Originally devised for use inMaltese; seethat entry for more details. First adopted as the IPA symbol for the voiceless pharyngeal fricative in 1921.
ħ
- (IPA) avoicelesspharyngealfricative
- (superscript⟨𐞕⟩, IPA)[ħ]-fricatedrelease of a plosive (e.g.[ʡ𐞕], sometimes implying anaffricate[ʡ͜ħ]);[ħ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic[ħ]
- (NAPA) as IPA
- Synonym:ḥ
- (physics)either ahomoglyphic error or an intentional substitute to represent the reduced Planck's constant,⟨ℏ⟩
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
ħ (upper caseĦ)
- Aletter of the Heiltsukalphabet, written in theLatin script.
- (Latin-script letters)A a,Á á,A̓ a̓,B b,C c,C̓ c̓,D d, ,G g,Gv gv,Ǧ ǧ,Ǧv ǧv,H h,H̓ h̓,Ħ ħ,I i,Í í,I̓ i̓,K k,Kv kv,K̓ k̓,K̓v k̓v,L l,ʼL l̓,Ḷ ḷ,Ḷ́ ḷ́,ʼḶ ḷ̓,Ɫ ɫ,M m,ʼM m̓,Ṃ ṃ,Ṃ́ ṃ́,ʼṂ ṃ̓,N n,ʼN n̓,Ṇ ṇ,Ṇ́ ṇ́,ʼṆ ṇ̓,P p,P̓ p̓,Q q,Qv qv,Q̓ q̓,Q̓v q̓v,S s,T t,T̓ t̓, ƛ,̓ ƛ̓,U u,Ú ú,U̓ u̓,W w,ʼW w̓,X x,Xv xv,X̌ x̌,X̌v x̌v,Y y,ʼY y̓,Z z,ʔ
The letter mainly continuesArabicح(ḥ) andArabicخ(ḵ). These two phonemes were merged into/ħ/ aroundValetta since at least the 18th century, but continued to be distinguished as/ħ/ and/x~χ/ elsewhere. By the later 19th century, however, this merger had established itself throughout the language (thus significantly earlier than that ofgħ, which see).
Additionally it may continue Arabicه/h/. This letter was mostly vowelised (seeh), but as first or lastradical of a root it sporadically underwentfortition instead.
The symbol <ħ> was apparently first used by by Maltese canon Giusseppe Martin Cannolo in 1822 in the first Maltese written Gospel, though it was not popularised until the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, being officially adopted in 1924.[1]
ħ (upper caseĦ)
- The eleventhletter of the Maltesealphabet, calledħe and written in theLatin script.
- In contemporary Maltese, the letterħ represents/ħ/ in all positions. Chiefly word-finally, the same phoneme may also be represented bygħ orh. The actual realisation varies (by position and speaker) between[χ],[ħ], and[h]. This variation is purely allophonic.
- ^Arnold Cassola (2013), “A note on the dating ofħ,għ andx in Maltese”, in Albert Borg, Sandro Caruana, Alexandra Vella, editors,Perspectives on Maltese Linguistics,Akademie Verlag,→DOI, page16,
- (Latin-script letters)ittra;A a,B b,Ċ ċ,D d,E e,F f,Ġ ġ,G g,Għ għ,H h,Ħ ħ,I i,Ie ie,J j,K k,L l,M m,N n,O o,P p,Q q,R r,S s,T t,U u,V v,W w,X x,Ż ż,Z z
