In the modern sense as the equal sign, first attested inThe Whetstone of Witte (1557) by Welsh mathematicianRobert Recorde, in which the two parallel lines expressed equality, as Recorde wrote, "bicauſe noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle" ("because no two things can be more equal").
2022, “2023 Laws of Chess”, inFIDE[1] (in English), page21:
For the abbreviation of the name of the pieces, each player is free to use the name which is commonly used in his/her country. Examples: F= fou (French for bishop), L= loper (Dutch for bishop). In printed periodicals, the use of figurines is recommended.
The language code is determined based on the extension letters fromFb toFå under SAB'sF (Linguistics). For example,Fe stands for English linguistics, so=e indicates that the language is English.