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ليس

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:لبس,لیس,andليش

Arabic

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Etymology 1

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Uncertain. Traditionally taken to be a contracted pronunciation of either a verbلَيِسَ(layisa), whose ultimate origin is in turn unknown or unexplored, or ofلَا(lā,“not”) + an existentialأَيْس(ʔays)^[1] that has a proposed etymology inProto-Semitic*ys <*yt. This existential would be a native cognate toHebrewיֵשׁ(yēš)^[2] andAkkadian𒌇(/⁠išu⁠/,“to have or own; to be”,also used copulatively), although Al-Jallad (2018) expresses doubt that it is anything more than a back-formation from the negative, in other words implying thatلَا(lā,“not”) +*أَيْس(*ʔays,existential) is just a folk etymology forلَيْسَ(laysa) from whichأَيْس(ʔays) was created artificially. Al-Jallad instead proceeds to identify a form ofلَيْسَ(laysa) in aSafaitic inscription dated between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, whose form, he says, invalidates the possibility of an origin in a verbلَيِسَ(layisa); he thereby argues thatلَيْسَ(laysa) may either be a loan fromNeo-Assyrian𒆷𒀸𒋗(la-aš-šu/⁠laššu⁠/,“there is not”) or fromTaymanitic𐪁𐪚𐪏(lys³/⁠lāʾis, lāyis⁠/,“not existing or being”).^[3]

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /laj.sa/

Verb

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لَيْسَ• (laysa)

(copulative, defective) not tobe
- 609–632CE,Qur'an,7:61:
  قَالَ يَا قَوْمِلَيْسَ بِي ضَلَالَةٌ وَلَٰكِنِّي رَسُولٌ مِن رَبِّ ٱلْعَالَمِينَ
  qāla yā qawmilaysa bī ḍalālatun wa-lākinnī rasūlun min rabbi l-ʕālamīna
  He said, “O my people,there is not error in me, but I am a messenger from the Lord of the worlds.”
(rare, invariably masculine singular)except
Synonym:لَا يَكُونُ(lā yakūnu)
جَاءَ النَّاسُلَيْسَ زُهَيْرًا
jāʔa n-nāsulaysa zuhayran
People came,except for Zuhayr

Usage notes

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This is adefective verb. It has only perfect indicative forms with a present-tense meaning. If there is asubject complement, it comes up in the accusative or (withبِـ(bi-)) the genitive. When a subject complement coming withبِـ(bi-) is definite, it means the actor doesn't belong to its type

لَسْتُعَالِمًا ―lastu ʕāliman ―I am not learned

لَسْتُبِعَالِمٍ ―lastu bi-ʕālimin ―I am not learned

لَسْتُبِٱلْعَالِمِ ―lastu bi-l-ʕālimi ―I am not much of a learned person

لَيْسَ ٱلرَّجُلُ جَمِيلًا ―laysa r-rajulu jamīlan ―That manis not handsome.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofلَيْسَ (I, sound, i ~ a, no passive, no imperative, no non-past)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					—
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					—
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	لَسْتُ lastu	لَسْتَ lasta	لَيْسَ laysa	لَسْتُمَا lastumā	لَيْسَا laysā	لَسْنَا lasnā	لَسْتُمْ lastum	لَيْسُوا laysū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	لَسْتُ lastu	لَسْتِ lasti	لَيْسَتْ laysat	لَسْتُمَا lastumā	لَيْسَتَا laysatā	لَسْنَا lasnā	لَسْتُنَّ lastunna	لَسْنَ lasna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
imperative الْأَمْر	m		—		—			—
imperative الْأَمْر	f		—		—			—

Particle

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لَيْسَ• (laysa)

Used to negate verbs
- 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi:
  وَلَيْسَ يَصِحُّ فِي الْأَفْهَامِ شَيْءٌ
  إِذَا ٱحْتَاجَ النَّهَارُ إِلَى دَلِيلِ
  wa-laysa yaṣiḥḥu fī l-ʔafhāmi šayʔun
  ʔiḏā ḥtāja n-nahāru ʔilā dalīli
  (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)

Conjunction

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لَيْسَ• (laysa)

(rare, disputed)not(refers to a preceding context)
- أَيْنَ الْمَفَرُّ وَالْإِلَهُ الطَّالِبُ
  وَالْأَشْرَمُ الْمَغْلُوبُلَيْسَ ٱلْغَالِبُ
  ʔayna l-mafarru wa-l-ʔilahu ṭ-ṭālibu
  wa-l-ʔašramu l-maḡlūbulaysa l-ḡālibu
  (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /la.ji.sa/

Verb

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لَيِسَ• (layisa)I (non-pastيَلْيَسُ(yalyasu),verbal nounلَيَس(layas))

to bevaliant, to bebrave, to becourageous

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofلَيِسَ (I, sound, i ~ a, no passive, verbal nounلَيَس)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					لَيَس layas
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					أَلْيَس ʔalyas
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	لَيِسْتُ layistu	لَيِسْتَ layista	لَيِسَ layisa	لَيِسْتُمَا layistumā	لَيِسَا layisā	لَيِسْنَا layisnā	لَيِسْتُمْ layistum	لَيِسُوا layisū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	لَيِسْتُ layistu	لَيِسْتِ layisti	لَيِسَتْ layisat	لَيِسْتُمَا layistumā	لَيِسَتَا layisatā	لَيِسْنَا layisnā	لَيِسْتُنَّ layistunna	لَيِسْنَ layisna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَلْيَسُ ʔalyasu	تَلْيَسُ talyasu	يَلْيَسُ yalyasu	تَلْيَسَانِ talyasāni	يَلْيَسَانِ yalyasāni	نَلْيَسُ nalyasu	تَلْيَسُونَ talyasūna	يَلْيَسُونَ yalyasūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَلْيَسُ ʔalyasu	تَلْيَسِينَ talyasīna	تَلْيَسُ talyasu	تَلْيَسَانِ talyasāni	تَلْيَسَانِ talyasāni	نَلْيَسُ nalyasu	تَلْيَسْنَ talyasna	يَلْيَسْنَ yalyasna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَلْيَسَ ʔalyasa	تَلْيَسَ talyasa	يَلْيَسَ yalyasa	تَلْيَسَا talyasā	يَلْيَسَا yalyasā	نَلْيَسَ nalyasa	تَلْيَسُوا talyasū	يَلْيَسُوا yalyasū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَلْيَسَ ʔalyasa	تَلْيَسِي talyasī	تَلْيَسَ talyasa	تَلْيَسَا talyasā	تَلْيَسَا talyasā	نَلْيَسَ nalyasa	تَلْيَسْنَ talyasna	يَلْيَسْنَ yalyasna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَلْيَسْ ʔalyas	تَلْيَسْ talyas	يَلْيَسْ yalyas	تَلْيَسَا talyasā	يَلْيَسَا yalyasā	نَلْيَسْ nalyas	تَلْيَسُوا talyasū	يَلْيَسُوا yalyasū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أَلْيَسْ ʔalyas	تَلْيَسِي talyasī	تَلْيَسْ talyas	تَلْيَسَا talyasā	تَلْيَسَا talyasā	نَلْيَسْ nalyas	تَلْيَسْنَ talyasna	يَلْيَسْنَ yalyasna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِلْيَسْ ilyas		اِلْيَسَا ilyasā			اِلْيَسُوا ilyasū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		اِلْيَسِي ilyasī		اِلْيَسَا ilyasā			اِلْيَسْنَ ilyasna

Etymology 3

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Noun

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لَيَس• (layas) m

verbal noun ofلَيِسَ(layisa) (form I)

Declension

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Declension of nounلَيَس (layas)
singular	basic singulartriptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	لَيَس layas	اللَّيَس al-layas	لَيَس layas
nominative	لَيَسٌ layasun	اللَّيَسُ al-layasu	لَيَسُ layasu
accusative	لَيَسًا layasan	اللَّيَسَ al-layasa	لَيَسَ layasa
genitive	لَيَسٍ layasin	اللَّيَسِ al-layasi	لَيَسِ layasi