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Module:String

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This module issubject to page protection. It is ahighly visible module in use by a very large number of pages, or issubstituted very frequently. Because vandalism or mistakes would affect many pages, and even trivial editing might cause substantial load on the servers, it isprotected from editing.

This module is intended to provide access to basic string functions.

Most of the functions provided here can be invoked with named parameters, unnamed parameters, or a mixture. If named parameters are used, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading or trailing whitespace from the parameter. Depending on the intended use, it may be advantageous to either preserve or remove such whitespace.

Global options

ignore_errors: If set to 'true' or 1, any error condition will result in an empty string being returned rather than an error message.
error_category: If an error occurs, specifies the name of a category to include with the error message. The default category isCategory:Errors reported by Module String (0).
no_category: If set to 'true' or 1, no category will be added if an error is generated.

Unit tests for this module are available atModule:String/testcases.

len

This function returns the length of the target string.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|len|target_string}}

{{#invoke:String|len|s=target_string }}

Parameters:

s: The string whose length to report

Examples:

{{#invoke:String|len| abcdefghi }} → 11
{{#invoke:String|len|s= abcdefghi }} → 9

sub

This function returns a substring of the target string at specified inclusive, one-indexed indices.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|sub|target_string|start_index|end_index}}

{{#invoke:String|sub|s=target_string |i=start_index |j=end_index }}

Parameters:

s: The string to return a subset of
i: The first index of the substring to return, defaults to 1.
j: The last index of the string to return, defaults to the last character.

The first character of the string is assigned an index of 1. If either i or j is a negative value, it is interpreted the same as selecting a character by counting from the end of the string. Hence, a value of -1 is the same as selecting the last character of the string.

If the requested indices are out of range for the given string, an error is reported. To avoid error messages, useUstring#sub instead.

Examples:

"{{#invoke:String|sub| abcdefghi }}" → " abcdefghi "
"{{#invoke:String|sub|s= abcdefghi }}" → "abcdefghi"
"{{#invoke:String|sub| abcdefghi | 3 }}" → "bcdefghi "
"{{#invoke:String|sub|s= abcdefghi |i= 3 }}" → "cdefghi"
"{{#invoke:String|sub| abcdefghi | 3 | 4 }}" → "bc"
"{{#invoke:String|sub|s= abcdefghi |i= 3 |j= 4 }}" → "cd"

sublength

This function implements the features of {{str sub old}} and is kept in order to maintain these older templates. It returns a substring of the target string starting at a specified index and of a specified length.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|sublength|s=target_string |i=start_index |len=length }}

Parameters:

s: The string
i: The starting index of the substring to return. The first character of the string is assigned an index of 0.
len: The length of the string to return, defaults to the last character.

Examples:

{{#invoke:String|sublength|s= abcdefghi }} → abcdefghi
{{#invoke:String|sublength|s= abcdefghi |i= 3 }} → defghi
{{#invoke:String|sublength|s= abcdefghi |i= 3 |len= 4 }} → defg

match

This function returns a substring from the source string that matches a specified pattern.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|match|source_string|pattern_string|start_index|match_number|plain_flag|nomatch_output}}

{{#invoke:String|match|s=source_string |pattern=pattern_string |start=start_index |match=match_number |plain=plain_flag |nomatch=nomatch_output }}

Parameters:

s: The string to search
pattern: The pattern or string to find within the string
start: The index within the source string to start the search. The first character of the string has index 1. Defaults to 1.
match: In some cases it may be possible to make multiple matches on a single string. This specifies which match to return, where the first match is match= 1. If a negative number is specified then a match is returned counting from the last match. Hence match = -1 is the same as requesting the last match. Defaults to 1.
plain: Boolean flag indicating that pattern should be understood as plain text and not as aScribunto ustring pattern (a unicode-friendlyLua-styleregular expression). Defaults to false (to change:plain=true)
nomatch: If no match is found, output the "nomatch" value rather than an error.
ignore_errors: If no match is found and ignore_errors=true, output an empty string rather than an error.

If the match_number or start_index are out of range for the string being queried, then this function generates an error. An error is also generated if no match is found.If one adds the parameter ignore_errors=true, then the error will be suppressed and an empty string will be returned on any failure.

For information on constructingLua patterns, a form ofregular expression, see:

Examples:

{{#invoke:String|match| abc123def456 |%d+}} → 123
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc123def456 |pattern= %d+ }} → 123
{{#invoke:String|match| abc123def456 |%d+|6}} → 23
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc123def456 |pattern= %d+ |start= 6 }} → 3
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc123def456 |pattern= %d+ |start= 6 |match= 2 }} → 456
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc123%d+ |pattern= %d+ }} → 123
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc123%d+ |pattern= %d+ |plain= true }} → %d+
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc |pattern= %d }} →String Module Error: Match not found
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc |pattern= %d |nomatch= No numeric characters in string }} → No numeric characters in string
{{#invoke:String|match|s= abc |pattern= %d |ignore_errors= true }} →
{{#invoke:String|match|s= 0012001200 |pattern= 0*(%d*) }} → 12001200

pos

This function returns a single character from the target string at position pos.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|pos|target_string|index_value}}

{{#invoke:String|pos|target=target_string |pos=index_value }}

Parameters:

target: The string to search
pos: The index for the character to return

The first character has an index value of 1.

If one requests a negative value, this function will select a character by counting backwardsfrom the end of the string. In other words pos = -1 is the same as asking for the last character.

A requested value of zero, or a value greater than the length of the string returns an error.

Examples:

{{#invoke:String|pos| abcdefghi | 4 }} → c
{{#invoke:String|pos|target= abcdefghi |pos= 4 }} → d

str_find

This function duplicates the behavior of {{str_find}}, including all of its quirks. This is provided in order to support existing templates, but is NOT RECOMMENDED for new code and templates. New code is recommended to use the "find" function instead.

Returns the first index in "source" that is a match to "target". Indexing is 1-based, and the function returns -1 if the "target" string is not present in "source".

Important Note: If the "target" string is empty / missing, this function returns a value of "1", which is generally unexpected behavior, and must be accounted for separately.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|str_find|source_string|target_string}}

{{#invoke:String|str_find|source=source_string |target=target_string }}

Parameters:

source: The string to search
target: The string to find within source

Examples:

{{#invoke:String|str_find| abc123def }} → 1
{{#invoke:String|str_find|source= abc123def }} → 1
{{#invoke:String|str_find| abc123def |123}} → 5
{{#invoke:String|str_find|source= abc123def |target= 123 }} → 4
{{#invoke:String|str_find| abc123def |not}} → -1

find

This function allows one to search for a target string or pattern within another string.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|find|source_string|target_string|start_index|plain_flag}}

{{#invoke:String|find|source=source_string |target=target_string |start=start_index |plain=plain_flag }}

Parameters:

source: The string to search
target: The string or pattern to find within source
start: The index within the source string to start the search, defaults to 1
plain: Boolean flag indicating that target should be understood as plain text and not as aScribunto ustring pattern (a unicode-friendlyLua-styleregular expression); defaults to true

This function returns the first index >= "start" where "target" can be found within "source". Indices are 1-based. If "target" is not found, then this function returns 0. If either "source" or "target" are missing / empty, this function also returns 0.

This function should be safe for UTF-8 strings.

Examples:

{{#invoke:String|find|abc123def|12}} → 4
{{#invoke:String|find|source=abc123def|target=12}} → 4
{{#invoke:String|find|source=abc123def|target=pqr}} → 0
{{#invoke:String|find| abc123def |123}} → 5
{{#invoke:String|find|source= abc123def |target= 123 }} → 4
{{#invoke:String|find|source=abc123def|target=%d |start=3 |plain=false }} → 4

When using unnamed parameters, preceding and trailing spaces are kept and counted:

{{#invoke:String|find| abc123def |c|false}} → 5
{{#invoke:String|find|source= abc123def |target=c|plain=false}} → 3
{{#invoke:string|find|abc 123 def|%s|plain=false}} → 4

Testing for the presence of a string:

Template:Pf → Didn't find needle

replace (gsub)

This function allows one to replace a target string or pattern within another string. To Lua programmers: this function works internally by callingmw.ustring.gsub.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|replace|source_str|pattern_string|replace_string|replacement_count|plain_flag}}

{{#invoke:String|replace|source=source_string |pattern=pattern_string |replace=replace_string |count=replacement_count |plain=plain_flag }}

Parameters:

source: The string to search
pattern: The string or pattern to find within source
replace: The replacement text
count: The number of occurrences to replace; defaults to all
plain: Boolean flag indicating that pattern should be understood as plain text and not as aScribunto ustring pattern (a unicode-friendlyLua-styleregular expression); defaults to true

Examples:

"{{#invoke:String|replace| abc123def456 |123|XYZ}}" → " abcXYZdef456 "
"{{#invoke:String|replace|source= abc123def456 |pattern= 123 |replace= XYZ }}" → "abcXYZdef456"
"{{#invoke:String|replace| abc123def456 |%d+|XYZ|1|false}}" → " abcXYZdef456 "
"{{#invoke:String|replace|source= abc123def456 |pattern= %d+ |replace= XYZ |count=1 |plain= false }}" → "abcXYZdef456"
"{{#invoke:String|replace|source= abc123def456 |pattern= %d+ |replace= XYZ |plain= false }}" → "abcXYZdefXYZ"
{{#invoke:String|replace|source= 0012001200 |pattern= ^0* |plain= false }} → 12001200

rep

Repeats a stringn times. A simple function to pipe string.rep to templates.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|rep|source|count}}

Parameters:

source: The string to repeat
count: The number of repetitions.

Examples:

"{{#invoke:String|rep|hello|3}}" → "hellohellohello"
"{{#invoke:String|rep| hello | 3 }}" → " hello hello hello "

escapePattern

In aLua pattern, changes aclass character into aliteral character. For example: in a pattern, character. catches "any character"; escapePattern will convert it to%., catching just the literal character ".".

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|escapePattern|pattern_string}}

Parameters:

pattern_string: The pattern string to escape

Examples:

"{{#invoke:String|escapePattern|A.D.}}" → "A%.D%."
"{{#invoke:String|escapePattern|10%}}" → "10%%"

count

Counts the number of times a given pattern appears in the arguments that get passed on to this module. Counts disjoint matches only.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|count|source_str|pattern_string|plain_flag}}

{{#invoke:String|count|source=source_string |pattern=pattern_string|plain=plain_flag }}

Parameters:

source_string: The string to count occurrences in
pattern: The string or pattern to count occurrences of within source
plain: Boolean flag indicating that pattern should be understood as plain text and not as aScribunto ustring pattern (a unicode-friendlyLua-styleregular expression); defaults to true

Examples:

Count of 'a':"{{#invoke:String|count|aabbcc|a}}" → "2"
Count occurrences of 'aba':"{{#invoke:String|count|ababababab|aba}}" → "2"
Count of "either 'a' or 'c' ":"{{#invoke:String|count|aabbcc|[ac]|plain=false}}" → "4"
Count of "not 'a' ":"{{#invoke:String|count|aaabaaac|[^a]|plain=false}}" → "2"
Count of "starts with 'a' ":"{{#invoke:String|count|aaabaaac|^a|plain=false}}" → "1"

join

Joins all strings passed as arguments into one string, treating the first argument as a separator

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|join|separator|string1|string2|...}}

Parameters:

separator: String that separates each string being joined together; Note that leading and trailing spaces arenot stripped from the separator.
string1/string2/...: Strings being joined together

Examples:

"{{#invoke:String|join|x|foo|bar|baz}}" → "fooxbarxbaz"
"{{#invoke:String|join||a|b|c|d|e|f|g}}" → "abcdefg"
"{{#invoke:String|join|,|a|b|c|d|e|f|g}}" → "a,b,c,d,e,f,g"
"{{#invoke:String|join|, |a|b|c|d|e|f|g}}" → "a, b, c, d, e, f, g"
"{{#invoke:String|join| – |a|b|c|d|e|f|g}}" → "a – b – c – d – e – f – g"

The preceding example uses the html entity – but the unicode character also works.

endswith

For the startswith function, seeModule:String2 § startswith.

Usage:

{{#invoke:String|endswith|source_str|search_string}}

{{#invoke:String|endswith|source=source_string |pattern=search_string}}

Returns "yes" if the source string ends with the search string. Use named parameters to have the strings trimmed before use. Despite the parameter name,search_string is not a Lua pattern, it is interpreted literally.

"{{#invoke:String|endswith|xxxyyy|y}}" → "yes"
"{{#invoke:String|endswith|xxxyyy|z}}" → ""

--[[This module is intended to provide access to basic string functions.Most of the functions provided here can be invoked with named parameters,unnamed parameters, or a mixture.  If named parameters are used, Mediawiki willautomatically remove any leading or trailing whitespace from the parameter.Depending on the intended use, it may be advantageous to either preserve orremove such whitespace.Global options    ignore_errors: If set to 'true' or 1, any error condition will result in        an empty string being returned rather than an error message.    error_category: If an error occurs, specifies the name of a category to        include with the error message.  The default category is        [Category:Errors reported by Module String].    no_category: If set to 'true' or 1, no category will be added if an error        is generated.Unit tests for this module are available at Module:String/tests.]]localstr={}--[[lenThis function returns the length of the target string.Usage:{{#invoke:String|len|target_string|}}OR{{#invoke:String|len|s=target_string}}Parameters    s: The string whose length to reportIf invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading ortrailing whitespace from the target string.]]functionstr.len(frame)localnew_args=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'s'})locals=new_args['s']or''returnmw.ustring.len(s)end--[[subThis function returns a substring of the target string at specified indices.Usage:{{#invoke:String|sub|target_string|start_index|end_index}}OR{{#invoke:String|sub|s=target_string|i=start_index|j=end_index}}Parameters    s: The string to return a subset of    i: The first index of the substring to return, defaults to 1.    j: The last index of the string to return, defaults to the last character.The first character of the string is assigned an index of 1.  If either i or jis a negative value, it is interpreted the same as selecting a character bycounting from the end of the string.  Hence, a value of -1 is the same asselecting the last character of the string.If the requested indices are out of range for the given string, an error isreported.]]functionstr.sub(frame)localnew_args=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'s','i','j'})locals=new_args['s']or''locali=tonumber(new_args['i'])or1localj=tonumber(new_args['j'])or-1locallen=mw.ustring.len(s)-- Convert negatives for range checkingifi<0theni=len+i+1endifj<0thenj=len+j+1endifi>lenorj>lenori<1orj<1thenreturnstr._error('String subset index out of range')endifj<ithenreturnstr._error('String subset indices out of order')endreturnmw.ustring.sub(s,i,j)end--[[This function implements that features of {{str sub old}} and is kept in orderto maintain these older templates.]]functionstr.sublength(frame)locali=tonumber(frame.args.i)or0locallen=tonumber(frame.args.len)returnmw.ustring.sub(frame.args.s,i+1,lenand(i+len))end--[[_matchThis function returns a substring from the source string that matches aspecified pattern. It is exported for use in other modulesUsage:strmatch = require("Module:String")._matchsresult = strmatch( s, pattern, start, match, plain, nomatch )Parameters    s: The string to search    pattern: The pattern or string to find within the string    start: The index within the source string to start the search.  The first        character of the string has index 1.  Defaults to 1.    match: In some cases it may be possible to make multiple matches on a single        string.  This specifies which match to return, where the first match is        match= 1.  If a negative number is specified then a match is returned        counting from the last match.  Hence match = -1 is the same as requesting        the last match.  Defaults to 1.    plain: A flag indicating that the pattern should be understood as plain        text.  Defaults to false.    nomatch: If no match is found, output the "nomatch" value rather than an error.For information on constructing Lua patterns, a form of [regular expression], see:* http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#5.4.1* http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Patterns* http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Ustring_patterns]]-- This sub-routine is exported for use in other modulesfunctionstr._match(s,pattern,start,match_index,plain_flag,nomatch)ifs==''thenreturnstr._error('Target string is empty')endifpattern==''thenreturnstr._error('Pattern string is empty')endstart=tonumber(start)or1ifmath.abs(start)<1ormath.abs(start)>mw.ustring.len(s)thenreturnstr._error('Requested start is out of range')endifmatch_index==0thenreturnstr._error('Match index is out of range')endifplain_flagthenpattern=str._escapePattern(pattern)endlocalresultifmatch_index==1then-- Find first match is simple caseresult=mw.ustring.match(s,pattern,start)elseifstart>1thens=mw.ustring.sub(s,start)endlocaliterator=mw.ustring.gmatch(s,pattern)ifmatch_index>0then-- Forward searchforwiniteratordomatch_index=match_index-1ifmatch_index==0thenresult=wbreakendendelse-- Reverse searchlocalresult_table={}localcount=1forwiniteratordoresult_table[count]=wcount=count+1endresult=result_table[count+match_index]endendifresult==nilthenifnomatch==nilthenreturnstr._error('Match not found')elsereturnnomatchendelsereturnresultendend--[[matchThis function returns a substring from the source string that matches aspecified pattern.Usage:{{#invoke:String|match|source_string|pattern_string|start_index|match_number|plain_flag|nomatch_output}}OR{{#invoke:String|match|s=source_string|pattern=pattern_string|start=start_index    |match=match_number|plain=plain_flag|nomatch=nomatch_output}}Parameters    s: The string to search    pattern: The pattern or string to find within the string    start: The index within the source string to start the search.  The first        character of the string has index 1.  Defaults to 1.    match: In some cases it may be possible to make multiple matches on a single        string.  This specifies which match to return, where the first match is        match= 1.  If a negative number is specified then a match is returned        counting from the last match.  Hence match = -1 is the same as requesting        the last match.  Defaults to 1.    plain: A flag indicating that the pattern should be understood as plain        text.  Defaults to false.    nomatch: If no match is found, output the "nomatch" value rather than an error.If invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading ortrailing whitespace from each string.  In some circumstances this is desirable, inother cases one may want to preserve the whitespace.If the match_number or start_index are out of range for the string being queried, thenthis function generates an error.  An error is also generated if no match is found.If one adds the parameter ignore_errors=true, then the error will be suppressed andan empty string will be returned on any failure.For information on constructing Lua patterns, a form of [regular expression], see:* http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#5.4.1* http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Patterns* http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Ustring_patterns]]-- This is the entry point for #invoke:String|matchfunctionstr.match(frame)localnew_args=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'s','pattern','start','match','plain','nomatch'})locals=new_args['s']or''localstart=tonumber(new_args['start'])or1localplain_flag=str._getBoolean(new_args['plain']orfalse)localpattern=new_args['pattern']or''localmatch_index=math.floor(tonumber(new_args['match'])or1)localnomatch=new_args['nomatch']returnstr._match(s,pattern,start,match_index,plain_flag,nomatch)end--[[posThis function returns a single character from the target string at position pos.Usage:{{#invoke:String|pos|target_string|index_value}}OR{{#invoke:String|pos|target=target_string|pos=index_value}}Parameters    target: The string to search    pos: The index for the character to returnIf invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading ortrailing whitespace from the target string.  In some circumstances this is desirable, inother cases one may want to preserve the whitespace.The first character has an index value of 1.If one requests a negative value, this function will select a character by counting backwardsfrom the end of the string.  In other words pos = -1 is the same as asking for the last character.A requested value of zero, or a value greater than the length of the string returns an error.]]functionstr.pos(frame)localnew_args=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'target','pos'})localtarget_str=new_args['target']or''localpos=tonumber(new_args['pos'])or0ifpos==0ormath.abs(pos)>mw.ustring.len(target_str)thenreturnstr._error('String index out of range')endreturnmw.ustring.sub(target_str,pos,pos)end--[[str_findThis function duplicates the behavior of {{str_find}}, including all of its quirks.This is provided in order to support existing templates, but is NOT RECOMMENDED fornew code and templates.  New code is recommended to use the "find" function instead.Returns the first index in "source" that is a match to "target".  Indexing is 1-based,and the function returns -1 if the "target" string is not present in "source".Important Note: If the "target" string is empty / missing, this function returns avalue of "1", which is generally unexpected behavior, and must be accounted forseparatetly.]]functionstr.str_find(frame)localnew_args=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'source','target'})localsource_str=new_args['source']or''localtarget_str=new_args['target']or''iftarget_str==''thenreturn1endlocalstart=mw.ustring.find(source_str,target_str,1,true)ifstart==nilthenstart=-1endreturnstartend--[[findThis function allows one to search for a target string or pattern within anotherstring.Usage:{{#invoke:String|find|source_str|target_string|start_index|plain_flag}}OR{{#invoke:String|find|source=source_str|target=target_str|start=start_index|plain=plain_flag}}Parameters    source: The string to search    target: The string or pattern to find within source    start: The index within the source string to start the search, defaults to 1    plain: Boolean flag indicating that target should be understood as plain        text and not as a Lua style regular expression, defaults to trueIf invoked using named parameters, Mediawiki will automatically remove any leading ortrailing whitespace from the parameter.  In some circumstances this is desirable, inother cases one may want to preserve the whitespace.This function returns the first index >= "start" where "target" can be foundwithin "source".  Indices are 1-based.  If "target" is not found, then thisfunction returns 0.  If either "source" or "target" are missing / empty, thisfunction also returns 0.This function should be safe for UTF-8 strings.]]functionstr.find(frame)localnew_args=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'source','target','start','plain'})localsource_str=new_args['source']or''localpattern=new_args['target']or''localstart_pos=tonumber(new_args['start'])or1localplain=new_args['plain']ortrueifsource_str==''orpattern==''thenreturn0endplain=str._getBoolean(plain)localstart=mw.ustring.find(source_str,pattern,start_pos,plain)ifstart==nilthenstart=0endreturnstartend--[[replaceThis function allows one to replace a target string or pattern within anotherstring.Usage:{{#invoke:String|replace|source_str|pattern_string|replace_string|replacement_count|plain_flag}}OR{{#invoke:String|replace|source=source_string|pattern=pattern_string|replace=replace_string|   count=replacement_count|plain=plain_flag}}Parameters    source: The string to search    pattern: The string or pattern to find within source    replace: The replacement text    count: The number of occurences to replace, defaults to all.    plain: Boolean flag indicating that pattern should be understood as plain        text and not as a Lua style regular expression, defaults to true]]functionstr.replace(frame)localnew_args=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'source','pattern','replace','count','plain'})localsource_str=new_args['source']or''localpattern=new_args['pattern']or''localreplace=new_args['replace']or''localcount=tonumber(new_args['count'])localplain=new_args['plain']ortrueifsource_str==''orpattern==''thenreturnsource_strendplain=str._getBoolean(plain)ifplainthenpattern=str._escapePattern(pattern)replace=string.gsub(replace,"%%","%%%%")--Only need to escape replacement sequences.endlocalresultifcount~=nilthenresult=mw.ustring.gsub(source_str,pattern,replace,count)elseresult=mw.ustring.gsub(source_str,pattern,replace)endreturnresultend--[[    simple function to pipe string.rep to templates.]]functionstr.rep(frame)localrepetitions=tonumber(frame.args[2])ifnotrepetitionsthenreturnstr._error('function rep expects a number as second parameter, received "'..(frame.args[2]or'')..'"')endreturnstring.rep(frame.args[1]or'',repetitions)end--[[escapePatternThis function escapes special characters from a Lua string pattern. See [1]for details on how patterns work.[1] https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#PatternsUsage:{{#invoke:String|escapePattern|pattern_string}}Parameters    pattern_string: The pattern string to escape.]]functionstr.escapePattern(frame)localpattern_str=frame.args[1]ifnotpattern_strthenreturnstr._error('No pattern string specified')endlocalresult=str._escapePattern(pattern_str)returnresultend--[[countThis function counts the number of occurrences of one string in another.]]functionstr.count(frame)localargs=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'source','pattern','plain'})localsource=args.sourceor''localpattern=args.patternor''localplain=str._getBoolean(args.plainortrue)ifplainthenpattern=str._escapePattern(pattern)endlocal_,count=mw.ustring.gsub(source,pattern,'')returncountend--[[endswithThis function determines whether a string ends with another string.]]functionstr.endswith(frame)localargs=str._getParameters(frame.args,{'source','pattern'})localsource=args.sourceor''localpattern=args.patternor''ifpattern==''then-- All strings end with the empty string.return"yes"endifmw.ustring.sub(source,-mw.ustring.len(pattern),-1)==patternthenreturn"yes"elsereturn""endend--[[joinJoin all non empty arguments together; the first argument is the separator.Usage:{{#invoke:String|join|sep|one|two|three}}]]functionstr.join(frame)localargs={}localsepfor_,vinipairs(frame.args)doifsepthenifv~=''thentable.insert(args,v)endelsesep=vendendreturntable.concat(args,sepor'')end--[[Helper function that populates the argument list given that user may need to use a mix ofnamed and unnamed parameters.  This is relevant because named parameters are notidentical to unnamed parameters due to string trimming, and when dealing with stringswe sometimes want to either preserve or remove that whitespace depending on the application.]]functionstr._getParameters(frame_args,arg_list)localnew_args={}localindex=1localvaluefor_,arginipairs(arg_list)dovalue=frame_args[arg]ifvalue==nilthenvalue=frame_args[index]index=index+1endnew_args[arg]=valueendreturnnew_argsend--[[Helper function to handle error messages.]]functionstr._error(error_str)localframe=mw.getCurrentFrame()localerror_category=frame.args.error_categoryor'Errors reported by Module String'localignore_errors=frame.args.ignore_errorsorfalselocalno_category=frame.args.no_categoryorfalseifstr._getBoolean(ignore_errors)thenreturn''endlocalerror_str='<strong>String Module Error: '..error_str..'</strong>'iferror_category~=''andnotstr._getBoolean(no_category)thenerror_str='[[Category:'..error_category..']]'..error_strendreturnerror_strend--[[Helper Function to interpret boolean strings]]functionstr._getBoolean(boolean_str)localboolean_valueiftype(boolean_str)=='string'thenboolean_str=boolean_str:lower()ifboolean_str=='false'orboolean_str=='no'orboolean_str=='0'orboolean_str==''thenboolean_value=falseelseboolean_value=trueendelseiftype(boolean_str)=='boolean'thenboolean_value=boolean_strelseerror('No boolean value found')endreturnboolean_valueend--[[Helper function that escapes all pattern characters so that they will be treatedas plain text.]]functionstr._escapePattern(pattern_str)return(string.gsub(pattern_str,"[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]","%%%0"))endreturnstr