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'm

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "m"

English

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /əm/,/m̩/or, next to a vowel, sometimes/m/
  • Audio(US):(file)

Etymology 1

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Contraction ofam.

Verb

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’m (clitic)

  1. Am,used especially inI'm.
    what'm Igon' do?
    • 2008, Elizabeth George,Playing for the Ashes, Bantam,→ISBN, page158:
      “So how'm I not good?”
  2. (dialect) Various forms ofbe.
    • 1874, Frances Mary Peard,Thorpe Regis:
      You'm no better than a baby when they've clacketed at ye for an hour or two without a word of sense from beginnin' to end.
    • 1962,John Le Carre,A Murder of Quality:
      "He'm a bad one. Ooh, he'm a bad one, Mister," and she laughed softly. "I seed 'im flying, riding on the wind," she laughed again, "and the moon be'ind 'im, lightin' up the way. They'm close as sisters, moon and Devil."
    • 2016,Alan Moore,Jerusalem, Liveright, page180:
      “Ah, it's a wonder we’m got two sticks to us name, with all that plunder what youm 'ad already.”
See also
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Etymology 2

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Pronoun

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'm

  1. Alternative form of'em.
    • 1967-1969,Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors),We Both Laughed In Pleasure
      I picked up two stones and threw’m in the air, heard’m drop

Etymology 3

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Contraction ofmadam/ma'am.

Noun

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’m

  1. Represents the wordmadam orma'am when used as a formal address of a female; as inyes'm andno'm.

Bavarian

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Etymology

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Merged unstressed form ofam andem ordem.

Article

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'm m orn

  1. a(dative)
  2. the(dative)

See also

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Bavarian articles
singularplural
masculineneuterfeminine
stressedunstressedstressedunstressedstressedunstressedstressedunstressed
definitenominativeder,da—das,es,des'sded'ded'
accusativeen,den'n
dativeem,dem'mem,dem'mder,da—
genitive1desdesder,dader,da
indefinitenominativea—a—a——
accusativean'n
dativeam'mam'ma,ana'na

1 higher, formal register

Catalan

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Pronoun

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'm

  1. contraction ofme

Usage notes

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  • 'm is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with avowel.
    Truca'm. ―Callme.

Declension

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Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subjectweak (direct object)weak (indirect object)possessive
procliticencliticprocliticenclitic
singular1st
person		standardjo,mi3em,m’-me,’mem,m’-me,’mmeu
majestic1nósens-nos,’nsens-nos,’nsnostre
2nd
person		standardtuet,t’-te,’tet,t’-te,’tteu
formal1vósus-vos,-usus-vos,-usvostre
very formal2vostèel,l’-lo,’lli-liseu
3rd
person		mellel,l’-lo,’lli-liseu
fellala,l’4-lali-liseu
nho-holi-liseu
plural
1st personnosaltresens-nos,’nsens-nos,’nsnostre
2nd
person		standardvosaltresus-vos,-usus-vos,-usvostre
formal2vostèsels-los,’lsels-los,’lsseu
3rd
person		mellsels-los,’lsels-los,’lsseu
fellesles-lesels-los,’lsseu
3rd person reflexivesies,s’-se,’ses,s’-se,’sseu
adverbialablative/genitiveen,n’-ne,’n
locativehi-hi

1 Behaves grammatically as plural.  2 Behaves grammatically as third person.
3 Only as object of a preposition.  4 Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Cornish

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Etymology

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Frommy. Cognate withWelsh'm.

Determiner

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'm

  1. my

Pronoun

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'm

  1. me
    Hi a'm kwelas.
    She saw me.

See also

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Cornish personal pronouns
numberpersonindependent
(subject)		suffixedinfixedpossessive
(dependent)
encliticemphaticreduced
singularfirstmyvyevyma,a'mowA
secondtyjy,sy1tejyta,a'thMdhaS
third2meveveevva,a'nyS
fhihihyhi—'shyA
pluralfirstnininyni'gan,'nagan,'gan
second3hwihwihwyhwi'gas,'sagas,'gas
thirdiiynsi'sagaA,'gaA

1 Uncommon.
2hun andins have been suggested as non-binary 3rd person singular pronouns, though these have not yet officially adopted.
3 Infrequently used as a formal alternative to the singular.

S Triggerssoft mutationA Triggersaspirate mutationM Triggersmixed mutation

Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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'm

  1. contraction ofhem
    Hij heeft 'm neergeschoten.
    He shot him.

Declension

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Dutch personal pronouns
subjectobjectpossessivereflexivegenitive5
singularfullunstr.fullunstr.fullunstr.pred.
1st personik'k1mijmemijnm'n1mijnememijner,mijns
2nd personjijjejoujejouwjejouwejejouwer,jouws
2nd person archaic orregiolectalgijgeu–uw–uweuuwer,uws
2nd person formalu–u–uw–uweu,zich7uwer,uws
3rd person masculinehijie1hem'm1zijnz'n1zijnezichzijner,zijns
3rd person femininezijzehaarh'r1,'r1,d'r1haarh'r1,'r1,d'r1harezichharer,haars
3rd person neuterhet't1het't1zijnz'n1zijnezichzijner,zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8hen–hen–hun–hunnezichhunner,huns
plural
1st personwijweons–ons,onze2–onzeonsonzer,onzes
2nd personjulliejejulliejejullieje–je–
2nd person archaic orregiolectal6gijgeu–uw–uweuuwer,uws
2nd person formalu–u–uw–uweu,zich7uwer,uws
3rd personzijzehen3,hun4zehun–hunnezichhunner,huns
1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as anadjective.
3) Inprescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) Inprescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singulargij,gelle (object formelle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms aregijlieden andgijlui ("you people").		7)Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronounu, e.g.Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronounu is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g.U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Onlyu can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g.Meld u aan! 'Log in!', whereu is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, bothu andzich are equally possible, e.g.U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
8) Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term fornon-binary individuals.

North Frisian

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Pronoun

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'm(Föhr-Amrum, Mooring)

  1. Reduced form ofjam(“you, you all”,subject)

Usage notes

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  • Note thatjam is both subject and object case, but the reduced form'm occurs only for the subject.
  • On Föhr and Amrum,'m is added to an imperative to make it plural, e.g.kom(“come!”,singular),kom'm(“come!”,plural). This usage is not common in Mooring, the simple form being used for both numbers (as in English).

See also

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Personal and possessive pronouns (Föhr-Amrum dialect)
personalpossessive
subject caseobject casemasculine referentfeminine / neuter referentplural referent
fullreducedfullreducedattributiveindependent
singular1stik'kmimanminminen
2nddü–didandindinen
3rdmhi'rham'nsansinsinen
f ornhatat,'tat,'t
plural1stwi'füsüüsüüsen
üsens
2ndjam'mjamjaujauen
jamens
3rdjo'sjo'shörhören
hörens
  • The reduced forms with an apostrophe areenclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions.Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
  • At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. Inreflexive use, only full object forms occur.
  • Dual formswat / onk andjat / jonk are obsolete, as is femininejü / hör.
  • Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.
  • The formsüsens,jamens,hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.
Personal and possessive pronouns (Mooring dialect)
personalpossessive
subject caseobject casemasculine
referent		feminine / neuter / plural
referent
fullreducedfullreduced
singular1stik'kmemanmin
2nddü–dedandin
3rdmhi'rham'nsansin
fjü'shar'sharnhar
nhatet,'thamet,'tsansin
plural1stweüsüüsenüüs
2ndjam'mjamjarnge
3rdja'sja,jam'sjare

The reduced forms with an apostrophe areenclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions.Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject formhat is now rarely used. Inreflexive use, only full object forms occur.
Dual formswat / unk andjat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.

Welsh

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Determiner

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'm

  1. (literary)my(triggersh-prothesis of a following vowel)
    Synonym:fy
    Rwy'n myned yn ôl adref i’m hannwyl famwlad.
    I am going back home tomy dear homeland.

Pronoun

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'm

  1. (literary)me(used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggersh-prothesis of a following vowel)
    Synonyms:fi,i
    Dywed na’m hadwaenai.
    He/She says that he/she would not recognise me.
    Fe’m ganed i deulu di-Gymraeg.
    I was born (lit. "One gave birth tome") into a non-Welsh-speaking family.
Usage notes
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  • The determiner can be considered a "contraction" offy used after mostly functional vowel-final words.
  • The pronoun occurs after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such asfe,a,ni,na,oni andpe.

Etymology 2

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Particle

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'm

  1. (colloquial)contraction ofddim(“not”)
    Dwyt ti’m yn cofio Macsen.
    You don’t remember Macsen.

Further reading

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  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “'m”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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