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いる

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Alternative spelling
居る(uncommon)

/wiru/ →/iru/

FromOld Japanese, fromProto-Japonic*wu. Found in theNihon Shoki, completed around 720CE.^[1]

Pronunciation

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(Tokyo)いる[ìrú] (Heiban – [0])^[3]^[4]
(Mishima)いる[íꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]
IPA^(key): [iɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of居る

Plain	居る	いる	`[ìrú]`
Conjunctive	居て	いて	`[ìté]`
Perfective	居た	いた	`[ìtá]`
Negative	居ない	いない	`[ìnáí]`
Negative perfective	居なかった	いなかった	`[ìnáꜜkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	居れば	いれば	`[ìréꜜbà]`
Past conditional	居たら	いたら	`[ìtáꜜrà]`
Imperative	居ろ居よ	いろいよ	`[ìró]` `[íꜜyò]`
Volitional	居よう	いよー	`[ìyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	居たい	いたい	`[ìtáí]`
Formal	居ます	います	`[ìmáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	居ません	いません	`[ìmáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	居ましょう	いましょー	`[ìmáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	居ました	いました	`[ìmáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	居居に	いいに	`[ì]` `[ì ní]`
Negative continuative	居ず居ずに	いずいずに	`[ìzú]` `[ìzú ní]`
Passive	居られる	いられる	`[ìrárérú]`
Causative	居させる居さす	いさせるいさす	`[ìsásérú]` `[ìsású]`
Potential	居られる居れる	いられるいれる	`[ìrárérú]` `[ìrérú]`

Verb

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いる• (iru) ^{←ゐる(wiru)^?}intransitive ichidan (stemい(i),pastいた(ita))

(of animate objects) toexist, tobe
鈴(すず)木(き)ですが、田(た)中(なか)さんいますか？
Suzuki desu ga, Tanaka-sanimasu ka?
This is Suzuki calling; may I speak to Tanaka?
(literally, “[This] is Suzuki; is Tanakapresent?”)
あなたがいないと何(なに)もできない
anata gainai to nani mo dekinai
I can't do anything if youaren't here/there
君(きみ)がいた夏(なつ)
kimi gaita natsu
the summer youwere there [with me; by my side]
君(きみ)といた夏(なつ)
kimi toita natsu
the summer [I]was with you
(of animate objects) tohave
彼(かれ)氏(し)いますか？
Kareshiimasu ka?
Do youhave a boyfriend?
Used as a補助動詞(hojo dōshi), after a verb in theて(-te)conjunctive form. Note thatている(-te iru) colloquially shortens toてる(-teru),ていた(-te ita) colloquially shortens toてた(-teta), etc.
1. Indicates a progressive or continuative tense: to be doing
  朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べていますか？
  Asagohan o tabeteimasu ka?
  Are you eating breakfast [now]?
  黙(だま)っていられるもんか！
  Damatteirareru mon ka!
  Like hell this is something I can silently let pass!
  (literally, “Is this something that Ican be quiet about!?”)
  何(なに)もしてねーって。
  Nani mo shitenē tte.
  I'm telling you, I haven't done anything.
  子(こ)供(ども)が遊(あそ)んでいる。
  Kodomo ga asondeiru.
  The childrenare playing.
2. Indicates a regular, repetitive action.
  朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べていますか？
  Asagohan o tabeteimasu ka?
  Are you eating breakfast these days?
  This is equivalent to using the simple non-past form of verbs (e.g.食べますか(tabemasu ka) =食べていますか(tabete imasu ka)).
3. Indicates a state resulting from the action.
  壁(かべ)には絵(え)がかかっている。
  Kabe ni wa e ga kakatteiru.
  There is a picture hanging on the wall.
  豚(ぶた)が肥(こ)えている。
  Buta ga koeteiru.
  The pig is fat.
(obsolete) tosit
- c. late9th–mid-10th century,Taketori Monogatari
  それを見(み)れば、三(さん)寸(すん)ばかりなる人(ひと)いと美(うつく)しうて居(ゐ)たり。
  Sore wo mireba, sansun bakari naru fito ito utukusiutewitari(Classical pronunciation)
  Sore o mireba, sansun bakari naru hito ito utsukushūteitari.(modern pronunciation)
  When he looked at it, theresat a very lovely human being about threesun long.

Conjugation

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Conjugation of "いる" (SeeAppendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	い	i
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	い	i
Shūshikei ("terminal")	いる	iru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	いる	iru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	いれ	ire
Meireikei ("imperative")	いよ¹ いろ²	iyo¹ iro²
Key constructions
Passive	いられる	irareru
Causative	いさせるいさす	isaseru isasu
Potential	いられるいれる³	irareru ireru³
Volitional	いよう	iyō
Negative	いないいぬいん	inai inu in
Negative continuative	いず	izu
Formal	います	imasu
Perfective	いた	ita
Conjunctive	いて	ite
Hypothetical conditional	いれば	ireba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Classical conjugation of "ゐる" (ワ行上一段活用, seeAppendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	ゐ	wi
Continuative (連用形)	ゐ	wi
Terminal (終止形)	ゐる	wiru
Attributive (連体形)	ゐる	wiru
Realis (已然形)	ゐれ	wire
Imperative (命令形)	ゐよ	wiyo
Key constructions
Negative	ゐず	wizu
Contrasting conjunction	ゐれど	wiredo
Causal conjunction	ゐれば	wireba
Conditional conjunction	ゐば	wiba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	ゐき	wiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	ゐけり	wikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	ゐつ	witu
Perfect tense (natural event)	ゐぬ	winu
Perfect-continuative tense	ゐたり	witari
Volitional	ゐむ	wimu

Synonyms

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(dialectal or ren'yōkei conjunctive)おる(oru)
ある(aru,“of inanimate objects: to be”)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions ofいる – see the following entries.

【要る】	[verb] to benecessary, to beneeded

【煎る】	[verb]fry,broil Alternative spellings 炒る,熬る

【入る】	[verb][from 759] togo in; tocome in [verb][from 900s]要る: to benecessary, to berequired [verb] to put something into something else Alternative spellings 納る,要る

【鋳る】	[verb]cast,mint

【射る】	[verb]shoot [verb](rare)shoot

【率る】	[verb](archaic) to take along with Alternative spelling 将る

(This term,いる(iru), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read asいる, seeCategory:Japanese kanji read as いる.

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet:沃る,將る.)

References

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^Shōgaku Tosho (1988),国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese),Tōkyō:Shogakukan,→ISBN
^Uwano, Zendo (31 October 2002), “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎^[1],→ISSN, archived fromthe original on25 September 2022
^Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
^NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998),NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN

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