अथ (atha)

1. Devanagari script form ofatha (“moreover”)
   • c.500 AD, Kaccāyana,Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎^[1] (overall work in Pali), page250; republished asSatish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor,Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society,1901:

     अथ सब्बासं विभत्तीनं यानि यानि पुब्बानि छ पदानि तानि तानि परस्सपदसञ्ञानि होन्ति।

     Atha sabbāsaṃ vibhattīnaṃ yāni yāni pubbāni cha padāni, tāni tāni parassapadasaññāni honti.

     Then whatever are the first six endings of all the endings, they are called the active endings.

• अथा(áthā) —Vedic
• अथो(átho) —combined withउ(u)

FromProto-Indo-Iranian*átHa(“but, come!, in that case, then”), fromProto-Indo-European*áth₂o/*áth₂u(“but in addition”), a compound of the particles*át(“but”) +‎*h₂o(“beside”), cognate withAvestan𐬀𐬚𐬀(aθa),𐬀𐬚𐬁(aθā),Hittiteaddu(“but, furthermore”),Latinat(“but”), and maybeCeltiberianata(“but, furthermore”).^[1]

• (Vedic)IPA^(key): /ɐ́.tʰɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit)IPA^(key): /ɐ.t̪ʰɐ/

अथ• (átha)

1. a particle used at thebeginning of a passage
2. then;afterwards;in that case
   • c. 400CE,Kālidāsa,Abhijñānaśākuntalam Act 7:

     न चेन् मुनिकुमारो ऽयम्अथ को ऽस्य व्यपदेशः ।

     na cen munikumāro ʼyamatha ko ʼsya vyapadeśaḥ.

     If this one is not a son of themuni (sage),then what family is his?

3. if;supposing
4. while;but;on the other hand

   अथ चेत् ―atha cet ―but if

5. likewise

• As the initial particle starting a passage, it conveys a sense ofauspiciousness. This is often translated asnow,here, etc.
• It can be used as acorrelative ofयदि(yadi) orचेत्(cet) (both meaning "if"), corresponding to the "then" in an "if […] then" construct.
• It can be used withवा(vā,“or”);अथवा[…] अथवा means "either […] or".
• Other diverse usages can be found in thefurther reading listed below.

• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890), “अथ”, inThe practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
• Monier Williams (1899), “अथ”, inA Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At theClarendon Press,→OCLC, page17, column 3.
• Otto Böhtlingk; Richard Schmidt (1879-1928), “अथ”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors,Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published2016
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992),Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page59

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