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存在動詞

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FromOld Japanese, fromProto-Japonic*ari. Compare the classical form有(あ)り(ari).

• (Tokyo)ある[áꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [a̠ɾɯ̟]

ある• (aru) intransitive godan (stemあり(ari),pastあった(atta))

1. toexist, tobe, tohave
   1. 有る:^{[note 1]}(inanimate) toexist, bein existence

      Synonym:存在する(sonzai suru)

      日(に)本(ほん)には多(おお)くの神(じん)社(じゃ)がある。

      Nihon ni wa ōku no jinja gaaru.

      Thereare many shrines in Japan.

   2. 在る:^{[note 1]}(inanimate) tobe at alocation; to belocated

      Synonym:位置する(ichi suru)

      テーブルの上(うえ)に植(うえ)木(き)鉢(ばち)があります。

      Tēburu no ue ni uekibachi gaarimasu.

      The flowerpotis on top of the table.

      汝(なんじ)に幸(さち)あれ。

      Nanji ni sachiare.

      I wish you happiness.

      (literally, “May happinessbe with you.”)

   3. 有る:(animate) toexist,with theexistence consideredobjective andabstract

      Synonyms:存在する(sonzai suru),おる(oru,“to exist (in a subjective sense)”)

      昔(むかし)々(むかし)、おじいさんとおばあさんがありました。

      Mukashimukashi, ojīsan to obāsan gaarimashita.

      Once upon a time,there was an old man and an old woman.

   4. 有る: tohappen,occur; to beperformed,carried out

      Synonyms:起こる(okoru),発生する(hassei suru),出来する(shuttai suru),行われる(okonawareru)

      何(なに)かあったら連(れん)絡(らく)してください。

      Nanikaattara renraku shite kudasai.

      If anythinghappens, please call me.

      今(こん)晩(ばん)、会(かい)議(ぎ)があります。

      Konban, kaigi gaarimasu.

      Thereis a meeting tonight.

   5. 在る: to beput in a certainlocation,position orsituation

      彼女(かのじょ)は新(あたら)しい職(しょく)にある。

      Kanojo wa atarashī shoku niaru.

      Sheis in a new position.

      彼(かれ)は今(いま)逆(ぎゃっ)境(きょう)にある。

      Kare wa ima gyakkyō niaru.

      Heis put currently in difficult circumstances.

   6. 有る: tohave a certainnumber,amount,size, etc.

      開(かい)幕(まく)まで一(いっ)週(しゅう)間(かん)ある。

      Kaimaku made isshūkanaru.

      There is one week until the opening.

      2(に)GB(ギガバイト)もある ―ni gigabaito moaru ―Tohave an entire 2 gigabytes large

   7. 有る:(oftime) topass,go by

      あの日(ひ)からもう数(すう)年(ねん)がある。

      Ano hi kara mō sūnen gaaru.

      Thereare several years since that day.

2. 有る:(of amatter orstate) to berecognized, beacknowledged

   近(きん)年(ねん)、物(ぶっ)価(か)の上(じょう)昇(しょう)にある。

   Kinnen, bukka no jōshō niaru.

   It is known that prices have been rising in recent years.

   (literally, “In recent years, price riseis recognized.”)

3. 在る: todepend on,lie in, beinfluenced by

   Synonym:左右される(sayū sareru)

   成(せい)功(こう)の秘(ひ)訣(けつ)は努(ど)力(りょく)にある。

   Seikō no hiketsu wa doryoku niaru.

   The secret to successlies in hard work.

4. 在る,存る: to bealive,surviving

   世(よ)にある間(あいだ)

   yo niaru aida

   during one's lifetime

   (literally, “whilealive in the world”)

5. tohave
   1. 有る: to beowned, bepossessed

      車(くるま)がある。

      Kuruma gaaru.

      I have a car.

   2. 有る: to be acharacteristic orability; to beincluded as apart

      Synonyms:備わる(sonawaru),含まれる(fukumareru)

      歌(うた)う才(さい)能(のう)がある

      utau sainō gaaru

      have the talent for singing

      教(きょう)養(よう)がある ―kyōyō gaaru ―be culturally refined (literally, “cultural refinementexists”)

   3. 有る:(ofthoughts,emotions orsensations) to befelt

      言(い)いたいことがある。

      Iitai koto gaaru.

      I have something to say.

      (literally, “(The feeling) that I want to sayexists.”)

      私(わたし)には不(ふ)安(あん)がある。

      Watashi ni wa fuan gaaru.

      I have anxiety.

   4. (auxiliary, after the連用形(ren'yōkei,continuative form) of an adjective sometimes followed by a particle)Indicating that something has a particularquality or is in a particularstate

      その料(りょう)理(り)は辛(から)くある。

      Sono ryōri wa karakuaru.

      That dish is spicilyflavored.

6. (auxiliary, after the conjunctiveて(te) form of a transitive verb)
   1. Indicating that theresult of a certainaction orbehavior hascontinued until now.

      ドアが閉(し)めてある。

      Doa ga shimetearu.

      The door is closed (and remains closed).

   2. Indicating that something is donein advance

      旅(りょ)行(こう)に行(い)く前(まえ)に、荷(に)物(もつ)を詰(つ)めてある。

      Ryokō ni iku mae ni, nimotsu o tsumetearu.

      I've packed my luggage (in advance) before going on a trip.

7. (auxiliary, after the連用形(ren'yōkei,continuative form) of a verb followed byつつ(tsutsu))Indicating that theaction oreffect iscurrentlyongoing.

   彼女(かのじょ)の体(たい)調(ちょう)は徐(じょ)々(じょ)に回(かい)復(ふく)しつつある。

   Kanojo no taichō wa jojoni kaifuku shitsutsuaru.

   Her health conditionis gradually improving.

8. (auxiliary, after a noun followed byで(de))Judging that something has a certainnature orstate based on itsexplanation; or simply expressingassertion (see:である(de aru))

   ロバは馬(うま)と同(どう)族(ぞく)である。

   Roba wa uma to dōzoku dearu.

   The donkeybelongs to the same family as the horse.

   この仕(し)事(ごと)は簡(かん)単(たん)ではあるが、単(たん)調(ちょう)だ。

   Kono shigoto wa kantan de waaru ga, tanchō da.

   Easy as the jobis, it's monotonous.

9. (auxiliary, after the連用形(ren'yōkei,continuative form) of a verb or aSino-Japaneseaction noun which is usually prefixed withお(o) orご(go) respectively)Expressingrespect toward the personperforming theaction

   おいであれ。

   O-ideare.

   Please come.

   ご理(り)解(かい)あるとありがたいです。

   Go-rikaiaru to arigatai desu.

   It would be greatly appreciated if thereis understanding (from you).

• Various combinations with the term have certain meanings:
  • Used afterと(to,quotation particle), meaning“tosay; to giveinformation”, similar toという(to iu).

    メモには午(ご)後(ご)二(に)時(じ)に来(らい)社(しゃ)するとある。

    Memo ni wa gogo ni-ji ni raisha suruto aru.

    On the memo itsays "Come to the company at 2 p.m."

  • Used in the formとあって(to atte), meaning“due to (thesituation orresult)”, which is more formal thanだから(dakara).

    このイベントは、無(む)料(りょう)で参(さん)加(か)できるとあって、多(おお)くの人(ひと)が集(あつ)まった。

    Kono ibento wa, muryō de sanka dekiruto atte, ōku no hito ga atsumatta.

    Many people gathered for this eventdue to the fact that it was free to participate.

  • Used in the formだけある(dake aru) orだけのことはある(dake no koto wa aru), expressing that asuitablestate orresult can beobtained, which roughly translates as“asexpected; it is nosurprise”.

    彼女(かのじょ)は有(ゆう)名(めい)大(だい)学(がく)を出(で)ているだけあって、とても頭(あたま)がいい。

    Kanojo wa yūmei daigaku o dete irudake atte, totemo atama ga ii.

    As expected from someone who graduated from a famous university, she is very intelligent.

  • Used in the formことがある(koto ga aru), indicating apossiblereaction to orresult from asituation, or referring toexperience, literally“There exists that ...”.

    練(れん)習(しゅう)すれば上(じょう)達(たつ)することがある。

    Renshū sureba jōtatsu suru koto gaaru.

    If you practice, youmay improve.

    日(に)本(ほん)に行(い)ったことがありますか。

    Nihon ni itta koto gaarimasu ka.

    Have youever been to Japan?

  • Used in the formにあって(ni atte), meaning“in terms of;within thecontext of”.

    世(せ)界(かい)的(てき)なパンデミックにあって、人(ひと)々(びと)はマスクや手(て)洗(あら)いをすることが重(じゅう)要(よう)です。

    Sekai-teki na pandemikkuni atte, hitobito wa masuku ya tearai o suru koto ga jūyō desu.

    During the global pandemic, it is important for people to wear masks and wash their hands.

  • Used in the formにしてある(ni shite aru), indicating that someone isintentionallyconsidering something as if it were a certain way, even if it is not actually so.

    彼女(かのじょ)は結(けっ)婚(こん)していないが、既(すで)に結(けっ)婚(こん)した気(き)分(ぶん)にしてある。

    Kanojo wa kekkon shite inai ga, sudeni kekkon shita kibunni shite aru.

    She's not married yet, but she alreadyfeels as if she were.

• 気(き)がある(ki ga aru)

• いる(iru)(animate objects)
• だ(da),です(desu)
• ござる(gozaru)

The連(れん)体(たい)形(けい)(rentaikei,“adnominal form”) of the classical verb有(あ)り(ari,“to exist”).

• (Tokyo)ある[áꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [a̠ɾɯ̟]

ある• (aru) 

1. certain,one,some

   ある政(せい)治(じ)家(か)がそう言(い)った。

   Aru seijika ga sō itta.

   Acertain politician said so.

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