NEW YORK, a city of the state of New York,coextensive with the county of the same name,the commercial metropolis of the United States,and the most populous city in the westernhemisphere, situated at the mouth of the Hudsonriver, about 145 m. below Albany, 18 m.from the Atlantic ocean, 190 m. in a direct lineS. W. of Boston, 205 m. N. E. of Washington,and 715 m. E. of Chicago; lat. of the city hall,40° 42′ 43″ N., lon. 74° 0′ 3″ W. The main bodyof the city is situated on Manhattan island;besides which it includes Randall's, Ward's, andBlackwell's islands in the East river; Governor's,Bedloe's, and Ellis islands in the bay,occupied by the United States government; anda portion of the mainland N. of Manhattanisland, and separated from it by Spuyten Duyvelcreek and Harlem river. It is bounded N. bythe city of Yonkers; E. by the Bronx river,which separates it from the towns of EastChester and West Chester, Westchester co.,and by the East river, separating it from Longisland; S. by the bay; and W. by the Hudsonor North river, which separates it from NewJersey. Its extreme length N. from theBattery is 16 m.; greatest width, from the mouthof Bronx river W. to the Hudson, 4¼ m.; area,nearly 41 sq. m. or 26,500 acres, of which19 sq. m. or 12,300 acres are on the mainland.Manhattan island is 13½ m. long, and varies inbreadth from a few hundred yards at theBattery to 2¼ m. at 14th street, diminishing againto less than 1 m. above 130th street, and havingan area of nearly 22 sq. m. or 14,000 acres. TheEast river islands comprise about 300 acres, andthose in the bay 100 more. Manhattan islandis bounded N. by Spuyten Duyvel creek andHarlem river, which separate it from themainland of the state, E. by the East river, S. bythe bay, and W. by the Hudson river. Theisland was originally very rough, a rocky ridgerunning from the S. point northward, andbranching into several spurs, which united after4 or 5 m., culminating in Washington heights,238 ft. above tide water, and a bold promontoryof 130 ft. at the extreme N. point. TheS. portion of the island and the shores in someplaces were alluvial sand beds, while marshesand ponds also occurred. But the originalcharacter of the surface has disappeared in thelower portion, and is disappearing in theupper, before the constant grading and filling forthe construction of new or the improvement ofold streets. One of the largest bodies of waterwas the “Collect pond,” nearly 2 m. incircumference and 50 ft. deep, which covered the siteof the “Tombs” and adjacent territory, andwas connected with marshes on the Hudsonby a rivulet on the line of Canal street, whichtakes its name from this circumstance. Thelower part of the island has been considerablywidened by filling in the rivers on either side.Several localities in the upper portion arepopularly known by different names. Yorkvilleand Harlem are on the E. side, the former inthe vicinity of 86th street, and the latter of125th street. On the W. side are Bloomingdaleand Manhattanville, opposite Yorkvilleand Harlem respectively. Above Manhattanvilleand in the vicinity of 150th street isCarmansville, about 1 m. further up FortWashington or Washington Heights, and at the N.W. extremity of the island Inwood. Themainland portion of the city, formerly constitutingthe towns of Morrisania, West Farms,and Kingsbridge, Westchester co., was annexedby the act of May 23, 1873, which went intoeffect on Jan. 1, 1874. The S. portion,comprising Morrisania and a part of West Farms,forms the 23d ward of the city, the rest ofWest Farms with Kingsbridge constituting the24th ward. The 23d ward contains severalvillages, with various popular designations, amongwhich are Mott Haven and North New York,immediately across Harlem bridge; PortMorris, on the East river; and Melrose, Woodstock,Morrisania, Highbridgeville, and Claremont,further N. In the 24th ward are Tremont,Mount Hope, Mount Eden, Fairmount, WestFarms, Belmont, Fordham, and Williamsbridge,between the Harlem and Bronx rivers;Kingsbridgeville and Spuyten Duyvel, separated fromthe N. extremity of Manhattan island by SpuytenDuyvel creek; Mosholu, N. of these; andRiverdale and Mount St. Vincent, on the Hudson.The surface of the new wards is diversified,the greater portion of the land being highand rolling, except in the south, where it islow, and along the shores marshy. The districtis traversed by several small sluggish streams,having a S. course, the principal of which areTibbett's brook, emptying into Spuyten Duyvelcreek; Cromwell's creek, discharging into Harlemriver at Macomb's Dam bridge; and Millbrook and Leggett's creek, in the southeast.Between the streams the land rises for themost part to from 100 to 280 ft. above tidewater, the highest point being on the Riverdaleridge between Tibbett's brook and the Hudson.These ridges are well improved and occupiedby country residences. The former town ofMorrisania is thickly settled, and is regularlylaid out with avenues running N. and S., andstreets crossing them at right angles numberedin continuation of those on Manhattan island.It is divided into two nearly equal parts by 3davenue, continued across Harlem bridge. Therest of the new district is not regularly laidout, though the S. and W. portions of the 24thward are well provided with streets andavenues, each village having its own system. Thisnew part of the city is to be regulated under thedirection of the park commissioners, and thework is now in progress (1875). The twoportions of the city are connected by four wagonand two railroad bridges across Harlem riverand Spuyten Duyvel creek. Harlem bridge, at3d avenue and 130th street, is of iron;Macomb's Dam bridge, near 7th avenue and 154thstreet, and Farmer's and King's bridges, nearthe N. extremity of the island, are of wood.One of the railroad bridges crosses SpuytenDuyvel creek at its entrance into the Hudson,and is used by one branch of the Hudson Riverrailroad; the other crosses Harlem river a littleN. of Harlem bridge, and is used by theother railroad lines that enter the city. Asuspension bridge across the upper part of theHarlem, and a tunnel under it, at 7th avenue, areproposed.

NEW YORK CITY AND VICINITY.

—On Manhattan island, the olderportion of the city below 14th street (2½ m. fromthe Battery) is for the most part somewhatirregularly laid out. The plan of the upper portionembraces avenues running N. to the boundaryof the island, and streets crossing them at rightangles from river to river. The avenues arenumbered from the east to 12th avenue; E. of1st avenue in the widest part of the city areavenues A, B, C, and D. Above 21st street,between 3d and 4th avenues, is Lexington avenue,and above 23d street, between 4th and 5thavenues, Madison avenue; 6th and 7th avenuesare intercepted by Central park. The avenuesare 100 ft. wide, except A and C, which are80 ft.; Lexington and Madison, 75 ft.; and Band D, 60 ft. Fourth avenue above 34th streetis 140 ft. wide, and between 34th and 40thstreets (here called Park avenue) it is dividedin the centre by a row of beautiful little parks,surrounding the openings of the railroad tunnel.The streets are 60 ft. wide, except 15 of them,which are 100 ft., and are numbered consecutivelyN. to 225th street at Spuyten Duyvelcreek (1st street being 1¾ m. from theBattery); 20 blocks, including the streets, averagea mile. The numbers on the avenues run N.;the street numbers run E. and W. from 5thavenue. Between 5th and 6th avenues theyrange from 1 toward 100 W. (14th street forinstance), and between 5th and 4th avenues from1 toward 100 E. (14th street); crossing 6th or4th avenue, the numbers commence at 100,and as each avenue is crossed toward the eastor west a new hundred is commenced, thenumber of a building thus indicating the blockin which it is situated. The city is compactlybuilt to Central park, about 5 m. from theBattery, and on the E. side for the most part toHarlem, 3 m. further. The W. side is sparselyoccupied by cottages and shanties, with manymarket gardens, to Manhattanville, where andat Carmansville are compact villages. At FortWashington and above it are many countryresidences. Broadway, the great centralthoroughfare, is 80 ft. wide, and upon it are mostof the principal hotels, banks, insurance offices,and great retail stores. It runs N. from theBattery, bending toward the west above 10thstreet, and, after crossing 5th, 6th, and 7thavenues, terminates at 59th street and 8thavenue. On the E. side the principal thoroughfareis the Bowery, a wide street, with its continuation 3d avenue; and on the W. side,Hudson street and 8th avenue. Fifth avenuecontains many handsome churches, but is chieflynoted for the magnificence of its residences,to which it is almost exclusively devoted. Themost favorite drives outside of Central park arethe Boulevard, St. Nicholas avenue, and 6th and7th avenues above the park. The Boulevardcommences at 59th street and 8th avenue, andterminates at 155th street, following for themost part the line of the old Bloomingdale road,the continuation of Broadway, and coincidingabove 107th street with 11th avenue; it is150 ft. wide, and below 128th street is dividedin the centre by a series of little parks. St.Nicholas avenue, 100 ft. wide, runs diagonallyalong the former Harlem lane from the upperside of Central park at 6th avenue and 110thstreet to 155th street, whence its continuationis the Kingsbridge road. Wall street, less thanhalf a mile long, running from the lower partof Broadway to the East river, is the moneycentre of the country. It contains the customhouse, United States sub-treasury and assayoffice, and many of the principal banks andbanking houses. In Broad street near Wallare the stock exchange and gold room.—Manyof the buildings in the lower portion of thecity and along Broadway below 34th streetextend from street to street, or to the centreof the block, covering the entire ground space,from five to seven stories high, besides twostories below the surface, with well lighted vaultsreaching nearly to the middle of the street.The most common materials here are granite,marble, and other varieties of stone, with ironin many recent structures. Brick is still muchused in the cheaper class of dwellings andworkshops. The finest residences are of brownstone, four stories high, 5th and Madisonavenues and the adjacent streets being lined withstately edifices of this class. The mansion ofA. T. Stewart, at the corner of 5th avenue and34th street, of white marble, three stories highbesides basement and Mansard roof, andcontaining a fine gallery of paintings, is the mostsplendid residence in the city. Many of thebanks, insurance buildings, and other businessstructures are of palatial size and magnificence.The Drexel building, on the corner of Wall andBroad streets, is seven stories high, built ofwhite marble in the renaissance style. TheBennett building, in Nassau street betweenFulton and Ann, is of iron and seven storieshigh. The publishing house of Harper andbrothers is a prominent structure with an ironfront in Pearl street. In Broadway, on thecorner of Cedar street, is the building of theEquitable life insurance company, having afrontage of 87 ft., a depth of 200, and a heightof 137. Above this, on the corner of Libertystreet, is the six-story building of the mutuallife insurance company, surmounted by a towercontaining a clock; and on the corner of Fultonstreet, the new “Evening Post” building.Further up and adjoining each other, betweenFulton and Ann streets, are the Park bank andthe “Herald” building, both of marble. Onthe other side of Broadway, at the corner ofDey street, is the new building of the WesternUnion telegraph company, ten stories high(including three in the roof), with a clock tower;the two lower stories are of granite, the othersof brick trimmed with granite. The height ofthe main wall is 140 ft. from the ground, andof the platform at the top of the tower 230 ft.In Printing House square, E. of the City Hallpark, the “Times” and “World” buildings(occupying the former site of the Brick church),the, new granite building of theStaats-Zeitung,with statues of Gutenberg and Franklinabove the portal, and the new “Tribune”building (corner of Spruce street), of brick andgranite, nine stories high with a lofty tower,are particularly noticeable. The New Yorklife insurance company's building, on the cornerof Broadway and Leonard street, is ofwhite marble in the Ionic style; and oppositeis the magnificent building of the Globe mutuallife insurance company. A little above this isthe Ninth national bank, also a superb structure.The retail store of A. T. Stewart and co.is of iron, five stories high, and occupies theentire block between 9th and 10th streets andBroadway and 4th avenue. The Methodistpublishing and mission building, on the corner ofBroadway and 11th street, is also of iron, fivestories high with a spacious basement. On thecorner of Broadway and 14th street is thesix-story iron building of the Domestic sewingmachine company, and on the corner of Broadwayand 20th street Lord and Taylor's store, whichhas a frontage of 110 ft, a depth of 128, anda height of 122. There are many other businessstructures scarcely less worthy of mention.—Amongthe public buildings is the city hall,in the park, 216 by 105 ft., and three storieshigh; it is a handsome edifice of the Italianstyle. The front and ends are of white marble,and the rear of brown stone. It was erectedfrom 1803 to 1812, at a cost of more than$500,000, and is occupied by the mayor, commoncouncil, and other public officers. The“governor's room” in the second storycontains the writing desk on which Washingtonpenned his first message to congress, the chairsused by the first congress, the chair in whichWashington was inaugurated first president,and a gallery of paintings embracing portraitsof the mayors of the city, state governors,and leading federal officers and revolutionarychieftains, mostly by eminent artists. It hasalso a very fine portrait of Columbus. Thebuilding is surmounted by a cupola containinga four-dial clock, which is illuminatedat night by gas. In the rear of the city halland fronting on Chambers street is the newcourt house, which was commenced in 1861,and has been occupied since 1867, but is notcompleted. It is of Corinthian architecture,three stories high, 250 ft. long by 150 ft. wide,and the crown of the dome is to be 210 ft.above the sidewalk. The walls are ofMassachusetts white marble; the beams, staircases,&c., are of iron; while black walnut and choiceGeorgia pine are employed in finishing theinterior. The halls are covered with marbletiling. The main entrance on Chambers streetis reached by a flight of 30broad steps, which areornamented with marblecolumns. E. of the court house,in the N. E. corner of thepark, are two substantialbrown-stone buildings, thelarger occupied by courtsand offices, and the smalleras an engine and court house.S. of these, E. of the cityhall, is the hall of records, amassive stone edifice, once aprison, but now occupied bythe registry of deeds. Theold post office building(formerly the Middle Dutchchurch) is in Nassau street.

New Post Office.

The new building for the postoffice and United States courtsoccupies the S. extremity ofthe City Hall park. It is ofDoric and renaissancearchitecture, with several Louvredomes, and has a front of 279 ft. toward thepark and of 144 ft. toward the south, withtwo equal façades of 262½ ft. on Broadwayand Park row. The walls are of Dix islandgranite, four stories high, besides theMansard roof. Its cost is between $6,000,000 and$7,000,000. The sub-treasury,formerly the customhouse, occupies the siteof the old Federal hall onthe corner of Wall andNassau streets, andextends through to Pinestreet. It is of whitemarble, entirely fire-proof,200 ft. by 90, and 80 ft.high, with Doric porticoesof eight columns on Walland Pine streets, and agranite roof. The rotundais 60 ft. in diameter,and the dome is supportedby 16 Corinthiancolumns. Its cost was$1,175,000.

Custom House.

The customhouse, formerly themerchants' exchange, also inWall street, on the cornerof William street, is200 by about 160 ft., and77 ft. high. It is of Quincygranite, with a porticohaving 12 front, 4middle, and 2 rear columns,each of granite, 38 ft. highand 4½ ft. in diameter.The rotunda is 80 ft. high,and the dome is supportedon eight pilasters of fineItalian variegated marble. The cost of thebuilding and ground was $1,800,000. It isinadequate and inconvenient for its present use,and the erection of a new custom house hasbeen strongly urged. The police headquartersis in Mulberry street, between Bleecker andHouston, running through to Mott street. Itis built of white marble, and is 70 ft. wideby 187 deep, and five stories high. The“Tombs” or city prison, constructed of granite in the Egyptian style, occupies the blockbounded by Centre, Elm, Franklin, and Leonardstreets, and is 200 by 253 ft. In frontare police court rooms. In the area withinexecutions take place.

Interior of Grand Central Depot.

The Grand Centraldepot, in 42d street, between 4th and Madisonavenues, is built of brick, stone, and iron, andcost nearly $2,250,000. It is 240 ft. on 42dstreet by 692 ft. toward Madison avenue,and is surmounted by severalLouvre domes. It covers 66½ city lots,and, besides containing waiting andbaggage rooms and offices, admits 150cars. It is the largest and finestdepot in the country, and is used by mostpassenger trains of the New YorkCentral and Hudson River railroad, and bythe New York and Harlem and theNew York and New Haven railroads.The freight depot of the Hudson Riverrailroad, constructed of brick, granite,and iron, and three stories high, occupiesthe entire square (formerly St.John's park) bounded by Hudson,Beach, Varick, and Laight streets. Onthe Hudson street front is a bronzestatue of Cornelius Vanderbilt,surrounded by emblematic designs, alsoin bronze. Odd Fellows' hall, on thecorner of Grand and Centre streets, isa large, substantially built, brown-stonebuilding, surmounted by a dome. Itcontains a series of highly ornamentedlodge rooms, richly furnished, and indifferent styles of architecture, Egyptian,Grecian, Elizabethan, &c.

Masonic Temple.

The masonic temple,of granite, five stories high, on the corner of23d street and 6th avenue, is 100 by 140 ft.,with a dome 50 ft. square rising 155 ft. abovethe pavement. The grand lodge hall, 84 by90 ft. and 30 ft. high, will seat 1,200persons.—The oldest church edifice, until it wastorn down in 1875, was the North Dutch,in William street, between Fulton and Ann,erected in 1769.

Trinity Church.

Trinity, in Broadway oppositeWall street, is in the Gothic style, builtof brown stone, 192 ft. long, 80 broad, and 60high, with a spire 284 ft. high. It has richstained windows and a good chime of bells.The first edifice was destroyed by fire in 1776,and a new one was erected in 1788; the presentedifice was commenced in 1839 andconsecrated in 1846. It is open every day. Thespire commands a magnificent view. St. Paul's,also in Broadway, is 151 by 73 ft., and hasa spire 203 ft. high; the front and rear areof brown stone, and the sides of gray stonecolored to match; the pediment contains awhite marble statue of St. Paul, and below isthe monument of Gen. Richard Montgomery.St. Mark's, in Stuyvesant street, contains in avault the remains of Gov. Stuyvesant. St.George's, in Stuyvesant square, is 170 by 94 ft.,with double spires; it is in the Byzantine style,and is one of the most capacious churches inthe city. Grace church, in Broadway near10th street, is of white freestone, and theinterior is exceedingly elaborate with carvedwork and stained glass. Trinity chapel, in25th street, 180 by 54 ft., has an interior ofCaen stone, with a blue ceiling, rich stainedwindows, tiled floor, and movable seats. Allthe above named churches are Episcopal. St.Peter's Catholic church, in Barclay street, is amassive granite building,with an Ionicportico and six granitecolumns, with a statueof St. Peter. St.Matthew's Lutheranchurch (originally thefirst Baptist church),in Broome street,corner of Elizabeth,is of blue stone withbattlements of brownstone in the Gothicstyle, 99 by 75 ft. TheReformed (Dutch)church in Lafayetteplace, corner of 4thstreet, is a massiveplain building, 110 by75 ft., with a conicalspire. The Washingtonsquare Reformed(Dutch) church is aGothic building ofrough granite, withsquare towers. TheRoman Catholicchurch of the HolyRedeemer, in 3dstreet, is very largeand costly, and richlydecorated inside withmarble columns anda magnificent altar.The first Presbyterianchurch, in 5th avenuecorner of 11thstreet, is 119 by 80 ft.,and has a spire 160 ft.high. The Presbyterianchurch in 10thstreet and University place, of reddish stone,is a Gothic building, 116 by 65 ft., with a spireof 184 ft. The Madison square Presbyterianchurch is another elegant building. St. Paul'sM. E. church, in 4th avenue, is Romanesque,of white marble, 146 by 77 ft.; the spire is210 ft. high. Calvary Episcopal church, in 4thavenue and 21st street, is a large and handsomeedifice of brown stone, with doubletowers. On the corner below is the Unitarianchurch of All Souls, of red brick andcream-colored stone in alternate layers, withvariegated marble door columns. The freeEpiscopal church of the Holy Communion, in6th avenue and 20th street, is of sandstone,cruciform in plan, 104 by 66 ft., with a turret70 ft. high. The Congregational church(Broadway Tabernacle) in 34th street and 6thavenue is a fine Gothic edifice, with elaborateornamentation. The Reformed (Dutch) churchin 5th avenue, on the corner of 29th street,is an elegant white marble building, with atall spire of the same material. The fourthUniversalist church, in 5th avenue on the cornerof 45th street, is in the Gothic style.The main building is 100 by 80 ft., and 90 ft.high. The front is 95 ft., and the towers are185ft. The “Brick” church (Presbyterian),in 5th avenue on the corner of 37th street, isa spacious brick edifice, with a lofty spire.The first Baptist church, in Park avenue onthe corner of 39th street, is a capacious andhandsome edifice.

Reformed (Dutch) Church, 5th avenue and 48th street.

Other noteworthy churchedifices are the Reformed (Dutch) church onthe corner of 5th avenue and 48th street; St.Thomas's (Episcopal), on the corner of 5thavenue and 53d street; the Fifth avenuePresbyterian church, on the corner of 55thstreet; the Madison avenue Reformed (Dutch)church, on the corner of 57th street, with aspire 188 ft. high; the Presbyterian memorialchurch, in Madison avenue, corner of 53dstreet; St. Bartholomew's (Episcopal), inMadison avenue, corner of 44th street; thechurch of the Holy Trinity (Episcopal), inMadison avenue, corner of 42d street; thechurch of the Covenant (Presbyterian), on thecorner of Park avenue and 35th street; andthe Unitarian church of the Messiah, in 34thstreet, on the corner of Park avenue.

Temple Emanuel.

TheJewish temple Emanuel, in 5th avenue onthe corner of 43d street, is the finest specimenof Saracenic architecture in America;the interior is magnificently decorated in theoriental style.

Roman Catholic Cathedral.

The largest church edifice inthe city, and one of the largest and finest onthe continent, is St. Patrick's cathedral(Catholic), in 5th avenue between 50th and 51ststreets, commenced in 1858 and still inprogress. It is constructed of white marble inthe decorated Gothic style, and is 332 ft. long,with a general breadth of 132, and at the transeptof 174 ft. At the front are to be twospires, each 328 ft. high, flanking a centralgable 156 ft. high.—There are 30 public parksand triangular spaces, with few exceptionsadorned with trees, flowers, and grass plots,and mostly enclosed with substantial ironfences. The Battery, at the S. extremity ofthe city, looking out upon the bay, so calledfrom having been the site of an early fortification,was at one time the fashionable resortof the citizens, and was surrounded by theresidences of the wealthy. It subsequently fellinto neglect, but within a few years it has beenenlarged, protected by a substantial sea wall,and beautifully laid out. It embraces 21 acres.The Bowling Green, so called from its use priorto the revolution, is just above the Battery atthe foot of Broadway, and comprises half anacre. The City Hall park, fronting on Broadway,half a mile above the Battery, has an areaof 8¼ acres, of which more than 2 acres arecovered by buildings. In Printing House square, E.of the park, is a statue of Franklin. Theprincipal other parks, besides Central and MountMorris square, are Washington square (8 acres),between W. 4th street and Waverley place andWooster and Macdougal streets, used as thecity cemetery until 1832; Tompkins square(10½ acres), between avenue A and avenue Band 7th and 10th streets, used as a paradeground; Union square (3½ acres), between 14thand 17th streets and 4th avenue and Broadway;Stuyvesant park (4¼ acres), between 15th and17th streets, and divided by 2d avenue into twodistinct parks; Madison square (6½ acres),between 23d and 26th streets and Madison and5th avenues; and Reservoir square (4¾ acres),E. of 6th avenue, between 40th and 42d streets,and separated from 5th avenue by the distributingreservoir. In Union square are a statueof Lincoln and an equestrian statue ofWashington; and near Madison square, at the intersection of Broadway and 5th avenue, is amonument commemorating the achievements ofGen. Worth in the Mexican war. Gramercypark (1½ acre), between 20th and 21st streetsand 3d and 4th avenues, is aprivate ground, belonging to thesurrounding property owners.Central park, the great park of the cityand one of the largest and finestin the world, was laid out in 1858.It is situated between 59th and110th streets and 5th and 8thavenues, and is 2½ m. long by ½ m.wide, embracing 843 acres, towhich has recently been addedManhattan square (24 acres), whichjoins it on the west, lying between8th and 9th avenues and 77th and81st streets. Between 79th and96th streets a large portion of thepark is occupied by the two Crotonreservoirs, the smaller onecomprising 35 and the larger 107acres. It has 18 entrances, 4 ateach end and 5 on each side, andfour streets (65th, 79th, 85th, and97th) cross it, to afford opportunityfor traffic, passing under thepark walks and drives. The originalsurface was exceedingly roughand unattractive, consisting chieflyof rock and marsh. Art has overcomethe natural defects, and thepark now, with its fine trees, itsbeautiful flowers and shrubbery,its walks and drives, and numerousother attractions, is a delightfulresort. It contains threeartificial lakes, bridges, arches, andother architectural ornaments,buildings for various purposes,statuary, fountains, &c. The oldarsenal, a three-story stone building,near the S. E. corner of thepark, contains the collections ofthe “American Museum of Natural History”and the meteorological observatory. In thesame building and the surrounding cages isthe menagerie of living animals, reptiles, andbirds, presented or loaned to the city, comprisingmany rare specimens. A new buildingfor the museum of natural history is (1875)nearly completed in Manhattan square; andanother is in progress in the E. part of thepark, near 82d street and 5th avenue, for themetropolitan museum of art, now in 14th street.These are to be erected by the parkcommissioners at the public cost. (SeePark.) MountMorris square is situated on the line of 5thavenue between 120th and 124th streets, andembraces 20 acres. In the centre rises a rockyeminence to the height of 101 ft. above the seaand 80 ft. above the surrounding plain,commanding magnificent views. The level portionhas been handsomely laid out, and walks havebeen made to the summit of the hill. Morningside park, embracing an irregular area of47¹⁷⁄₂₀ acres E. of 10th avenue, between 110thand 123d streets; High Bridge park (23⅓ acres),at the approach to High bridge; and Riversidepark (177.86 acres), along the bank of the Hudsonbetween 72d and 129th streets, are not yetlaid out. Fleetwood park in the 23d ward,and Jerome park in the 24th, are favoriterace courses. The Bowling Green, City Hallpark, Washington square, Union square,Stuyvesant park, Gramercy park, Madison square,and some others contain fountains. Thepublic parks are under the control of fourcommissioners, of whom all except the presidentserve without pay.—The only cemeterynow in use on Manhattan island is that ofTrinity church, between 153d and 155th streetsand 10th avenue and Hudson river. Itcomprises 25 acres tastefully laid out and well kept,and contains many fine tombs and monuments.Woodlawn cemetery is in the 24th ward, onthe bank of the Bronx river near the N. boundaryof the city. It is situated on a woodedridge, comprises more than 300 acres, and waslaid out in 1865. The grounds have been finelyimproved. The principal other cemeteries inuse are the New York Bay cemetery, on the W.shore of the bay, 2½ m. below Jersey City, andGreenwood, Cypress Hills, Evergreens, andCalvary, on Long island. (SeeBrooklyn, vol.iii., p. 319.) Trinity churchyard contains amonument to the patriots who died in prisonduring the revolution, and St. Paul's one inmemory of Thomas Addis Emmet. The cemeteryin 2d street between 1st and 2d avenuesalso contains a number of monuments.—Theclimate of New York, tempered by its proximityto the ocean, is generally mild, though changeable;there is considerable hot weather insummer, and the cold in winter is occasionally severe.The meteorological observatory in Central park,organized in 1869, is provided with self-recordinginstruments invented by Daniel Draper,the director, which register continuously themovements of the thermometer and barometer,the direction, force, and velocity of the wind,and the rainfall. The average monthlytemperature and fall of rain and snow for the sixyears ending with 1874 have been as follows:

The maximum temperature during the periodwas 98° above zero, and the minimum 2°below zero. The average number of rainy daysper year was 112⅓; of snowy days, 19. Theaverage duration of rain storms per year was29d. 6h. 32m.; of snow storms, 5d. 23h.20m.—The growth of the city has been extremelyrapid, the population according to differentcolonial, state, and federal censuses havingbeen as follows:

The figures for 1870 include 13,072 coloredpersons, 12 Chinese, and 9 Indians. The followingfacts are taken from the census of 1870:

Of the natives, 484,109 were born in NewYork, 8,061 in New Jersey, 5,995 inMassachusetts, 5,140 in Connecticut, 5,099 inPennsylvania, 2,073 in Virginia and West Virginia,2,028 in Maryland, 1,235 in Ohio, and 1,224 inMaine; and there were living in the citypersons born in every other state and in severalof the territories. The foreigners embrace234,594 natives of the British isles (including201,999 Irish, 24,442 English, 7,562 Scotch,and 584 Welsh), 151,216 of Germany, 8,265of France, 4,419 of British America, 2,794 ofItaly, 2,737 of Austria (exclusive of Hungaryand Bohemia), 2,612 of Scandinavia (including1,558 Swedes, 682 Danes, and 372Norwegians), 2,393 of Poland, 2,178 of Switzerland,1,487 of Bohemia, 1,294 of Cuba, 1,237 ofHolland, 1,151 of Russia, 521 of Hungary, 489 ofthe West Indies (exclusive of Cuba), 453 ofSpain, 325 of Belgium, 211 of South America,and 717 of about 20 other countries. Therewere 457,117 male and 485,175 femaleinhabitants; 250,353 (122,626 males and 127,727females) between the ages of 5 and 18; 213,937males between 18 and 45; 249,990 males 21years old and upward, of whom 188,276 werecitizens of the United States and 61,714unnaturalized foreigners. Of those attending school,141,677 were native and 13,926 foreign born,77,867 males and 77,736 females. There were62,238 persons 10 years old and upward unableto write, of whom 8,447 were native and53,791 foreign born, 18,905 males, and 43,333females; 3,894 between 10 and 15 years ofage, 4,423 between 15 and 21, and 53,921(15,711 males and 38,210 females) 21 and upward.Of the 350,556 persons 10 years old andupward returned as engaged in all occupations,264,385 were males and 86,171 females, and8,456 were between 10 and 15 years of age.There were employed in agriculture, 1,401; inprofessional and personal services, 115,259,including 2,549 barbers and hairdressers, 1,535boarding and lodging house keepers, 715 clergymen,49,440 domestic servants, 4,832 hotel andrestaurant keepers and employees, 316journalists, 28,451 laborers, 5,604 launderers andlaundresses, 1,283 lawyers, 1,278 livery stablekeepers and hostlers, 4,222 government officialsand employees, 1,741 physicians and surgeons,and 3,511 teachers; in trade and transportation,88,611, including 23,872 traders and dealers,4,744 hucksters, peddlers, and commercialtravellers, 27,590 clerks, salesmen, and accountants,2,625 engaged in banking and brokerageof money and stocks, 730 in insurance, 924officials and employees of express companies,2,003 of railroad companies, 917 of street railroadcompanies, 298 of telegraph companies,9,813 carmen, draymen, teamsters, &c., and4,463 sailors, steamboatmen, &c.; in manufactures,145,285 including 3,855 bakers, 3,533blacksmiths, 2,276 bookbinders and finishers,6,960 boot and shoe makers, 6,586 masons andstone cutters, 4,870 butchers, 5,071 cabinetmakers and upholsterers, 10,427 carpenters andjoiners, 5,550 cigar makers, &c., 1,101confectioners, 1,606 coopers, 1,477 cotton and woollenmill operatives, 1,744 hat and cap makers,2,296 iron and steel workers, 3,787 machinists,9,747 milliners, dress and mantua makers, 5,824painters and varnishers, 1,432 plasterers, 2,584plumbers and gas fitters, 5,134 printers, 1,353ship riggers, carpenters, &c., 18,564 tailors,tailoresses, and seamstresses, and 1,562 tinners.New York averages more than twice as manypersons as Philadelphia to a dwelling, and 4.76more than Fall River, Mass., which comes nextto it in this respect among the cities of theUnion. The peculiar shape of Manhattan islandand the difficulty of transit between itsextremities have tended to crowd the populationinto tenement houses in the lowerportion, some parts of which rival the mostcrowded quarters of any other civilized city.The four most thickly inhabited districts ofNew York and London compare as follows:

There are about 24,000 tenement houses(containing three or more families livingindependently). The average transient population hasbeen estimated at 30,000. Since the censusthe annexation of Morrisania (pop. in 1870,19,609), West Farms (9,372), and Kingsbridge(about 2,500) has added 31,481 inhabitants,making the population in 1870 within thepresent limits of the city 973,773. If weapply the ratio of increase that prevailed between1860 and 1870, the present population (1875)will be about 1,050,000. These figures,confined to the corporate limits of the city, do notgive an adequate idea of New York as a businesscentre. Thousands of people doing businesshere reside beyond the city limits, comingand going every morning and evening, whileBrooklyn, Jersey City, and other neighboringcommunities are directly dependent upon andpractically parts of New York. The countrywithin a radius of 20 m. from the city hall(embracing the S. portion of Westchester co.,Kings and the greater part of Queens co., onLong island, Staten island, and Union, Hudson,Essex, and a portion of Passaic and Bergencos., N. J.) would add, according to the censusof 1870, about 925,000 inhabitants (375,000from New Jersey and 550,000 from NewYork), and would raise the present populationof the metropolis to more than 2,000,000, ofwhom 1,800,000 reside within 10m. of the cityhall. The circle thus described would includesome not properly in the category, but wouldexclude probably an equal number that shouldbe included.—The hotels of New York areamong the largest and finest in the world.Chief among them are the Brevoort, Everett,Gilsey, and Hoffman houses, and the Brunswick,Clarendon, Fifth Avenue, Grand, GrandCentral, Metropolitan, New York, St. Cloud,St. Denis, St. James, St. Nicholas, Union Square,Westminster, Westmoreland, and Windsorhotels; and of more than 75 other large hotels,several are not much inferior to those named.The Astor house, a massive five-story granitebuilding in Broadway opposite the new postoffice, the front occupying an entire block, waslong a leading hotel, accommodating about 600guests. It was built by John Jacob Astor, andwas opened in 1836. It is now (1875) undergoingalterations for the purpose of adaptingthe two lower stories to business purposes.The first story was always occupied by stores.The St. Nicholas, opened in 1854, is six storieshigh, fronting about 275 ft. on Broadway and200 on Spring street, built of white marbleand brown freestone, and has 600 rooms withaccommodations for 1,000 guests. It isluxuriously furnished throughout. The Metropolitanfronts 278 ft. on Broadway, with a wingon Prince street 200 by 25 ft. The main buildingis about 60 ft. deep, six stories high, all ofbrown freestone. This also is elegantlyfurnished. The Grand Central hotel is in Broadwaybetween Amity and Bleecker streets,extending through to Mercer street. It isconstructed of brick and marble, is eight storieshigh, and covers 14 full lots. It is magnificentlyfurnished. The building has a frontageof 175 ft., a depth of 200 ft., and is 127 ft.high to the cornice, which is surmounted by aMansard roof. One of the most expensiveand luxurious is the Fifth Avenue hotel, at thejunction of Broadway, 5th avenue, and 23dstreet, opposite Madison square. It is of whitemarble, six stories high, fronting on threestreets, and having room for nearly 1,000guests. The Windsor hotel, the most recent,is a large and elegant brick structure, sevenstories high, the front occupying the entireblock on 5th avenue between 46th and 47thstreets. In the magnificence of its appointmentsit is unsurpassed. The Buckinghamhotel, in 50th street at the corner of 5th avenue,of brick trimmed with brown stone andseven stories high, is to be opened in thesummer of 1875. Some of the hotels areconducted on the European plan, guests hiringrooms, and procuring meals at the restaurantof the hotel or elsewhere; others are kept onthe American or full-board plan. Nowhere isthe habit of eating away from home so generalas in New York, owing to the great distancebetween residences and places of business; andthis habit has made eating houses, lunch rooms,oyster saloons, bar rooms, &c., a prominentfeature of the town. They are everywhere, openday and night, and thronged by all classes,according to their quality. The most fashionablerestaurant is that of Delmonico in 5th avenueand 14th street.—Horse cars traverse the principal avenues, and there are several linesrunning across town from river to river. Lines ofomnibuses also run to and from the principalBrooklyn ferries along Broadway and 5thavenue and some other streets. These means ofconveyance, however, but inadequatelyaccommodate citizens residing in the upper part ofthe city. Various projects of more rapid transit,both by underground and elevatedrailways, have been discussed, but the problemis still unsolved. At the close of 1874 therewere 16 horse railroad companies in operation,and one line (the New York Elevatedrailroad) run by steam, having an aggregatepaid-in capital of $15,107,670; funded andfloating debt, $11,093,057 55; cost of roadand equipments, $24,816,820 97; length ofroad laid, 132.93 m.; number of cars, 1,403;number of horses, 10,688; number of passengerscarried during the year, 151,925,632; costof operating road and for repairs, $6,683,139 42;earnings, $8,449,825 64; number ofpersons killed, 26; number injured, 68. The eightprincipal lines, with the number of passengerscarried by each, are: Third Avenue, 26,588,000;Broadway and Seventh Avenue (UniversityPlace), 19,065,584; Eighth Avenue,16,100,354; Dry Dock, East Broadway, andBattery, 15,850,345; Sixth Avenue, 15,050,426;Central Park, North and East River, 14,276,767;Second Avenue, 14,032,275; FourthAvenue, 9,720,697. The last named line, opened in1832, is a branch of the New York and Harlemrailroad. It was the first street horse railroadever constructed, and was not imitated till 1852,when the Sixth Avenue railroad was opened.One of the 17 lines runs from Harlem bridgeto Fordham and West Farms; the others areon Manhattan island. The Elevated railroadruns along Greenwich street and 9th avenuefrom near the Battery to 34th street. Thetrack is supported by iron posts about 16 ft.high, and the cars are drawn by dummyengines. The fare on the horse cars is commonlyfive cents and on the omnibuses ten cents.There are 15 steam ferries across East river, viz.:12 to Brooklyn, 2 to Hunter's Point, and 1 toAstoria; 3 across the bay to Staten island; and8 across North river, viz.: 5 to Jersey City, 2to Hoboken, and 1 to Weehawken. These runevery few minutes during the day, and some ofthem all night. Boats also ply to otherneighboring points for the accommodation ofpassengers. An immense suspension bridge is incourse of construction across the East river toBrooklyn. (SeeBridge, andBrooklyn.) NewYork has railroad communication with the eastby means of the New York, New Haven, andHartford line, and with the north and west bythe New York and Harlem and the New YorkCentral and Hudson River lines. The freighttrains and some local passenger trains of thelast named come in at the depot in 30th streetand 9th avenue, whence the cars are drawnby dummy engines to the freight depot in St.John's park. Convenient and well arrangedcattle yards have been opened by this line,extending from 60th to 63d street, and from11th avenue to the Hudson river. Other trainson the lines named arrive at the Grand Centraldepot, whence the freight cars of all exceptthe Hudson River line are drawn by horsesto the freight depot in Centre street, passingthrough the tunnel under 4th avenue from40th to 33d street. Above the Grand Centraldepot the work of sinking the tracks is now(1875) in progress, so that the cars for themost part to Harlem river will pass through atunnel under 4th avenue. Half the cost ofthis work is borne by the city, and half bythe New York and Harlem railroad company.By ferry to Jersey City and Hoboken NewYork communicates with the Pennsylvania,Central of New Jersey, New Jersey Midland,Northern New Jersey, Erie, and Delaware,Lackawanna, and Western railroads for thesouth and west. The Morris canal terminatesat Jersey City. The ferries to Hunter's Pointand Brooklyn connect with the variousrailroads of Long island.—The harbor of NewYork is one of the finest in the world. Thebar is at Sandy Hook, 18 m. from the city, andhas two ship channels, from 21 to 32 ft. at low,and 27 to 39 ft. at high tide, admittingvessels of the heaviest draught, the Great Easternhaving passed without danger or difficulty.The lower bay is a safe anchorage, of triangularform, from 9 to 12 m. on each side, the N.E. angle opening into the upper or New Yorkbay, through the Narrows, a deep channelbetween Long and Staten islands, about 1½ m.long by 1 m. wide. The upper bay is an irregularoval, about 8 by 5 m., opening northwardinto the Hudson river, eastward through theEast river into Long Island sound, and westwardinto Newark bay. The rivers immediatelyaround the city are deep, so that the heaviestships can approach any of the wharves,while the bottom affords good anchorage, andthe tidal currents keep the channels usually freefrom ice. The average rise and fall of the tideis 4.3 ft. The lower bay contains 88 sq. m.available for anchorage; the upper bay, 14 sq.m.; and the Hudson and East rivers, 13½ sq. m.Vessels and steamers of light draught now passto and from Long Island sound through theEast river, but the obstructions at Hell Gaterender navigation by large vessels dangerous.The operations in progress for the removal ofthese obstructions, under the auspices of theUnited States government, are expected to renderthe city accessible from the sound bysea-going vessels of the largest size. (SeeBlasting.)The Harlem river, it is believed, may beimproved at a reasonable cost, so as to admitsmall vessels. The fortifications consist of anunfinished fort at Sandy Hook and severalworks at the Narrows, in the bay, and at theentrance of East river into the sound. FortTompkins on the hill and Fort Wadsworth atthe water's edge, with several batteries, are onthe W. or Staten island side of the Narrows,while on the E. or Long island side are FortHamilton and an exterior battery. FortLafayette, on a reef near the E. shore, noted asa place of detention for political prisonersduring the civil war, is now useless. In the baythere are Fort Columbus, Castle Williams, andbarbette batteries on Governor's island, FortWood on Bedloe's island, and Fort Gibson onEllis island. Fort Schuyler is on Throgg'sneck, on the N. side of the entrance to thesound; and on Willet's point, on the S. side,there is another fortification. The headquartersof the military division of the Atlanticare in W. Houston street on the corner ofGreene. There is a navy yard at Brooklyn.The harbor is well provided with lights andbeacons. A light ship is stationed off SandyHook, and on that point itself are severallighthouses. A prominent light is that on theNevisink Highlands, S. of Sandy Hook. Thereare also lights on the E. shore of Staten islandand on either side of the Narrows. At theentrance of the sound there is a lighthouse onThrogg's neck and two in the East river, oneon North Brother island and the other on theN. point of Blackwell's island.—The shape andsituation of Manhattan island are peculiarlyfavorable to the accommodation of shipping.It has 24¾ m. of available water front, viz.:13 m. on Hudson river, 9¼ m. on East river,and 2½ m. on Harlem river. Commerce is nowmostly carried on below Grand street on Eastriver and 11th street on Hudson river. Thereare about 70 piers on the former river, andabout 80 on the latter. A plan for theimprovement of the water front, below 61st streeton Hudson river and below Grand street on theEast river, has been adopted. A wall of bétonand masonry or masonry alone is to be built sofar outside of the present bulkhead as to affordroom for a river street 250 ft. wide along theHudson, and for the most part 200 ft. widealong East river below 31st street, above whichthe contemplated width is 175 ft. From thiswall piers 500 or 600 ft. long are to beprojected into the rivers. This plan will give onHudson river, between the Battery and 61ststreet, a river-wall line of 25,743 ft. and apier length of 37,529 ft., with a pier area of3,325,600 sq. ft.; and on East river, betweenthe Battery and 51st street, a river-wall lineof 27,995 ft. and a pier length of 28,000 ft.,with a pier area of 1,780,000 sq. ft. The totalwharf line (piers and river walls) betweenW. 61st and E. 51st street would thereforebe about 37 m., and between W. 11th streetand Grand street on East river, 21.43 m. Thepiers are to be built mostly of preserved wood.The plan is being carried out as rapidly aspracticable. The control of the water frontis vested in three commissioners of docks. Onthe East river front facilities are affordedby dry docks and otherwise for repairingvessels of the largest class. New York hascommunication with the principal coastwiseand transatlantic ports by numerous lines ofsteamers. Besides the Hudson river and otherlocal boats, there are more than 20 lines tovarious ports on the Atlantic and gulf coasts,owning 75 steamers, with an aggregate of75,000 tons. To the West Indies and SouthAmerica six lines despatch 25 steamers with anaggregate tonnage of 75,600. These include thePacific Mail line, runningvia the isthmus ofPanama to San Francisco, and a line to Rio deJaneiro. There are 12 lines of ocean steamersto British ports, with 105 ships of 310,460tons, and 7 lines to continental ports, with 69ships of 205,614 tons; total transatlanticlines, 18, with 174 ships of 516,074 tons.European steamers leave regularly on four daysin the week: Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays,and Saturdays. The principal lines runto Antwerp, Bremen, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow,Hamburg, Havre, Liverpool (several), London,Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Rotterdam, and Stettin,one or more of them touching at Bergen(Norway), Brest, Cherbourg, Copenhagen, Cork,Plymouth, Queenstown, and Southampton.—NewYork is preëminently a commercial city,ranking among the first in the world. Morethan half the foreign commerce of the UnitedStates is carried on through the customs districtof which it is the port, and about two thirdsof the duties are here collected, the wholeamount for the year ending June 30, 1874,being $160,522,284 63, of which $109,549,797 79was collected in the New York district. Thisdistrict, besides the city, embraces the greaterpart of Long island, including Brooklyn; Statenisland; the New Jersey shore N. of Statenisland, including Jersey City; and the shoresof Hudson river. The following table exhibitsthe growth of the foreign commerce of thedistrict, and its percentage of that of the wholeUnited States:

The fiscal years end on Sept. 30 prior to 1843,after which they end on June 30. The valuesgiven in the table are in gold, with the exceptionof the domestic exports, which from 1862are mostly in currency. The imports for thenine months ending March 31, 1875, were$275,154,929; exports, $246,399,551. Thefollowing tables of imports and domestic exportsfor the year ending June 30, 1874, embracethe principal countries and articles:

COUNTRIES.	Imports from.	Exports to.
Argentine Republic	$2,056,155	$1,809,341
Austria	434,931	966,214
Belgium	3,865,028	10,796,248
Brazil	25,979,546	3,258,312
Central American states	194,580	281,921
Chili	237,284	1,324,784
China	11,013,846	632,881
Denmark	159,811	882,086
Danish West Indies	291,885	956,397
France	47,307,803	18,376,080
French West Indies	1,220,959	752,483
Germany	41,098,655	36,287,769
Great Britain  ${\displaystyle \{\begin{array}{c}\\ \end{array}}$ England Scotland Ireland	126,764,649	156,639,737
	11,203,304	19,959,113
	788,128	23,823,105
Gibraltar	7,952	1,952,778
Dominion of Canada	718,195	1,784,828
Newfoundland and Labrador	109,901	1,432,461
British West Indies	2,956,959	5,475,289
British Guiana	547,678	929,698
British East Indies	9,652,133	234,338
Hong Kong	400,491	24,513
British possessions in Africa	404,170	281,405
British possessions in Australia	800,326	2,501,526
Greece	$423,305	$32,668
Hayti	1,348,830	3,297,466
Italy	5,421,740	3,985,373
Japan	2,043,385	356,122
Liberia	33,644	101,464
Mexico	5,508,043	1,439,253
Netherlands	2,032,739	7,605,647
Dutch West Indies	1,290,533	657,780
Dutch East Indies	3,255,284	434,245
Peru	692,640	1,095,833
Portugal	451,959	1,369,705
Russia	890,133	1,212,405
Santo Domingo	177,371	414,895
Spain	3,732,364	2,471,299
Cuba	57,029,687	12,529,576
Porto Rico	2,427,493	1,094,289
Other Spanish possessions	3,870,410	100,313
Sweden and Norway	201,944	907,324
Turkey (Europe and Asia)	361,545	1,777,205
Turkey (Africa)	150,861	332,421
United States of Colombia	7,676,026	4,748,821
Uruguay	2,404,662	647,112
Venezuela	4,838,241	1,921,854
All other places	673,641	463,892

The quantity and value of tea imported since1857 are given below:

Previous to 1855 about one half the importsconsisted of dry goods, but since that time theproportion of general merchandise has steadilyincreased, and dry goods now form less thanone third of the total. The value of foreigndry goods imported into New York since 1849has been as follows:

The relative proportion of the different classesof dry goods for the last three years are shownin the following table:

The movements of shipping in the foreigntrade of the district for the year ending June30, 1874, were as follows:

The following were the entrances andclearances in the coastwise trade for the same year:

The number and tonnage of each class ofvessels belonging in the district on June 30, 1874,and the same particulars for those built duringthe year ending on that date, are shown in thefollowing table:

Of the first total 847, tonnage 580,424, wereregistered; 5,225, tonnage 731,643, enrolled;and 558 (under 20 tons), tonnage 6,456, licensed.The number of vessels registered,enrolled, and licensed in the district on June 30,1873, was 7,071, with an aggregate tonnage of1,353,147, viz.: sailing vessels, 2,793, tonnage596,789; steamers, 771, tonnage 349,313;barges, 525, tonnage 106,407; canal boats, 2,982,tonnage 300,638. The number of vessels builtin the district during the year ending on thatdate was 601, with an aggregate tonnage of71,545.—About two thirds of the immigrantsto the United States land at New York. Thenumber landing at this port during the last tenyears, compared with the entire immigration,has been as follows:

The whole number of aliens landing at NewYork since 1847 is 5,438,544. In that yeara state board of emigration was constituted,which has in charge the interests ofimmigrants. The general landing depot is in CastleGarden at the Battery. This structure wasoriginally a detached fort surrounded bywater, erected by the federal government in 1807and called Castle Clinton. It was ceded tothe city in 1822, and was subsequently used asa place of amusement until leased by thecommissioners of emigration in 1855. It was inthis building that Jenny Lind made her firstappearance in America. The commissionershave several institutions on Ward's island forthe accommodation of sick and needyimmigrants, viz.: the Verplanck state hospital, alunatic asylum, houses of refuge, a nursery orhome for children, &c. They generallycontain about 1,000 inmates. (SeeEmigration,vol. vi., p. 573.) The quarantine establishmentis situated on artificial islands constructed forthe purpose on the West bank, a shoal off theE. shore of Staten island. The health officerof the port resides at the “boarding station,”on Staten island. The West Bank hospital,completed in 1869 at a cost of more than $500,000,is a one-story edifice, divided into eightwards, each 89 ft. long and 24 wide, and eachcapable of accommodating 50 patients. It islighted with gas and connected with the city bytelegraph. There is also a building for thedetention of persons exposed to disease while onpassage in infected vessels, and a warehouse forthe storage of infected goods. These institutionsare under the control of a state board ofquarantine commissioners.—Only partialstatistics of the internal and coasting trade areobtainable. The former is carried on by meansof the Hudson river and the Erie and othercanals, as well as by rail. The completion ofthe Erie canal in 1825 made New York themaritime outlet for the surplus produce of thegreat west. Previous to that time westernproduce went down the Susquehanna to Baltimoreor the Schuylkill to Philadelphia; andexcept in the region tributary to the Hudsonriver and Long Island sound, New York hadno domestic commerce. The five followingtables relating to the principal articles ofdomestic produce are from the annual report ofthe produce exchange for 1873-'4:

There are other articles which would swellthe aggregate value to more than $300,000,000.These include buckwheat flour, fish, apples andother fruits, vegetables, cattle, sheep, horses,hay, hops, cotton, tobacco, oils, coal, wood,and numerous articles of minor importance.Cotton is brought here from all parts of thesouth for shipment. Immense quantities ofcoal are required to supply the European steamersas well as for domestic use.

There are in New York and Brooklyn 63stationary grain warehouses, including stores,with a storage capacity of 11,450,000 bushels,and 33 floating elevators, with a transfer capacityof both in the aggregate of 195,000 bushelsper hour. The operations in Spanish and leaftobacco for the last five years were:

The receipts of wool and the deliveries of navalstores for consumption since 1867 have been:

The following table exhibits the quantity ofcoffee and of domestic and foreign sugar andmolasses taken from the port for consumptionfor 20 years:

The value of foreign dry goods thrown uponthe market in 1872 was $132,330,866; in 1873,$115,488,346; in 1874, $108,898,694. Theimporters and jobbers of New York supplydirectly or indirectly a large portion of thedemand of the country for foreign goods andmany articles of domestic manufacture, andtheir agents are found in every section of theUnion. Its retail stores are unsurpassed forsize and magnificence by those of any othercity. The chamber of commerce, an influentialbody of leading merchants and business men,organized in 1768 and incorporated by royalcharter in 1770, holds monthly meetings toconsider questions affecting the interests oftrade and commerce generally. It publishesannual reports, from which a part of thecommercial statistics of this article are derived.The legislative act of April 24, 1874, created atribunal of arbitration for the settlement ofmercantile or commercial disputes betweenmembers of the chamber, or other personswho may voluntarily submit to its jurisdiction.The arbitrator is appointed by the governorwith the consent of the senate during goodbehavior; his decisions are final, and a judgmentmay be entered thereon with the sameforce and effect as a judgment of the supremecourt. The produce exchange, cotton exchange,and other similar organizations are importantbodies.—On Oct. 2, 1874, there were 48national banks in the city, and their conditionwas as follows:

The number of state banks of deposit anddiscount on Jan. 1, 1875, was 26, and theircondition was as follows:

The clearing house, organized in 1853 to facilitatethe transaction of business and thesettlement of accounts between its members,comprised 59 banks at the close of 1874. Itstransactions during the year were as follows:exchanges, $22,223,212,644; balances, $1,024,709,941.A gold exchange was introduced intothe clearing-house transactions in 1872, thebusiness of which in 1874 was as follows:exchanges, $2,226,832,248; balances,$332,395,085. There were 44 savings banks onJan. 1, 1875: aggregate resources, $195,335,164;number of accounts open, 494,086;amount due depositors, $180,010,703. Thethree having the largest amounts of depositsare: Bowery savings bank, $27,169,481; bankfor savings, $20,582,990; seamen's bank forsavings, $13,822,402. There are 10 trustcompanies: aggregate resources July 1, 1874,$55,489,822; paid-in capital, $11,318,000; depositsin trust, $22,050,068; general deposits,$14,801,720. The number of fire insurancecompanies on Jan. 1, 1875, was 54, and of fire andmarine companies, 17: aggregate assets,$41,961,107; liabilities, except scrip, and capital,$10,487,652; scrip, $694,621; capital stockpaid in, $20,104,020; fire risks outstanding,$1,906,696,231; marine and inland risksoutstanding, $2,074,314. There were 9 marineinsurance companies: aggregate assets, $25,035,786; liabilities, except scrip and capital,$7,444,444; scrip, $11,974,655; joint stockcapital, $1,662,080; marine and inland risksoutstanding, $166,835,990; fire risks outstanding,$8,725,514. The condition of the lifeinsurance companies, 20 in number, was asfollows: aggregate assets, $189,813,950; liabilities,except capital, $163,249,701; capital stock,$3,555,500; number of policies outstanding,356,944; amount of same, $973,115,417. TheUnited States assay office was established in1854. Its operations to the close of 1874were as follows: gold deposits, $286,113,919;silver deposits, $32,320,330; silver parted fromgold, $2,094,265; fine silver bars manufactured,$18,349,245; fine gold bars manufactured,$222,302,258; gold transmitted toPhiladelphia mint for coinage, $145,700,196; silvertransmitted, $19,271,990. The deposits ofbullion in 1874 were $12,415,944; gold andsilver bars manufactured, $9,802,326; bulliontransmitted to mint, $5,083,148.—Themanufactures of New York, though secondary inimportance to its commercial and mercantileinterests, are varied and extensive. In thevalue of products, according to the census of1870, it is the first city in the Union, thoughsurpassed by Philadelphia in the value ofmaterials used, amount of capital invested, andnumber of establishments and hands employed.The whole number of manufacturing establishmentsin 1870 was 7,624, employing 1,261steam engines of 28,716 horse power, and 16water wheels of 863 horse power; number ofhands employed, 129,577, of whom 91,305 weremales above 16, 32,281 females above 15, and5,991 youth; amount of capital invested,$129,952,262; wages paid during the year, $63,824,040;value of materials used, $178,696,939;of products, $332,951,520. The statistics ofthe principal branches are as follows:

In the district annexed since the census thereare some important establishments, the mostnoteworthy of which are the extensivebreweries in Morrisania. The value of manufacturesin 1860 was $159,107,369.—Under thecharter of 1873, the city is governed by amayor and a board of 22 aldermen, withvarious boards of commissioners. It isdivided into 24 wards and 557 electiondistricts, forms the first judicial district of thestate, and, with the exception of the 23d and24th wards (which elect with Westchester co.until a new apportionment is made), sends5 senators and 21 assemblymen to the statelegislature, and 7 members to congress. Themayor is elected by the qualified voters for aterm of two years, and receives an annualsalary of $12,000. The aldermen are chosenannually, and receive a salary of $4,000 each,except the president of the board, whoreceives $5,000. Six are elected by the votersof the city at large (no one being permitted tovote for more than four candidates), and threefrom each of the four lower senate districts(no one being permitted to vote for more thantwo). The upper senate district with the 23dand 24th wards elects four aldermen (no onebeing permitted to vote for more than three).The commissioners and heads of departmentsare appointed by the mayor with the consentof the board of aldermen. They receivesalaries varying from $3,000 to $15,000 a year,and their terms of office vary from three tosix years. The principal officers of the financedepartment are the comptroller and chamberlainor treasurer; the latter receives a salaryof $30,000, out of which he pays clerk hireand office expenses. The department of taxesand assessments is under the direction of threecommissioners. The mayor, comptroller, presidentof the board of aldermen, and presidentof the department of taxes and assessmentsconstitute the board of apportionment,which fixes the amount to be raised bytaxation. The president of the department oftaxes and assessments and two others,appointed by the mayor and removable atpleasure, are commissioners of accounts, whoseduty it is to examine the accounts andexpenditures of the various departments. Thecommissioner of public works has charge ofthe public buildings, streets, sewers, water,gas, &c. The superintendent of buildings ischarged with the duty of seeing that the lawsand ordinances respecting the construction ofbuildings are complied with. The principalofficers of the law department are the corporationcounsel, corporation attorney, and publicadministrator. The board of health consistsof the president of the board of police, thehealth officer of the port (a state official), andtwo commissioners. Three commissioners ofexcise grant licenses for the sale of intoxicatingliquors. The courts of general jurisdiction incivil matters are the supreme court for the firstdistrict, with five justices (salary $17,500),and the superior court and court of commonpleas with six judges each (salary $15,000).The justices and judges are elected for a termof 14 years. The surrogate, recorder, and cityjudge (salary $15,000 each) are elected for sixyears. The superior criminal courts are theoyer and terminer, held by a justice of thesupreme court, and the general sessions, heldby the recorder or city judge (after Jan. 1, 1876,to consist of three judges, term 14 years). Themarine court has civil jurisdiction to the amountof $1,000, and consists of six judges (salary$10,000) elected for six years. For thepurposes of district courts, which have civiljurisdiction to the amount of $250, the city is dividedinto 10 judicial districts, in each of which ajustice (salary $8,000) is elected for a term ofsix years. There are 11 police justices (salary$8,000), appointed by the mayor with theconsent of the board of aldermen for a term of 10years, each of whom has power to hold a policecourt in either of the six police court districts.Two police justices hold the court of specialsessions, with power to try cases ofmisdemeanor. The sheriff, county clerk, districtattorney, and register are the principal otherofficers. The county government in mostrespects is identical with that of the city, thealdermen acting as supervisors. The UnitedStates courts for the southern district of NewYork are held in the city. For policepurposes it is divided into 32 precincts, with onesub-precinct. The river and harbor policeconstitute one of these precincts, employing asteamer and several small boats in patrollingthe waters adjacent to the city. The forceconsists of a superintendent, 4 inspectors, 35captains, 140 sergeants, 78 doormen (attachedto the station houses), and 2,260 patrolmen.Included in these numbers are the sanitarysquad, 64 men; court squad, 42; mountedsquad, 13; and detective force, 30. Thereare in addition 20 surgeons, a superintendentof telegraphs and four telegraph operators atthe central office, and a chief clerk and 21clerks. The police department is under thecontrol of four commissioners. Attached toit is the bureau of street cleaning. Thecentral office is connected with the differentstations by lines of telegraph. The value oflost property restored to owners by thedepartment in 1874 exceeded $1,200,000; numberof lodgings furnished in the stationhouses, about 230,000, of which three fourthswere to persons classed as “habituals;”number of lost children restored to their parents,more than 4,000. The number of prisonersarraigned before the police courts during theyear ending Oct. 31, 1874, was 84,821 (60,213males and 24,608 females), of whom 35,561were discharged, 49,251 held for trial, and 9cases were pending at the date of the report.Of those held, 32,906 were males and 16,345females; 40,827 were disposed of by themagistrates, and 8,424 were sent to the general andspecial sessions for trial; 10,671 were born inthe United States, 18,089 in Ireland, 3,927 inGermany, 1,753 in other foreign countries, andthe nativity of 14,811 was not given. The numberarraigned for different classes of offences,with the disposition of cases, was as follows:

The fines collected through the police courtsand court of special sessions amounted to $71,287 25.The paid fire department, organizedin 1865, is one of the best equipped and mostefficient in the world. The city is divided intoten divisions, in each of which a battalionis organized consisting of several companies.The force consists of a chief and 748 officersand men, organized into 42 steam enginecompanies, 18 hook and ladder companies, and 4chemical engine companies. The chemicalengines carry their own supply of extinguishingfluid. Steam engines used by the departmentare drawn by horses, except five, which arepropelled by the steam they generate. Thereare four boats equipped for extinguishing fireson the water front, of which two belong tothe department of charities and correction andone to the police department. The centraloffice in Mercer street is connected with thedifferent engine houses by telegraph wires,and there are 548 street boxes, from whichan alarm of fire may be transmitted instantaneously.The telegraph force consists of asuperintendent, a chief operator, and sixassistants. The fire department is under thecontrol of three commissioners. The bureauof combustibles connected with it is chargedwith the duty of regulating and licensing thestorage and sale of dangerous combustiblematerial. The business of the fire marshal is toinvestigate the causes of fires and to securethe arrest and punishment of incendiaries.The following table gives the number of firesand the loss in each year since 1866:

—New York is supplied with pure water fromCroton river, a small stream in Westchesterco., by an aqueduct completed in 1842. Adam was thrown across the river, raising thewater 40 ft. and forming Croton lake. Theaqueduct proper is constructed of stone, brick,and cement, arched above and below, is about 7½ft. wide and 8½ high, with an inclination of 13in. to the mile, and has a capacity of 115,000,000gallons daily. The water is carried acrossthe Harlem river in cast-iron pipes on a bridgeof granite (known as the High bridge), 1,460ft. long, which is supported by 14 piers, thecrown of the highest arch being 116 ft. abovehigh-water mark. High bridge terminates onManhattan island at 174th street, forms a widefootway, and affords magnificent views. Thereceiving reservoir in Central park contains150,000,000 gallons, and the retaining reservoirjust above it 1,030,000,000 gallons. Thedistributing reservoir covers more than four acreson Murray hill, between 40th and 42d streets,fronting on 5th avenue, and holds 20,000,000gallons. It is divided into two parts, is 45 ft.above the pavements and 115 ft. above tidewater, and affords a fine view from the walksthat surround it. The length of the aqueductfrom Croton lake to the distributing reservoiris 40½ m. A “high service” reservoir holding11,000,000 gallons, and a tower to support atank holding 55,000 gallons, have beenconstructed in Highbridge park, for supplying themore elevated portions of the city. The waterto fill the reservoir and tank is pumped fromthe aqueduct by powerful engines. Thestorage reservoir at Boyd's Corners, Putnam co.,completed in 1873, will hold 3,000,000,000gallons. The cost of the works for supplyingthe city with water to the close of 1874was $25,000,000. A water tax is imposedupon the buildings supplied, which in 1874amounted to $1,361,857 43, and from 1842 tothe close of 1874 to $24,717,017 50. Measuresare in progress for supplying the new wardswith Croton water. The number of miles ofwater pipes laid on Manhattan island in May,1873, was 370.6; the number of fire hydrantswas 3,136. There were laid out on the mapof the island 448 m. of streets, roads, andavenues, of which 378 m. were legally opened,303 m. regulated and graded, and 253 m.paved. For drainage purposes there were288.54 m. of sewers, 6.02 m. of undergrounddrains, 14.72 m. of culverts, and 3,854 receivingbasins. The number of public gas lampswas 18,910; miles of gas mains, 543⅔. Theisland is supplied with gas by six companies,and the new wards by two companies.Several free floating baths are maintained insummer by the city for the accommodation of thepoorer citizens. The number of plans andspecifications for new buildings filed in 1874was nearly 1,300, estimated to cost about$15,800,000; number of plans submitted foralteration of old buildings, about 1,400;estimated cost, more than $3,000,000.—The deathrate in 1872 was 32.6 per 1,000; in 1873, 29.08;in 1874, 27.59. The number of deaths in thelast year was 28,597, of which 9,700 occurredfrom zymotic, 6,000 from constitutional, 9,900from local, and 1,766 from developmentaldiseases, and 1,231 from violence. The chiefcauses were: smallpox, 466; measles, 317;scarlatina, 895; diphtheria, 1,672; croup, 583;whooping cough, 482; dysentery and diarrhœa,3,591; cerebro-spinal fever, 151; typhusand typhoid fever, 291; inanition, 301;intemperance, 223; hydrocephalus, 616; consumption,4,038; tabes mesenterica and marasmus,579; convulsions, 675; meningitis, 557;bronchitis, 1,039; pneumonia, 2,386; Bright'sdisease, 814; premature births, 544; accidentsand negligence, 996; homicides, 56; suicides,174. The number of births registered was25,663; of marriages, 8,397. The actual numberof births is at least 35,000 per year, and ofmarriages probably about 10,500. The numberof licenses granted by the board of excisefrom May 1, 1874, to January, 1875, was 3,827;license fees received, $263,702 61. The wholenumber of liquor and lager-beer saloons isestimated at 8,000.—There are 12 public marketsnow in use, most of which are insignificant inappearance. They are under the administrationof the finance department, and are placedin charge of a superintendent of markets.Stalls are assigned to marketmen upon thepayment of fees. Washington market, occupyingthe block bounded by Greenwich, West,Fulton, and Vesey streets, is the largest,including West Washington market, which isseparated from it by West street. On the E. sideof South street, opposite Fulton market, whichoccupies the block bounded by South, Front,Beekman, and Fulton streets, is the great fishdepot of the city. Manhattan market, erectedby a company in 1871, occupies the blockbounded by 34th and 35th streets and 11thand 12th avenues. It is of iron, stone, andPhiladelphia brick, and is 800 ft. long, 200 ft.deep, and 80 ft. high in the interior. Only asmall portion of it is in use.—The assessedvalue of property in 1805 was $25,645,867.The subsequent valuation and taxation atintervals of five years to 1865 were as follows:

The valuation of real and personal estate, therate of taxation, and the amount of taxationfor state and city purposes, for the last sixyears, are as follows:

In addition to the amounts paid to the statefrom taxation, there were paid also in the years1870, 1871, and 1874, the following amountsderived from stocks, viz.: in 1870, forredemption of state debt, $2,070,000; in 1871,for the same, $1,972,602 36; in 1874, for statecanal fund deficiency, $3,899,494 86. Theamounts payable to the state for taxes in 1875are fixed, as shown above; but the valuations,rate of tax, and total amount of taxes to belevied in that year are only approximate. Thereal value of property in the city is estimatedin the United States census of 1870 at$3,484,268,700. The appropriations for the expensesof the city government during 1875 amountto $36,956,472 23. The principal items are asfollows: state taxes, $6,630,940 14; commonschools for the state, $1,381,445 86; intereston city debt, $9,300,000; payment of stocksand bonds falling due, &c., $1,454,763 33;Fourth avenue improvement, $1,598,767 50;taxable charities (under acts of legislature),$825,905; police department, $3,387,325,including $3,147,400 for salaries ofcommissioners and force; fire department, $1,316,000,including $897,600 for salaries ofcommissioner and force; public schools $3,480,000,including $2,686,500 for salaries;salaries of subordinates of departments, &c.(except police, fire, docks, and schools), $1,462,186;salaries of mayor, aldermen, chamberlain,and heads of departments (exceptingcommissioners of police, fire, and docks), $229,500;salaries of judiciary, $897,345; supplies fordepartment of charities and correction,including $90,000 for outdoor poor, $841,000;cleaning streets, $800,000; lamps and gas,$750,000; maintenance and government ofparks and places (exclusive of salaries), about$284,000; sheriffs', coroners', jurors', andwitnesses' fees, $162,000; election expenses, $169,000;college of the city of New York, $150,000;contingencies of departments, $147,750;construction, repairs, supplies, and cleaning publicoffices, $142,500; printing, stationery, andblank books, $137,500; repairing andmaintaining Croton aqueduct, $120,000; schoolmoneys to corporate schools, $103,000; repavingand repairs to stone pavements, $100,000;judgments, $100,000; repairing and renewalof pipes, &c., $80,000; rents, $75,000; repairingand cleaning sewers, $75,000; assessmentsand taxes on corporation property, $50,000;keeping in order wooden and concretepavements, $50,000. The city debt on Dec. 81,1874, was as follows: funded debt,$118,241,557 24; temporary debt, $23,562,200 76;total debt, $141,803,758; net debt (less sinkingfund, $26,615,778), $115,187,980. Therewere also $208,011 in cash and $710,106 inbonds and mortgages applicable in reductionof the debt. In addition to the aboveamounts, there is a floating debt which hasbeen variously estimated at from $10,000,000to $20,000,000. Many of the claims constitutingthis debt are in litigation. The city withStaten island forms the first military divisionof the state, and has several well drilledregiments of militia.—The New York post officeis by far the most important in the country.Besides the general office, there are on Manhattanisland 14 stations, designated by the lettersof the alphabet, and 895 street letter boxes.The number of employees is 1,044, viz.: officersin charge of divisions and bureaus, 13;superintendents of stations, 14; clerks, 636; carriers, 381. The following are the averagequarterly statistics: receipts, $693,759 45;expenditures, $288,229 86; city letters and postalcards delivered, 8,213,064; mail letters andpostal cards delivered, 19,846,734; foreignletters received, 1,927,586; foreign letters sent,2,092,383; domestic mail letters despatched,25,300,000; newspapers received for deliveryand despatch, 27,453,800; registered lettersreceived for delivery, 95,000; registeredletters and postage stamp packages forwarded,125,000; domestic money orders issued, 8,559,amounting to $193,913 32; domestic moneyorders paid, 174,291, amounting to $1,768,668 26;amount of foreign money orders issued,$592,502 30. In the 23d and 24th wards there are8 branch offices, under the jurisdiction of thegeneral city post office.—Three commissionersof public charities and correction have chargeof paupers and criminals. The institutionsunder their care, in point of extent andexcellence, compare favorably with any in the world.They are situated partly in the city proper, butchiefly on the islands in the East river and onHart's island. The buildings are substantialand spacious, and the principal ones on Blackwell'sisland are of granite quarried there bythe convicts. In the city are Bellevue hospital,the reception hospitals in the City Hall park(closed) and in 99th street near 10th avenue,the city prison, four district prisons connectedwith the police courts, the free labor bureauand intelligence office in Clinton place, and theoutdoor poor department in the central officeof the commissioners, a handsome building onthe corner of 3d avenue and llth street. Bellevuehospital is at the foot of E. 26th street,and contains 35 wards, with accommodationsfor about 1,200 patients. The buildings, erectedat different times, with various changes andadditions, now form a continuous line of 350 ft.,four stories high, the central one being crownedwith a lofty observatory. The grounds, severalacres in extent, are finely cultivated. Inconnection with the hospital a building has beenerected for the morgue, in which the bodies ofthe unknown dead are exhibited for identification.The bureau of medical and surgical relieffor the outdoor poor affords aid to applicantswho do not require continuous treatment inthe hospital. Provision is also made forattendance upon the sick poor at their homes bydividing the city into 11 medical districts andassigning a resident physician to each. Theambulance corps affords prompt relief in caseof casualties, the telegraph speedily summoningan ambulance with a competent surgeon.The outdoor poor department affordstemporary aid to deserving applicants. The cityis divided into 11 districts, for each of whicha visitor is appointed, whose duty it is toinvestigate the circumstances of applicants andreport to the superintendent of outdoor poor.The free labor bureau has proved of greatvalue in procuring situations for those out ofwork. The prisons are for the detention ofthose charged with crimes and offences pendingthe disposition of their cases by the courts,and in the city prison persons under sentenceof death are confined until execution. Thecounty jail in Ludlow street is used for thedetention and incarceration of persons arrestedupon civil process, and also for the detentionof persons charged with crimes and offencesunder United States law; it is under thecontrol of the sheriff. The institutions onBlackwell's island (all under the care of thecommissioners) are the almshouse, epileptic andparalytic hospital, charity, smallpox, and typhusfever hospitals, hospital for incurables,convalescent hospital, penitentiary, workhouse,lunatic asylum (for females), and blind asylum.Admission to the almshouse is restricted to theold and infirm destitute, two wards, constitutingthe blind asylum, being set apart for theblind. The penitentiary is for the confinementof prisoners convicted of misdemeanors, whilethe workhouse receives those committed forvagrancy and for drunkenness and disorderlyconduct. In winter also able-bodied personswho solicit charity are frequently sent to theworkhouse. On Ward's island are theinebriate asylum, the soldiers' retreat, and theinsane asylum (for males). The soldiers' retreatis a home for invalid soldiers of the late warwho served in regiments raised in the city.On Randall's island are the nursery, the infanthospital, and the idiot asylum. These formthe juvenile branch of the almshouse. Thenursery receives children over four years oldwhom their parents have abandoned or whomthey are unable to support. The children areapprenticed or placed in families for adoptionat the expiration of three months, if notreclaimed by their parents, and no child isretained after he has completed his 16th year.There is a hospital connected with the institution.Provision is made for the instruction ofthe inmates by the board of education. In theinfant hospital provision is made for foundlings,orphans, and children attended by indigentmothers; here they are cared for untilold enough to be transferred to the nursery,unless adopted or reclaimed by their parents.The idiot asylum has two classes of inmates,the hopelessly imbecile, and those capable ofimprovement; for the latter a special schoolis provided. (SeeIdiocy, vol. ix., p. 175.)On Hart's island are the industrial school andthe city cemetery for the interment of thepauper and unknown dead; the islandcomprises about 100 acres, and is situated in LongIsland sound, 15m. from the city hall and 1 m.from the mainland. All except three acres waspurchased by the city in 1868. The industrialschool is designed for the reformation of viciousboys, who receive instruction and are trainedto subordination and labor. There is alsounder the control of the commissioners of charitiesand correction a nautical school, conductedon board the school ship Mercury, to whichboys are transferred from the industrial school;they receive practice and instruction to fit themfor service in the merchant marine or navy.The following table is taken from the latestannual report of the department (for 1871):

The number receiving medical treatment inhospitals or otherwise was 44,672; numberof poor relieved in almshouse, asylums, orotherwise, 30,954; number in schools, 1,738;in prisons and reformatories, 75,016. Thenumber of bodies received at the morgue was214, of which 127 were recognized; numberof interments in the city cemetery, 3,502.The current expenses of the various institutionsamounted to $1,063,990, viz.: charitable,$820,788; correctional, $243,202. Theamount expended in relief to outdoor poorwas $42,776 50 in money and about $22,500in coal. The number of inmates in the variousinstitutions on Nov. 15, 1874, was as follows:

Besides the city institutions, there are numerousimportant and well directed charitiesmanaged by associations or corporations, some ofwhich receive aid from the city or state. Amongthem are 21 associations for the relief of thepoor; 25 hospitals, of which 15 have commodiousbuildings; 30 dispensaries, furnishingmedicine and medical aid; 13 orphan asylums;more than 50 daily industrial schools, with anaverage attendance of from 7,000 to 10,000;and more than 100 asylums, homes, lodginghouses, and institutions of various kinds. Theorganized local charitable societies and institutionsreceive and disburse about $2,500,000 ayear. The New York association for improvingthe condition of the poor was organizedin 1843. Its operations embrace the entireisland of Manhattan, which is divided into 371districts, for each of which a visitor is appointed,these being assisted by an advisory committeeof five for each ward. Relief is granted onlythrough the visitor of the district. Articles offood and clothing only are given, and efforts aremade to encourage in the recipients industryand virtuous habits. In 1874 the number offamilies relieved was 24,091, comprising 89,845persons, at a cost of $96,431. The whole numberof families relieved from the organizationof the association was 226,446, comprising952,868 persons, at a cost of $1,468,071. Thechildren's aid society (office in E. 4th street)was formed in 1853, to “improve the conditionof the poor and destitute children of the city,”particularly the newsboys, bootblacks, and otherstreet children. It has established lodginghouses, furnished with reading rooms, music,and meals, and industrial schools, in which thechildren are instructed in the rudiments oflearning and in useful occupations. Thehomeless, after some instruction, are provided withgood situations in the west. There are fivelodging houses, of which the most noteworthyare the newsboys' lodging house on the cornerof Duane and New Chambers streets, and thegirls' lodging house in St. Mark's place. Thenumber of industrial schools supported in 1874was 34 (21 day and 13 night schools); numberof pupils enrolled, 10,288 (5,335 boys and 4,953girls); average attendance, 3,556. The numberprovided with homes and employment in thatyear was 3,985; entire number since theorganization of the society, 36,363. The Americanfemale guardian society and home for thefriendless furnishes a temporary asylum forfriendless children and destitute young women.The aim of the society is to procure homes forthe children, who seldom remain many monthsin the institution. It supports 11 industrialschools in various parts of the city, with anaverage attendance of about 1,200 children,and expends annuaUy about $70,000 in carryingon its operations. The home is a three-storybrick building on E. 30th street, withaccommodations for about 150 inmates, erectedin 1848. In 29th street, immediately oppositethe home and connected with it by a bridge, isa four-story brick edifice in the Romanesquestyle, erected in 1856, containing the chapel,the school for the inmates of the home, anindustrial school, and the offices of the society.The society itself was organized more than 40years ago. The society for the reformation ofjuvenile delinquents was incorporated in 1824.The house of refuge under its control is situatedon the S. portion of Randall's island, andhas 30 acres of land connected with it. Thebuildings are of brick in the Italian style, thetwo principal structures presenting a gracefulfaçade nearly 1,000 ft. long. They contain886 dormitories, school rooms, hospital departments,dining halls, &c., offices, and a chapelcapable of seating 1,000 persons. In the rearare the workshops, each 30 by 150 ft. andthree stories high. The society receives forinstruction, discipline, and reformation youthwho are brought before the courts for pettyoffences. The boys and girls are kept in separatebuildings, and the older of the latter whohave been guilty of social crime are carefullyseparated from the more youthful. They arerequired to work from six to eight hours aday, and to study from four to five hours.The period of detention depends upon theirconduct, and upon their discharge situationsare procured for the deserving. The numberof inmates received to the close of 1872 was14,675. The number in the institutionduring 1874 was 1,367; remaining at the close ofthe year, 789 (677 boys and 112 girls). TheBloomingdale asylum for the insane, in 117thstreet, between 10th and 11th avenues, wasopened in 1821. The grounds embrace 45acres, partly devoted to gardening andcontaining a great variety of trees and ornamentalshrubbery. The asylum buildings, three innumber, are capable of accommodating about170 patients, and are always full. Patients arereceived from any part of the state, and arerequired to pay from $8 to $30 a week accordingto their circumstances. About 300 acresof land have recently been purchased at WhitePlains, Westchester co., with a view ofremoving the institution to that place at somefuture day. The Bloomingdale asylum is abranch of the New York hospital, and is chieflymanaged by a committee of its board ofgovernors. The hospital was chartered in 1771,and for many years the buildings in Broadway,between Duane and Worth streets, were openfor the care of the sick and injured. The sitewas leased in 1869, and the following year theinstitution was closed. It has a fine libraryand pathological cabinet at No. 8 W. 16thstreet, open for consultation and examinationwithout charge. A new hospital is soon to beerected in 15th street, in the rear of the library.The woman's hospital of the state of New Yorkwas opened in 1855 for the purpose of puttingia practice the discoveries of Dr. J. M. Sims(made public in 1852) in the treatment of thediseases of women. The building now occupied,on 4th avenue and 50th street, was openedin 1867. It'is a handsome structure, the basementbeing of polished stone and the fouradditional stories of brick, with angles andpilasters ornamented with finely wroughtvermiculated blocks. It contains 75 beds, andcost with furniture $200,000. The upper flooris devoted to charity patients, the others to paypatients. The New York asylum for lying-inwomen, in Marion street, was erected in 1830,though the society which established it wasorganized in 1822. It is entirely free. Onlyvirtuous, indigent women are admitted, butphysicians are appointed by the society toattend such as apply and are not admitted. Sincethe opening of the asylum about 4,000 inmateshave been received, and more than 13,000outdoor patients have been treated. The NewYork institution for the instruction of thedeaf and dumb was incorporated in 1816. Itwas originally situated in 50th street, but wasremoved in 1856 to Washington Heights, 9 m.N. of the city hall, where it has 28 acres ofland overlooking the Hudson. The buildings,which are the largest and finest of the kind inthe world, cover about two acres, and are ofbrick, with basement, copings, and trimmingsof granite. The front walls, which arepanelled, are faced with yellow Milwaukee brick.The main edifice, which contains the offices,library, &c., is flanked by two wings, onedevoted to the male and the other to the femalepupils. Another building contains the chapel,dining room, &c., and a brick structure hasrecently been erected for the accommodationof the mechanical department. More than 500pupils can be accommodated, and about 2,300have been educated since the opening of theinstitution. The library contains 2,860 volumes,some of which are rare books on deaf-muteinstruction. Deaf mutes are received at thecharge of the state or counties, and also as paypupils. The institution for the improvedinstruction of deaf mutes, in 7th avenue near44th street, was organized in 1867. It hasreceived some aid from the state, and in 1870 agrant of land on the W. side of Lexingtonavenue, between 67th and 68th streets, was madeto it by the city, where buildings are to beerected. Instruction is imparted by the methodof articulation. The New York institutionfor the blind was incorporated in 1831, andthe school was opened at No. 47 Mercer streetthe next year. The present site was purchaseda few years subsequently, and comprises a plot200 by 800 ft. fronting on 9th avenue between33d and 34th streets. The building is ofmarble, three stories high with Mansard roof,presenting a façade of 175 ft. with a north anda south wing of 125 ft. each. Indigent blindfrom the city and from Long and Statenislands are educated at the expense of the state,and pay pupils are also received at $300 ayear. About 94 per cent. of those instructedhave been state pupils. The number underinstruction in 1874 was 193; remaining at theclose of the year, 173. The New York juvenileasylum was incorporated in 1851. Thebuildings now occupied are on a plot of 25acres, in 176th street, near the High bridge,and consist of a central five-story structure,skirted by two wings of four stories each, withrear extensions and appropriate outbuildings.They are of stone quarried on the premises,and were opened in 1856. A three-storybrick edifice, 42 by 108 ft., has recently beenerected to accommodate the class rooms,gymnasium, swimming bath, and industrial department. The grounds occupy a lofty eminence,and are laid out in gardens and shaded walks,drives, and play grounds. The librariescontain about 2,000 volumes. The inmates arebetween 5 and 14 years old, and consist oftruant and disobedient children placed in theinstitution by their parents for discipline orcommitted by the magistrates for reformation,and of the friendless and neglected committedas vagrants. They are required to worka portion of the day, and also receive literaryinstruction. But few remain more than sixmonths, the plan of the institutioncontemplating the early return of the inmates to theirparents, or their indenture to families in thewest. The number of children received to theclose of 1874 was 17,772. There is a houseof reception in W. 13th street, with accommodationsfor 130 children, and the greater partare retained here a few weeks before beingadmitted to the asylum. The New York orphanasylum, on the bank of the Hudson between73d and 74th streets, is a fine Gothic building120 by 60 ft., with two spacious wings andabout nine acres of land. The society wasorganized in 1806 by ladies, and is supported byprivate donations. It has purchased 37 acresof land at Hastings on the Hudson, and contemplatesmoving the asylum thither. The Leakeand Watts orphan house, near 112th streetand 10th avenue, is a large and handsomeedifice, delightfully situated in a plot of 120 acres.It has a permanent income, and supports anaverage of about 120 orphans. The coloredorphan asylum was incorporated in 1838. Thepresent beautiful building, occupying a fineplot of ground at 143d street and 10th avenue,was completed in 1868. It is of brick, threestories high with basement, with a frontageof 234 ft. and a depth of 125 ft., surmountedby three unique octagonal towers, and hasaccommodations for more than 300 children.The colored home was organized about 1840.The grounds on 1st avenue, between 64th and65th streets, were purchased in 1848. Thebuildings form a hollow square, with a fineflower garden in the centre. The institutionconsists of four departments, the home forthe aged and indigent, the hospital, thenursery, and the lying-in department, and annuallycares for about 1,000 persons. The unionhome and school for the maintenance andinstruction of the children of volunteer soldiersand sailors, incorporated in 1862, is finely situatedat 151st street and the Boulevard. TheFive Points mission in Park street, and theFive Points house of industry in Worth street,have been instrumental in reforming thatlocality (so called from the converging of threestreets), which 25 years ago was the worst inthe city, crowded with the degraded andcriminal. The mission was established in 1850,and the building was opened in 1853. Itsupports a day school, with an average attendanceof from 400 to 500, a Sunday school, and afree library and reading room. The scholarsare clothed by the society, and receive a dailylunch. More than 2,000 children have beenplaced in good homes, and many thousandadults have been furnished with situations.The house of industry had its origin soon afterthe establishment of the mission, and wasdesigned to furnish employment to womendesirous of escaping from an abandoned life. Itwas incorporated in 1854. The buildings nowoccupied were partly erected in 1856 and partlyin 1870. The school rooms have accommodationsfor 500 scholars, and the dormitories formore than 300 beds. Meals are furnished tothe poor, and other forms of charity administeredin the neighborhood. The New YorkCatholic protectory, incorporated in 1863,receives children of Roman Catholic parentscommitted by the magistrates for reformation.It is situated at West Chester just across thecity line, and has extensive grounds and finebuildings. The number of inmates on Sept.30, 1874, was 1,842; whole number in theinstitution during the year ending on that date,2,877; entire number since its opening, 8,771.The Howard mission and home for littlewanderers, in New Bowery, in the midst of one ofthe most wretched quarters of the city, wasestablished in 1861. It supports day and Sundayschools, and a home for needy children,and distributes food, clothing, and fuel to thedeserving poor. The prison association ofNew York was organized in 1844, for thepurpose of aiding discharged convicts to reformand obtain employment, of befriendingpersons charged with crime, and of studying thesubject of prison discipline. The women'sprison association of New York, an outgrowthof this, maintains a home at No. 110 Secondavenue. Other institutions, most of whichown spacious and handsome buildings, are theChapin home for the aged and infirm, in E.66th street; Baptist home for the aged andinfirm, in E. 68th street; home for aged Hebrews,in Lexington avenue and 63d street; youngwomen's home, in Washington square; homefor women and mission, in Water street; Wilsonindustrial school, at Avenue A and 8thstreet; Catholic home for the aged poor, in W.32d street; Sheltering Arms, for destitute andhelpless children, in 129th street and 10thavenue; St. Luke's hospital (Episcopal), in 5thavenue and 54th street; German hospital, in4th avenue and 77th street; Mt. Sinai hospital(Jewish), in Lexington avenue and 66thstreet; nursery and child's hospital, with lying-inasylum, in Lexington avenue and 51st street;New York eye and ear infirmary, in 2d avenueand 13th street; institution for the relief ofthe ruptured and crippled, in Lexington avenueand 42d street; house of rest for consumptives,at Tremont; New York infirmary for womenand children, in 2d avenue near 8th street, tobe removed to Livingston place; New Yorkophthalmic hospital, in 23d street and 3davenue; New York ophthalmic and aural hospital,in E. 12th street; Manhattan eye and earhospital, in E. 34th street; old ladies' home ofthe Methodist Episcopal church, in W. 42dstreet near 8th avenue; home for incurables,at West Farms; Presbyterian home for agedwomen, in E. 73d street; St. Francis's hospital(Roman Catholic), in 5th street; Episcopalorphan home and asylum, in E. 49th street;Roman Catholic orphan asylums, in Princestreet and 5th and Madison avenues; asylumof the New York Magdalen benevolent society,in 5th avenue and 88th street; halforphan asylum, in W. 10th street; house ofmercy, for the reformation of fallen women,in 86th street near the Hudson; Hebreworphan asylum, in 77th street and 3d avenue;orphan asylum of St. Vincent de Paul (RomanCatholic), in 39th street near 7th avenue;Catholic foundling asylum, in 68th street nearLexington avenue; Roosevelt hospital, in 59thstreet and 10th avenue; Presbyterian hospital,in 70th street and Madison avenue; home foraged and infirm deaf mutes, in E. 13th street;home for the blind, in W. 14th street; asylumfor female deaf mutes (Roman Catholic), atFordham; association for the relief ofrespectable aged indigent females, in E. 20thstreet; St. Luke's home for indigent Christianfemales, in Madison avenue and 89thstreet; St. Vincent's hospital (Roman Catholic),in 11th street and 7th avenue; St. John'sguild, in Varick street; seamen's fund andretreat, with a hospital for seamen on Statenisland, and connected with it an asylum fordestitute, sick, and infirm families of seamen;sailors' snug harbor, a retreat for superannuatedseamen, also on Staten island; marinesociety; and ladies' home missionary society.There are about 25 Roman Catholic conventsand associations of a similar class. The mostprominent are the convent of the Redemptoristsor congregation of the Most HolyRedeemer, in 3d street; the congregation of themissionary priests of St. Paul the Apostle(Paulists), in 9th avenue and 59th street; themother house of the sisters of charity, at Mt.St. Vincent, on the Hudson, near the borderof Yonkers; the convent and academy of theladies of the Sacred Heart, at Manhattanville;St. Catharine's convent of the sisters of mercy,in E. Houston street, which has a house ofmercy (refuge for young females) connectedwith it, an industrial school in Madison avenueand 81st street, and three academies; and theconvent of the sisters of the Good Shepherd,in 90th street near the East river, with a housefor the reformation of fallen women.—TheNew York city mission and tract society wasestablished in 1827, and reorganized andincorporated in 1866. It employs 30 missionaries,has six mission stations, ten missionchapels, and five mission Sabbath schools, anddistributes considerable aid to the poor. Since1835 it has expended $850,000 in regularmissionary work, besides more than $100,000 inbuilding mission stations and chapels, and hasdistributed 41,295,893 tracts in English andsome ten other languages. The total expendituresin 1874 were $49,452. The young men'sChristian association was formed in 1852. Theelegant building in 23d street and 4th avenuewas erected in 1868-'9, at a cost of $345,000,the cost of the lots having been $142,000. Itis 87 by 175 ft., and five stories high, with acentral and three angular towers, and isconstructed chiefly of Ohio freestone and NewJersey brown stone. This edifice contains ahall capable of seating 1,500 persons, a lectureroom with seats for 400, a gymnasium, a bathroom, a free reading room supplied with theprincipal American and foreign newspapersand periodicals, a library, and rooms for eveningclasses in modern languages, penmanship,bookkeeping, &c. The association hasseveral branches in different parts of the city.The American Bible society, next to the Britishand foreign the largest in the world, wasfounded in 1816. It has printed the Biblein 29 languages and dialects, besides assistingin publishing and circulating many of the 185versions of the British and foreign Biblesociety. It employs 500 hands, and carries onevery branch of its business in the Bible house,erected by the society in 1853 at a cost includingground of more than $300,000. Thisedifice is of brick, six stories high, and occupiesthe entire block bounded by 3d and 4thavenues and Stuyvesant and 9th streets, coveringwith the area in the centre three fourths of anacre. It contains the offices of the Americanboard of commissioners for foreign missions,the New York association for improving thecondition of the poor, the New York citymission and tract society, and many otherbenevolent and religious organizations. Readingrooms for seamen and working men have beenestablished in various parts of the city by thedifferent missionary organizations. There arenumerous temperance societies and lodges offreemasons, odd fellows, and many similarorders.—The public schools are under thegeneral management of the board of education,consisting of 21 commissioners of commonschools appointed by the mayor for a term ofthree years (seven retiring annually). Thereare also three inspectors of common schoolsfor each of the eight school districts into whichthe city is divided, appointed by the mayor forthree years (one retiring annually), and fivetrustees for each ward chosen by the board ofeducation for five years (one retiring annually).These officers receive no salary. The board ofeducation appoints a city superintendent ofschools and several assistants for a term oftwo years, a superintendent of school buildings,an engineer, and other officers. The schoolsare free to all between the ages of 4 and 21years. The common schools are divided intoprimary schools with six grades, and grammarschools with eight grades. Besides the ordinaryEnglish branches, drawing is taught inall the grades of the grammar schools, andinstruction in French may be given in the twohigher grades upon the application of the trusteesof the ward. German is taught as a partof the regular course in all the grades of thegrammar schools in any ward, when in theopinion of the trustees a sufficient number ofparents or guardians desire it. Instruction invocal music is given in the primary grades.Evening schools are opened during the autumnand winter for those whose ages or avocationsprevent them from attending the day schools.There is also an evening high school for males,in which Latin, modern languages, and thehigher English branches are taught. The normalcollege is intended especially for the trainingof teachers for the common schools, andonly pupils of the female grammar schools whohave completed the studies of the first gradeare admitted. The faculty consists of fiveprofessors, viz.: of intellectual philosophy, Latinand English, physics and chemistry, French andGerman, and natural science. Each professorhas the requisite number of assistants, and thereare also a lady superintendent and teachers ofmusic, drawing, mathematics, history, methodsof teaching, calisthenics, and penmanship. Thecourse comprises six grades, occupying threeyears. A model school is connected with thecollege. Saturday sessions are held for thoseemployed in the common schools. The separatecolored normal school has been discontinued.At the close of 1874 the United States sloop ofwar St. Mary's was placed at the disposal ofthe board of education by the government forthe establishment of a nautical school. Boysin the public schools who manifest a desire tofollow a seafaring life are to be admitted. Anumber of corporate schools connected withasylums and charitable institutions have, undervarious acts of the legislature, been entitled toa share of the school moneys, and subject tothe supervision of the board of education. Thefollowing table is for the year 1873:

Besides those enumerated there were 192 teachersof special branches. The teachers in theevening schools are nearly all taken from amongthose of the day schools. The total expendituresduring the year named amounted to$3,479,011, of which $2,392,829 35 was forsalaries of teachers and janitors, $79,562 20 forsalaries of employees of the board of education,superintendents, &c., $44,847 72 for rent ofschool premises, $181,645 96 for supplies for theschools (books, stationery, &c.), $100,261 58for fuel, $26,558 65 for gas, $96,285 27 forapportionment for corporate schools, $271,589 65for erecting and furnishing new buildings,and the rest for miscellaneous purposes. Thevalue of school buildings belonging to the citywas $5,647,000; of lots, $3,045,000. The numberof schools, attendance, &c., in 1874, includingthe new wards, were as follows:

Fifteen of the public school buildings wererented. The evening schools are held in theday school buildings. Many of the buildingsare lofty and elegant structures, finely arrangedfor school purposes.

Normal College.

The normal college, at69th street and 4th avenue, completed in 1873,is unsurpassed in its accommodations andappliances by any similar edifice in the country.It is in the secular Gothic style, with a loftyand massive Victoria tower; is 300 ft. long,125 ft. wide on 4th avenue, 78 ft. wide in therear, and 70 ft. high. It contains 30 recitationrooms, three large lecture rooms, a calisthenium,a library, six retiring rooms for instructors,president's offices, and a main hall capableof seating 1,600. Each recitation roomcontains seats for 48, and each lecture room for144 persons. The entire cost of the buildingwas $350,000, and of the furniture and otherappliances about $40,000. The model schoolin the rear, fronting Lexington avenue,accommodates 900 pupils. The college of the cityof New York occupies a handsome edifice at23d street and Lexington avenue, 125 by 80 ft.and four stories high. It was organized as thefree academy in 1848, empowered to conferdegrees in 1854, and incorporated as a collegein 1866. It is under the control of a boardof trustees, consisting of its president and themembers of the board of educationex officiis,and is supported by the city. Students areadmitted who have passed the highest grade ofthe grammar schools. The full course comprises five years, the first year beingintroductory. Students may choose between theancient course, with Latin, Greek, and a modernlanguage, and the modern course, withFrench, German, and Spanish, or Latin insteadof German or Spanish. The other studies arethe same in both courses and similar to thoseof other colleges. In the introductory classthere is a commercial course for studentsintending to remain but one year. The degreeof bachelor of arts is conferred upon thosewho complete the ancient course, and that ofbachelor of science upon those who completethe modern course. There are professorships ofphilosophy; of English, Latin, Greek, French,German, and Spanish language and literaturerespectively; of history and belles-lettres; ofmathematics; of mechanics, astronomy, andengineering; of chemistry and physics; ofnatural history, physiology, and hygiene; andof descriptive geometry and drawing. Thelibrary contains 22,000 volumes, and the repository9,500 text books. In 1874-'5 there were14 professors, 20 other instructors, and 824students, viz.: introductory class, 479 (collegiatecourse 238, commercial course 241); freshmen,145; sophomores, 102; juniors, 63;seniors, 35. Of the 345 students in the collegiateclasses, 197 were pursuing the ancient and 148the modern course. The expenditures in 1874amounted to $162,116 47, of which $128,815 86was for salaries of instructors and janitors,and $6,548 31 for books and supplies forstudents.—Of the institutions of learning notconnected with the city government, Columbiacollege (Episcopal), the oldest college in thestate, situated on Madison avenue and 50thstreet, is the most prominent. (SeeColumbia College.)Connected with it are a school ofmines, a law school, and the college of physiciansand surgeons. The law school is in Great Jonesstreet and Lafayette place. The college ofphysicians and surgeons has a valuable physiologicalmuseum. It wasfounded in 1791,chartered in 1807, andbecame connected withColumbia college in1860. The building,in 4th avenue and 23dstreet, is of brick andrather plain in appearance.The universityof the city of NewYork, a Gothic whitefreestone structure inWashington square,180 by 100 ft., fourstories high, withoctangular five-storyturrets at the angles,was founded in 1831.It has a departmentof arts and a departmentof science, inwhich instruction isfree. A school of artis connected with thescientific department.There are also law and medical departments;the latter is conducted in E. 26th street,opposite Bellevue hospital. Graduates of thelaw department as well as of the Columbiacollege law school are admitted to the NewYork bar without examination. The numberof students in all departments of the universityin 1873-'4 was 426, of whom 122 were matriculatedstudents in the departments of arts andscience, and 15 were art students. The facultyof instruction consisted of 33 professors, 4adjunct professors, and 6 assistants, besides thechancellor. St. John's college, at Fordham,has been described in the articleFordham.The college of St. Francis Xavier, in W. 15thstreet, has besides the usual curriculumpostgraduate, grammar, commercial, and preparatorydepartments. It was organized in 1847and chartered as a college in 1861. Manhattancollege, near 131st street and the Boulevard,embraces collegiate, commercial, and preparatorycourses. These three are Roman Catholicinstitutions, Manhattan college being under thedirection of the Christian Brothers, and St.John's and St. Francis Xavier of the Jesuits.Rutgers female college occupies a handsomeedifice in 5th avenue, opposite the distributingreservoir. It has collegiate, academic, andprimary departments. It was established in1838 and chartered as a college in 1867. St.Louis college (Roman Catholic) occupies a finebuilding in W. 42d street, and is under thedirection of the fathers of mercy. It affordsvarious grades of instruction from thekindergarten to the collegiate. The classics hold asecondary place in its curriculum, specialattention being paid to modern languages. Thereare two extensive theological seminaries in thecity. The first, known as the general theologicalseminary of the Protestant Episcopalchurch in the United States, was established in1819 at New Haven, Conn., soon after removedto New York, and chartered by the legislaturein 1822. It occupies two substantial stonebuildings, 50 by 110 ft., in 9th avenue and 20thstreet. The Union theological seminary(Presbyterian) was founded in 1836, chartered in1839, and is open for students from everydenomination of Christians; but the applicantmust be a member in good standing of anevangelical church, and a graduate fromcollege, or able to pass an examination in the usualcollege branches. The course of study occupiesthree years. The edifice, of plain brick,is in University place, near Washington square;it contains a chapel, four lecture rooms, alibrary, and private rooms for about 80students. A new site was purchased some yearssince in the upper part of the island, but thedirectors, desiring a more central situation,have appointed a committee to secure another,which has not yet reported. Besides thosealready named, there are six medical colleges, adental college, and a college of pharmacy, viz.:Bellevue hospital medical college; thehomœopathic medical college of the state of NewYork, 3d avenue and 23d street; the NewYork medical college and hospital for women,2d avenue and 12th street; the woman'smedical college of the New York infirmary forwomen and children; Eclectic medical college,admitting both sexes, 26th street between 2dand 3d avenues, with a medical dispensary;New York free medical college for women, inSt. Mark's place, with a free dispensary; NewYork college of dentistry, in 2d avenue near23d street, with a museum and an infirmaryfor the treatment of the indigent; and thecollege of pharmacy of the city of New York, inthe university building. The New Yorkcollege of veterinary surgeons, in Lexingtonavenue, is the only institution in the United Statesspecially devoted to veterinary education. Itwas incorporated in 1857, but did not go intooperation till 1864. It has a hospital connectedwith it, and a museum containing morethan 1,500 valuable specimens. The followingtable embraces the latest statistics of the differentcollegiate and professional institutions:

The Catholics have about 30 select schools andacademies, with from 2,500 to 3,000 pupils, and56 parochial schools, with about 28,000 pupils.There are numerous other denominational andprivate schools. The oldest school in the cityis that of the Reformed (Dutch) church, in W.29th street, founded in 1633. Trinity school(Episcopal), in 7th avenue, was founded in1709. The Cooper union for the advancementof science and art (seeCooper, Peter)occupies a fine edifice of six stories, 195 ft. on 4thavenue, 143 on 8th street, 155 on 3d avenue,and 86 on 7th street, costing $650,000. In thebasement is a large lecture room 125 ft. by 82,and 21 ft. high, in which many political andother public meetings are held. The buildingcontains a free library; a free reading room,with more than 300 American and foreignnewspapers and periodicals; free schools ofart, wood engraving, photography, andtelegraphy for women; a free night school of artfor men; and a free night school of science forboth sexes. Free lectures are given bydistinguished scientific men in the large hall everySaturday evening during the winter. Theprofessors of science may be consulted withoutcost by inventors or manufacturers of newprocesses. The number of instructorsconnected with the institution in 1873-'4 was 19;number of pupils admitted to the art schoolfor women, 201; school of wood engraving,39; school of telegraphy, 120; night school ofscience, 1,160; night school of art, 1,505. TheCooper union, or Cooper institute as it iscommonly called, was opened in 1859, and theamount expended in carrying on its variousdepartments to the beginning of 1874 was$529,394 72, the greater portion of which wasraised by renting parts of the building. Thereare a number of commercial colleges and musicalconservatories and schools.—The Americaninstitute was incorporated in 1829, and isdesigned for the promotion of agriculture,commerce, manufactures, science, and the arts. Ithas a valuable library in the Cooper institute,where its meetings are held. Fairs are heldannually in October under its auspices in thecapacious building in 3d avenue and 63dstreet, which attract great numbers ofvisitors. At the close, premiums andmedals are awarded to exhibitors. TheAmerican geographical society, also inthe Cooper institute, was organized in1852. It has a valuable library ofworks devoted to geographical scienceand a collection of 2,000 maps andcharts. The New York historical society,in 2d avenue and 11th street,founded in 1804, has a libraryparticularly rich in American history,and possesses the Abbott collection ofEgyptian antiquities, the Lenox collectionof Nineveh sculptures, a fine galleryof paintings, &c. The lyceum of naturalhistory, in Madison avenue, besidesa good library, has a collection of 3,000specimens of plants. The Americanmuseum of natural history, in Centralpark, was incorporated in 1869. Itscollections embrace Indian antiquities,minerals, shells, and stuffed and mountedspecimens of animals, birds, fishes, insects,&c. It has a library comprising 1,000 volumesof rare conchological and scientific works. Itis open to the public, except on Mondays andTuesdays, which are reserved for specialstudents and the teachers and pupils of thepublic schools. The metropolitan museum of art,in W. 14th street, besides a gallery of paintingsby the old masters, contains the Cesnolacollection of Cypriote antiquities, and collectionsloaned by wealthy citizens, embracingmodern pictures and statuary, pottery andporcelain, arms and armor, mediæval manuscripts,antique and mediævalcuriosities, and various articlesofvertu. Admissionis free on Mondays; onother days a small fee ischarged.

Academy of Design.

The nationalacademy of design, foundedin 1826, occupies aunique building of grayand white marble and bluestone in 23d street and4th avenue. It has acollection of paintings, andin spring and summergives exhibitions of recentworks of American artists.It also maintains freeschools for advancedstudents in art.

Booth's Theatre.

—Booth'stheatre, in 23d street and 6thavenue, is a finecapacious edifice, built ofConcord granite in the renaissancestyle, 149 ft. longand 99 ft. high, including the Mansard roofof 24 ft. The Grand opera house, in 8thavenue and 23d street, is a handsome whitemarble structure in the Italian order, 113 by98 ft., and 80 ft. high from base to cornice.The Lyceum theatre, in 14th street near 6thavenue, has a handsome front and portico inthe classical style. In all of these generaldramatic representations are given. The othertheatres have little architectural attraction,but many of them are capacious and elegantlyfurnished. The leading comedy theatres areWallack's, in Broadway and 13th street; theUnion Square, near it; and the Fifth Avenue,in 28th street near Broadway. Niblo's theatre,in Broadway near Prince street, has beendevoted in recent years chiefly to spectacularpieces. Miscellaneous dramas are representedat Wood's museum, Broadway near 30th street,the Park theatre, Broadway near 22d street,and the Bowery, in the Bowery near Canalstreet; German plays in the Stadt andGermania theatres, the former in the Bowery nearCanal street, and the latter in 14th street near3d avenue; varieties in Tony Pastor's operahouse, Bowery near Spring street, and TheatreComique, Metropolitan, Olympic, and Globetheatres, all in Broadway between Broomestreet and Astor place; and minstrelsy inBryant's opera house, 23d street near 6thavenue, and San Francisco minstrel hall, Broadwaynear 29th street. The academy of music,in 14th street and Irving place, is devoted chieflyto grand opera; and Steinway hall, nearlyadjoining it, is used for concerts and lectures.The square bounded by 4th and Madisonavenues and 26th and 27th streets is occupied bythe hippodrome, erected and opened by P. T.Barnum. In the Central Park garden, 7thavenue and 59th street, concerts are nightlygiven during the summer, to audiences of from1,000 to 2,500 persons, by Theodore Thomas'sorchestra of 50 performers. In the Boweryare numerous German gardens, the largestand most popular of which is the Atlantic,near Canal street, where from 1,000 to 1,500Germans nightly listen to orchestral music anddrink beer. The Tivoli, in 8th street near 3davenue, and Terrace garden, in 58th street near3d avenue, are also places of popular resort,chiefly for Germans. The leading clubs are theUnion (founded in 1836), the Travellers' (1865),and the Knickerbocker in 5th avenue, the Armyand Navy (1871) in W. 27th street, and the NewYork at the junction of Broadway, 5thavenue, and 25th street, chiefly social; theCentury (1847) in E. 15th street near Union square,the Lotos (1870) in Irving place, the Arcadian(1871) in Union place, literary; thePalette (1869) in E. 22d street, composed ofartists; the Union League (1863), occupying afine building in Madison avenue and 26thstreet, and the Manhattan (1864) in 5th avenue,political, the former republican and the latterdemocratic; and the New York Yacht club(1844) and the American Jockey club, in Madisonavenue and 27th street, sporting, the latterhaving a house at Fordham. The Union Leagueclub was organized during the civil war, andwas active in aiding the federal cause.—TheAstor library, in Lafayette place, was foundedby a legacy from John Jacob Astor in 1848; itis for study and reference, no books being takenaway. (SeeAstor Library.) The mercantilelibrary in Astor place, and the apprentices'library in Broadway, both established in 1820,and the society library in University place,organized in 1754, are lending libraries, andhave reading rooms supplied with the principalAmerican and foreign magazines and newspapers.The privileges of the mercantile libraryare obtained by the payment of small annualdues. The society library occupies a building70 by 100 ft. It belongs to shareholders, butothers are entitled to its privileges upon thepayment of periodical dues. The apprentices'library belongs to the “General Society ofMechanics and Tradesmen of the City of NewYork.” It is free to apprentices; otherpersons are required to pay small annual dues.The principal law libraries are that of theNew York law institute in Chambers street,accessible to members of the bar on paymentof an initiation fee and annual dues, and thatof the “Association of the Bar of the City ofNew York” in W. 27th street, incorporated in1871. The city library in the city hall, free toall, is a collection consisting chiefly of the citydocuments and the laws and ordinances ofother cities. The Mott memorial free medicaland surgical library, in Madison avenue, wasfounded by the widow of Dr. Valentine Mott,and comprises his medical library of 2,000volumes, 800 volumes contributed by Dr.Alexander B. Mott, and other donations andpurchases. The other principal libraries of apublic character are the eclectic (circulating), in17th street near Irving place; the printers' freelibrary, in Chambers street; the woman's library,in Bleecker street, belonging to the workingwomen's protective union; that of the“New York Medical Library and JournalAssociation,” in E. 28th street; the Harlemlibrary; and the Washington Heights library.There are also a number of circulating libraries,consisting chiefly of novels. The number ofvolumes in the various libraries not connectedwith institutions of learning is as follows:

Lenox Library.

The Lenox library (free), founded by JamesLenox, a wealthy citizen, was chartered in1870. A splendid building of Lockportlimestone has been erected by Mr. Lenox, occupyingthe entire 5th avenue front between 70thand 71st streets, facing Central park; but thelibrary has not yet been opened. It is toreceive the “collection of manuscripts, printedbooks, engravings and maps, statuary, paintings,drawings, and other works of art” madeby the founder, and particularly rich in earlyAmerican history, Biblical bibliography, andElizabethan literature. Other donations havebeen made to the trustees, of which the mostimportant is that of Felix Astoin, comprisingabout 5,000 French works.—The latest statisticsof churches are contained in the tablebelow, besides which there are 25 or 30 in thenew wards:

The miscellaneous churches and missionsinclude one Catholic Apostolic (Irvingite), oneChristian Israelite, one Congregational Methodist,one German Swedenborgian, one Greek,one Seventh-day Baptist, and one TrueReformed Dutch. There are also four societiesof Second Adventists and four of Spiritualists.There are 356 Protestant (evangelical)Sabbath schools, with 88,237 scholars enrolled,and an average attendanceof 56,167, and62 Catholic, Jewish,&c., Sabbath schools,with 27,589 scholarsenrolled, and anaverage attendance of18,274.—The press ofNew York innumbers and influencetakes the lead in theUnited States. Thenumber of newspapersand periodicals,according to Rowell's“American NewspaperDirectory” for1874, was 398, besides10 semi-weekly and20 weekly editions ofdaily papers, viz.:daily, 28 (including 6German, 2 French,and 1 Swedish), ofwhich 18 were morning and 10 evening papers;semi-weekly, 7 (1 Italian and 1 Spanish); weekly,156 (13 German, 2 Spanish, 1 French, and1 Swedish); tri-monthly, 1 (Spanish);bi-weekly, 2 (1 German); semi-monthly, 20 (2German and 2 Spanish); monthly, 168 (3German, 1 Portuguese, and 1 Spanish); bi-monthly,1; quarterly, 15 (1 German). The wholenumber printed in foreign languages was 40,viz.: German, 26; Spanish, 7; French, 3;Swedish, 2; and Italian and Portuguese, 1 each.There are 7 special Sunday papers and 7 Sundayeditions of daily papers.—Henry Hudsondiscovered Manhattan island in September,1609, anchoring in New York harbor on the11th, and sailing up the Hudson on the12th. The Dutch, in whose service Hudsonsailed, despatched vessels in the followingyears to this region to trade with the Indiansfor furs, but the first settlement on the islandappears to have been made in 1623. In1624 Cornells Jacobsen May was formallyinstalled as the first director or governor, andwas succeeded the next year by WilliamVerhulst. In 1626 Peter Minuit arrived as directorgeneral, with more ample powers for theorganization of a regular government. Thesame year Fort Amsterdam on the S. point ofthe island, now the Battery, was commenced.Minuit purchased Manhattan island of theIndians for goods worth $24. Wouter van Twillerbecame governor in 1633, and William Kieftin 1638. In 1644 a fence was built nearly onthe line of the present Wall street, and in 1653the city was enclosed along this line from theEast to the North river by a ditch andpalisades with breastworks. Peter Stuyvesant, thelast of the Dutch governors, arrived in 1647,and ruled for 17 years. Charles II., havingcome to the English throne, assumed the Dutchoccupancy in North America to be a usurpation,and on March 12, 1664, granted the entireterritory to his brother the duke of York. Asmall fleet arrived in August, and the citysurrendered without resistance, Col. RichardNicolls assuming the office of governor. Thename (New Amsterdam) was changed to NewYork, and an English form of government wasestablished, which lasted nine years. In July,1673, the Dutch recaptured the city, namedit New Orange, made Anthony Colvegovernor, and drove out the English. Theirtriumph was short, for by the peace betweenEngland and the states general the city wasrestored to the British crown, and once morecalled New York, and the Dutch power wasfinally ended, Nov. 10, 1674. For the remainderof the 17th century the progress of thecity was rapid. The only untoward event ofthe period was the unsuccessful rebellion ofJacob Leisler in 1689. (SeeLeisler.) Thefirst Trinity church was built in 1696. In 1702a malignant epidemic prevailed. The “NewYork Gazette,” the fifth newspaper in thecolonies, was begun in 1725, and Zenger's “NewYork Weekly Journal” in 1733. In 1735occurred the first great libel suit in the city,regarded as an attack upon the freedom of thepress. It grew out of the claim of Gov. Cosbyto half the salary of his acting predecessor.The people took up the quarrel, the “Gazette”supporting Cosby and the “Journal” violentlyopposing him. Zenger was imprisoned forlibel, and Cosby's party strained every nerveto convict him, but the jury acquitted him.The year 1741 was remarkable for thesupposed discovery of a plot on the part of thenegroes (slavery having been introduced at anearly period) to burn the city and murder thewhites, which derived some support from theburning of a part of the public buildings inthat year and the breaking out of fires in otherplaces about the same time. Mainly upon thetestimony of a single servant girl more than 150negroes and about 20 whites were imprisoned.About 20 of the negroes were hanged, a smallernumber burned at the stake, and more than 75transported. In 1765 a congress of delegatesfrom nine colonies met in the city, and adopteda bill of rights, in which they asserted thatthe sole power of taxation resided in thecolonies. In the same year the “Sons of Liberty”were organized to oppose the stamp act. In1770 a meeting of 3,000 citizens was held, whoresolved not to submit to oppression, and a slightcollision with the troops occurred. In 1773the vigilance committee agreed to resist thelanding of tea, and in 1774 a ship thus ladenwas sent back to England, and 18 chests foundin another vessel were thrown overboard. OnApril 3, 1775, the colonial assembly finallyadjourned; on July 25 delegates were elected tothe continental congress; and on Aug. 23congress ordered Capt. Lamb to remove the cannonfrom the city forts to the Highlands. Resistance was offered from the Asia man-of-war,but 21 pieces, all that were mounted, weresecured. On Sept. 15, 1776, by the result of thebattle of Long Island, the city fell into the handsof the British, and so remained until the closeof the war. On Sept. 21, 1776, an extensive fireoccurred, all the west side of Broadway fromWhitehall to Barclay street being laid in ashes.On Aug. 7, 1778, a fire destroyed 300 buildingsaround Cruger's wharf, on the East river.The winter of 1780 was very cold; ice coveredthe bay, and heavy teams and artillery crossedto Staten island. On Nov. 25, 1783, the Britishfinally evacuated the city, and Gen.Washington marched in; the day is still annuallycelebrated under the name of evacuation day.During the war the British had nearlydestroyed all the churches except the Episcopal,making prisons, riding schools, and stables ofthem; the college and schools had been closed.The city was the seat of the colonial governmentuntil the revolution. From 1784 to 1797it was the state capital, though two sessions ofthe legislature were held at Poughkeepsie andthree at Albany during the period. From 1785to 1790 it was the seat of government of theUnited States. The adoption of the federalconstitution was grandly celebrated in 1788;and the inauguration of President Washingtontook place at the city hall, April 30, 1789. In1788 a serious riot occurred at the hospital, inconsequence of the careless exposure ofdissected bodies. The doctors were mobbed, andtheir houses invaded; some of them fled fromthe city, and others took refuge in the jail. In1791 yellow fever carried off 200 victims. Thecity, now just reaching the lower corner ofthe present City Hall park, began to extendalong the Boston road (Bowery) and Broadway.In 1795 732, and in 1798 2,086 personsdied from yellow fever, which returned at intervalstill 1805, but with diminishing virulence.On Sept. 20, 1803, the corner stone of the cityhall was laid by Mayor Livingston; the hallwas finished in 1812, when the old one in Wallstreet was sold. In the winter of 1804, 40stores in Wall, Front, and Water streets wereburned. The free school society, the germ ofthe present board of education, was incorporatedin 1805. The streets were now extendingacross the Canal street marsh, while the collector swamp where the city prison now standswas being filled up. The spread of populationwas stimulated by the yellow fever, which drovea third of the people from their dwellingsbelow the park to the woods and fields north ofthe fresh water. In 1807 Robert Fultonnavigated the first steamboat from near New Yorkto Albany. A great fire in Chatham street in1811 consumed nearly 100 houses. The war of1812 with Great Britain temporarily checkedthe city's growth. In 1821 the survey and layingout of the island north of Houston streetwas completed after 10 years' labor. In thewinter of this year the bay was frozen overfor the first time in 41 years. Yellow feverreappeared in 1819, and again in 1822 and 1823,occasioning a great panic; the city south ofthe park was fenced off and nearly deserted,families, merchants, hanks, and even the citygovernment, removing to Greenwich (now the9th ward) and upper Broadway. This panicmaterially improved property north of Canalstreet, and correspondingly expanded the city.Gas first came into general use in 1825. Thecity now had 12 wards, and was growing atthe rate of 1,000 to 1,500 houses a year agrowth occasioned by the completion of theErie canal, the first boat from which arrivedNov. 4, 1825. The canal celebration was thegrandest affair ever known in the country. Inthe next decade New York received somesevere blows from pestilence, fire, and financialdisaster. The cholera appeared in 1832, carryingoff 3,513 persons, and again in 1834,taking 971. On Dec. 16, 1835, the most disastrousfire known to the city swept the 1st ward eastof Broadway and below Wall street, destroying648 of the most valuable stores, themerchants' exchange and the South Dutch church,and property valued at more than $18,000,000.With almost miraculous energy the city wasrising from these ashes, when the financialexplosion of 1837 came, with suspension of speciepayments, failures, and bankruptcy throughoutthe country. Even this, however, butmomentarily checked the progress of the city.In 1842 the Croton water was introduced. OnJuly 19, 1845, a great fire occurred betweenBroadway, Exchange place, Broad, and Stonestreets, destroying over $5,000,000 worth ofproperty. Several lives were lost in the Astorplace riot in May, 1849, growing out of theassumed hostility of two prominent actors. (SeeMacready.) Cholera came again in the summerof 1849 and carried off 5,071 persons;again in 1855, when 374 died; and lastly in1866, when it carried off 1,212. The first cityrailroad (except the Harlem) was built through6th avenue in 1852, in anticipation of theprojected industrial exhibition, which opened withgreat ceremony (the president of the UnitedStates officiating) July 14, 1853, in a magnificentcrystal palace in the form of a Greekcross, built of iron and glass, 365½ ft. in diametereach way, with galleries, and a dome 123ft. high and 100 wide, the flooring covering 5¾acres. This building was burned in 1858. In1857 occurred another financial panic. In thesame year the radical change in the control ofthe police made by the legislature, and theresistance to the act by Mayor Wood, resultedin popular disturbances in June and July.Upon the outbreak of the civil war the citizensof New York responded heartily in behalf ofthe Union, and during the continuance of thestruggle the city furnished 116,382 men (equivalentto 89,183 for three years) to the federalarmies, at a net cost of $14,577,214 65. Theonly serious disturbance during this periodwas the riot that broke out on Monday, July13, 1863, in opposition to the draft. The mob,composed of the poorer class of the people,held practical possession of the city forseveral days, and it was not until the 17th thatthe mayor issued a proclamation declaring theriot suppressed. The offices of the provostmarshals where the draft was going on weredemolished; stores and dwellings were rifled;many buildings were burned, including thecolored orphan asylum, then in 5th avenue;and several negroes, against whom the furyof the mob was particularly directed, weremurdered. Collisions took place between therioters and the troops, who were several timescompelled to fire. The number of personskilled during the riot is estimated at more than1,000, and the city subsequently paid about$1,500,000 by way of indemnity for lossessustained at the hands of the mob. The draftwas resumed in August and completed withoutresistance. Another riot occurred on July12, 1871, in which 62 persons were killed,growing out of a procession of Orangemen incommemoration of the battle of the Boyne.Threats having been made by their enemies tobreak up the procession, the Orangemen wereprovided with an escort of militia. Theywere attacked soon after the procession beganits march, when the militia fired and dispersedthe mob. In the summer of 1871 proofs werefurnished that enormous frauds had beenperpetrated by the existing officials upon the citytreasury, raising the city debt in 2½ years from$50,000,000 to $113,000,000, with outstandingclaims to an unknown amount still unadjusted(1875). One of the chief instruments ofpeculation was the court house, large sumsappropriated for its construction finding their wayinto the pockets of the “ring.” The amountostensibly expended in its erection exceeds$12,000,000. The people were immediatelyaroused, and assembled in mass meeting in theCooper institute on Sept. 4, when a committeeof 70 members was appointed, to take thenecessary measures to ascertain the true state ofthe treasury, to recover any abstractedmoneys, and to secure good government and honestofficers. At the ensuing November electionthe candidates favorable to the accusedparties were defeated by large majorities. Thelatter were subsequently prosecuted and someof them convicted and sentenced, while othersfled the country. Several of the judges wereimpeached, and resigned or were removed fromoffice. The annexation of a portion ofWestchester county in 1873 has already beenreferred to.—The original charter of New Yorkcity, known as the Dongan charter, was grantedby James II. in 1686. In 1730 the Montgomeriecharter was granted by George II., and in1732 it was confirmed by the general assemblyof the province. This charter was of themost liberal nature; it made New Yorkpractically a free government, established an electivecouncil, and gave unusual privileges to thepeople. The most important property grantswere the exclusive possession and control ofthe waters to low-water mark on all the shoresopposite Manhattan island, with the ownershipof the ferries for all time, and the proprietorshipof all waste and unoccupied lands on theisland. The “mayor, aldermen, and commonalty”were made a perpetual corporation.No direct changes were made in this charterfor 100 years. In 1829 the people in cityconvention prepared, and the legislature adopted,the amended charter of 1830. The next amendmentswere in 1849, when important changeswere made. Other changes were made in 1851and 1853, and in 1857 the charter was materiallychanged. It was again amended in 1863,and in 1870 the local government wassubstantially reorganized. The charter of 1870,amended in 1871, was superseded by the presentcharter in 1873, and this was itself slightlyamended in 1874. All these enactmentsrecognize the Dongan and Montgomerie chartersas the source of municipal rights, and upontheir provisions rest the vast public andprivate interests of the city.—See “History ofthe City of New York,” by D. T. Valentine(1853); “History of New York City,” by MaryL. Booth (2 vols., 1867); “History of NewYork City,” by William L. Stone (1872); and“New York and its Institutions, 1609-1873:the Bright Side of New York,” by the Rev.J. F. Richmond (1873).

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