thehiragana syllable(te). Its equivalent inkatakana is(te). It is the nineteenth syllable in thegojūon order; its position is(ta-gyō e-dan,rowta, sectione).
Derived terms
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See also
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Etymology 2

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

From theren'yōkei of the classical auxiliary verb(tsu).

Alternative forms

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  • (allomorph used with -gu/-bu/-mu/-nu (voiced ending) godan verbs)(de)

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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(-te

  1. the conjunctive ending, attaching to theren'yōkei of verbs and adjectives.
    1. simply indicates separate actions or states that occur simultaneously; and
      (おお)きく(あま)リンゴ
      ōkikute amai ringo
      a big, sweet apple
      (あね)ピアノ()(いもうと)(うた)(うた)
      Ane ga piano o hiite imōto ga uta o utau.
      The elder sister plays pianoand the younger sister sings songs.
    2. indicates actions or states that occur successively; do somethingand
      (いえ)(かえ)テレビ()
      Ie ni kaette, terebi o mita.
      I went back homeand watched TV.
    3. indicates reason or cause;because doing something
      ()()()学校(がっこう)(やす)
      Kaze o hiite, gakkō o yasunda.
      I didn't go to schoolbecause I caught a cold.
    4. used as a contrastive conjunction; do somethingbut
      ()()ぬふりmite minu furisawbut pretended not to see →turn a blind eye
      ()(おし)ない
      shitte ite oshienai
      to know somethingbut not to tell it
    5. indicates method or state
      (よろこ)(いち)(にち)()ごし
      Yorokonde ichinichi o sugoshita.
      I spent the day being happy.
    6. followed byhojodōshi (subsidiary verbs, corresponding to auxiliary verbs in western languages) such asいる(iru),ある(aru),やる(yaru),くれる(kureru),あげる(ageru),もらう(morau),おく(oku),くる(kuru),いく(iku), etc., to make their complement
      ()(ほん)()(べん)(きょう)いる。
      Nihongo o benkyō shite iru.
      I'm learning Japanese.
      (つくえ)(うえ)()ある
      Tsukue no ue ni oite aru.
      It's put on the desk.
    7. used in the form…て…て (… te … te) to show emphasis or repetition
    8. ては(-te wa) andても(-te mo) make conditional clauses
  2. (women's speech)used in sentence-final position, an extension of the conjunctive particle above and simply omitting any following words; usually takes the formって when attaching to adjectives
    1. used to seek opinion or ask a question
      もう(らん)になっ
      Mō goran ni natte?
      Have you seen it?
      よろしくって
      Yoroshikutte?
      Is it OK?
    2. short forください(-te kudasai) orくれ(-te kure): makes a light command or request, usually followed by(yo) or(ne)
      (たす)
      Tasukete!
      Help!
      ちょっと()
      chotto matte
      Wait a minute.
      いつか(わたし)(たす)
      itsuka, watashi o tasukete ne
      Help me someday, okay?
    3. short forいる(-te iru)
      1. indicates the speaker's opinion or judgment; usually followed by(yo)
      ()(がみ)ちょうだいね。()
      O-tegami chōdai ne. Mattete yo
      Please send me a letter. I'll be waiting.
Usage notes
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Inflection rules for the form
non-accented [0] worddictionary form-te formaccented [-2] worddictionary form-te form
godan verbs (type 1)
聞くきく (kìkú)きいて (kìíté)書くかく (káꜜkù)かいて (káꜜìtè)
嗅ぐかぐ (kàgú)かいで (kàídé)泳ぐおよぐ (òyóꜜgù)およいで (òyóꜜìdè)
貸すかす (kàsú)かして (kàshíté)
かいて (kàíté) (dialectal)
話すはなす (hànáꜜsù)はなして (hànáꜜshìtè)
はないて (hànáꜜìtè) (dialectal)
取り持つとりもつ (tòrímótsú)とりもって (tòrímótté)立つたつ (táꜜtsù)たって (táꜜttè)
死ぬしぬ (shìnú)しんで (shìńdé)凍え死ぬこごえしぬ (kògóéshíꜜnù)こごえしんで (kògóéshíꜜǹdè)
呼ぶよぶ (yòbú)よんで (yòńdé)
ようで (yòódé) (dialectal)
選ぶえらぶ (èráꜜbù)えらんで (èráꜜǹdè)
えろうで (èróꜜòdè) (dialectal, historicallyえらうで)
望むのぞむ (nòzómú)のぞんで (nòzóńdé)
のぞうで (nòzóódé) (dialectal)
読むよむ (yóꜜmù)よんで (yóꜜǹdè)
ようで (yóꜜòdè) (dialectal)
終わるおわる (òwárú)おわって (òwátté)作るつくる (tsùkúꜜrù)つくって (tsùkúꜜttè)
言ういう (ìú)
ゆう (yùú)
いって (ìtté)
ゆって (yùtté)
ゆうて (yùúté) (Kansai, historicallyいうて)
会うあう (áꜜù)あって (áꜜttè)
おうて (óꜜòtè) (Kansai, historicallyあうて)
追うおう (òú)おって (òtté)
おうて (òóté) (Kansai)
食うくう (kúꜜù)くって (kúꜜttè)
くうて (kúꜜùtè) (Kansai)
kami ichidan verbs (type 2a)
似るにる (nìrú)にて (nìté)見るみる (míꜜrù)みて (míꜜtè)
借りるかりる (kàrírú)かりて (kàríté)生きるいきる (ìkíꜜrù)いきて (íꜜkìtè)
感じるかんじる (kàńjírú)かんじて (kàńjíté)用いるもちいる (mòchííꜜrù)もちいて (mòchíꜜìtè)
shimo ichidan verbs (type 2b)
寝るねる (nèrú)ねて (nèté)出るでる (déꜜrù)でて (déꜜtè)
開けるあける (àkérú)あけて (àkété)食べるたべる (tàbéꜜrù)たべて (táꜜbètè)
忘れるわすれる (wàsúrérú)わすれて (wàsúrété)助けるたすける (tàsúkéꜜrù)たすけて (tàsúꜜkètè)
憧れるあこがれる (àkógárérú)あこがれて (àkógárété)訪れるおとずれる (òtózúréꜜrù)おとずれて (òtózúꜜrètè)
irregular verbs (type 3)
するする (sùrú)して (shìté)来るくる (kúꜜrù)きて (kíꜜtè)
adjectives
重いおもい (òmóí)おもくて (òmóꜜkùtè)高いたかい (tàkáꜜì)たかくて (táꜜkàkùtè)
たかくて (tàkáꜜkùtè)

(Part of the accent information comes from theOnline Japanese Accent Dictionary.)

  • In Standard Japanese the-te form of行く(iku,togo) is行って(itte).
  • The Kansai forms are also literary. In Standard Japanese they are mandatory for the two verbs問う(tou,toask) and請う(kou,tobeg).
  • When the(te) indicates method or state,ない(nai) +(te) becomesないで(naide) instead of the regularなくて(nakute):
    (はん)()ないで()gohan o tabenaide detaI went outwithout eating.
  • In formal writing,(te) is not used when simply indicating a series of actions or states. Instead, theren'yōkei is used for all but the last action or state, andいる(iru) (which becomes(i)) is replaced byおり(ori).
    (あね)がピアノを()き、(いもうと)(うた)(うた)う。ane ga piano o hiki, imōto ga uta o utau.(formal) The elder sister plays pianoand the younger sister sings songs.
  • As both theren'yōkei form and the(te)/(de) form connect clauses together, they are usually interchangeable. They each serve specific grammatical purposes as follows:[1][2]
    • When two verbs are closely related in context,(te) must be used.
      デパートへ()って()(もの)をするdepāto eitte,kaimono o suruI'llgo to the department storeand do someshopping.
    • When two verbs are both controllable in nature,(te) must be used.
      友達(ともだち)()って(やす)みのことを(たず)ねるtomodachi niatte, yasumi no koto otazuneruI'llmeet my friendand ask about their holiday.
    • When two verbs are both uncontrollable in nature,(te) must be used.
      ()(しん)()(めん)がすごく()れて()てなかったjishin de jimen ga sugokuyurete,tatenakattaThe groundshook so much in the earthquakethat Icouldn't stand up.
  • This word is classified as助詞(joshi,auxiliary word; particle) in traditional Japanese grammar. In modern linguistics, it is aninflectionalsuffix, and “ren'yōkei +(te)” is usually called thegerund, a term used for subordinate adverbial verb forms in the description of many languages such as Dutch, Italian and Russian. For Japanese this nomenclature is found first in the works of Portuguese missionaries such as theArte da Lingoa de Iapam[3] and continues to be used to this day. In Japanese materials adopting the modern linguistic analysis, this form is simply called theテ形(-te kei,-te form).

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Particle

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(te

  1. alternative form of the quotative particleって(tte), used after(n)
    こまちゃん()うな――!!
    Koma-chante iu na――!!
    Don't call me Koma-chan!

Etymology 4

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
1
[noun] ahand
[noun] ahandle,grip
[noun] apaw,foreleg
[noun] away ofacting,means
[noun](archaic)handwriting; style of calligraphy of an individual
[noun](board games) amove,play
[prefix]strengthens the prefixedadjective oradjectivalnoun
[suffix]one whodoes the previous word's action:-ist,-er
[suffix](board games)counter formoves inshogi,go, etc.
(This term,(te), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.)
For a list of all kanji read as, seeCategory:Japanese kanji read as て.)

References

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  1. ^Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1989 January 1) “Main Entries: -te て”, inA Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times,→ISBN, pages464–467
  2. ^Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1995 January 1) “Main Entries: Vmasu”, inA Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times,→ISBN, pages556-560
  3. ^Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010)A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN, page57
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