He was one of the most romantic figures in Indian history, a lesser warrior but a greater ruler than Alexander. Chandragupta was a young Kshatriya noble exiled from Magadha by the ruling Nanda family, to which he was related. Helped by his subtle Machiavellian adviser, Kautilya Chanakya, the youth organized a small army, overcame the Macedonian garrisons, and declared India free. Then he advanced upon Pataliputra,I capital of the Magadha kingdom, fomented a revolution, seized the throne, and established that Mauryan Dynasty which was to rule Hindustan and Afghanistan for one hundred and thirty-seven years. Subordinating his courage to Kautilya’s unscrupulous wisdom, Chandragupta soon made his government the most powerful then existing in the world. When Megasthenes came to Pataliputra as ambassador from Seleucus Nicator, King of Syria, he was amazed to find a civilization which he described to the incredulous Greeks—still near their zenith—as entirely equal to their own.
Durant, Will (1963). Our Oriental heritage. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Megasthenes describes Chandragupta’s capital, Pataliputra, as nine miles in length and almost two miles in width. The palace of the King was of timber, but the Greek ambassador ranked it as excelling the royal residences of Susa and Ecbatana, being surpassed only by those at Persepolis. Its pillars were plated with gold, and ornamented with designs of bird-life and foliage; its interior was sumptuously furnished and adorned with precious metals and stones. There was a certain Oriental ostentation in this culture, as in the use of gold vessels six feet in diameter; but an English historian concludes, from the testimony of the literary, pictorial and material remains, that “in the fourth and third centuries before Christ the command of the Maurya monarch over luxuries of all kinds and skilled craftsmanship in all the manual arts was not inferior to that enjoyed by the Mogul emperors eighteen centuries later.” ...Kautilya was a Brahman who knew the political value of religion, but took no moral guidance from it; like our modern dictators he believed that every means was justifiable if used in the service of the state. He was unscrupulous and treacherous, but never to his King; he served Chandragupta through exile, defeat, adventure, intrigue, murder and victory, and by his wily wisdom made the empire of his master the greatest that India had ever known.
Durant, Will (1963). Our Oriental heritage. New York: Simon & Schuster.
“In short,” says Havell, “Pataliputra in the fourth century B.C. seems to have been a thoroughly well-organized city, and administered according to the best principles of social science.” “The perfection of the arrangements thus indicated,” says Vincent Smith, “is astonishing, even when exhibited in outline. Examination of the departmental details increases our wonder that such an organization could have been planned and efficiently operated in India in 300 B.C.
Durant, Will (1963). Our Oriental heritage. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Patna is located on the banks of theRiver Ganga. Patna is ametropolis and has a designated regional development area.
Even inIndia there are but few places so rich in historical memories as Patna. Beneath thesoil watered by the blood ofMir Kasim’s victims, lie the ruins of the ancientBuddhist capital,Pataliputra, the greatness of which had been foretold byBuddha a few months before hisdeath.
The competitive advantage of Patna lies in its being the state capital and its central location. It is the centre for all higher order services in the stateeducation,health and thepolitical centre... Patna’s location on the banks of the River Ganga ensures that there is abundantwater and fertile soil in the region.
Urban, in "City Development Plan (2010-30), Patna"
As a busy capital, Patna serves as a major transportation hub for the region.
Michelle Decary, Kory Goldberg, in "Along the Path: The Meditator's Companion to the Buddha's Land", P.200
Commercial establishments within the city are mainly lined along the arterial and major roads and there is extensive mixed land use of commercial and residential use throughout the city.
Urban, in "City Development Plan (2010-30), Patna"
Patna is ahead ofMumbai but second only toNew Delhi in terms of ease of starting a business, according to aWorld Bank ranking.
Legend ascribes the origin of Patna to amythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali, literally "trumpet flower", which gives it its ancient name Pataligrama. It is said that in honour of the queen's first-born, the city was named Pataliputra.Gram is|Sanskrit for village andPutra meansson.
Nancy Nancy, in "Thesis synopsis-Patna: A historic riverine city more".
Towards the end of hislife, theBuddha went to visitPataliputra...thousands of people gathered at the hall to hear theDhamma directly from the Buddha...the city folk came to see him off and in the Buddha’s honour, named the gate through which he left “Gotama’s Ghat” (Gotamudvara) and the ferry landing that he used to cross the river “Gotama Ferry Landing” (Gotamatitta).
The Buddha then set off to continue his journey... he turned back to look at the city, and shared withAnanda a prediction that it would grow into a greatmetropolis, but then fall into ruin caused by fire floods, and war (which in fact did happen). Several years after the Buddha’s deathKing Ajatasatru moved his capital fromRajagar to the humble Pataligama (Patali village), which blossomed into the prosperous Pataliputra (Patali City). This city remained a capital for almost 1000 years and reached the apex during theMaurya dynasty led first byChandragupta and later his grandson, the benevolentAshoka.
Michelle Decary, Kory Goldberg, in "Along the Path: The Meditator's Companion to the Buddha's Land", p. 187
Thehistory andtradition of Patna go back to the earliest dawn ofcivilization. The original name of Patna wasPataliputra or Patalipattan and its history makes a start from the century 600 B.C. The name Patna has undergone many changes at its earliest stages like Pataligram, Kusumpur, Patliputra, Azimabad etc., ultimately terminating to the present one.Chandragupta Maurya made it his capital in the 4th century A.D
Historically it [Patna] went back to antiquity and was the capital of Mauryan Empire at the time of Alexander…centrally located on the south bank of the Ganges in central northern India. It was major trading center and wealthy. Gautama Buddha passed through Patna in 490 BC. At the time of Alexander, Chandragupta Maurya ruled an empire from the Bay of Bengal to Afghanistan.
George Barclay, Jr., inThe Son of Man, SaoshyantiUniverse, 27 October 2010, p. 211
Ajatashatru’s son had moved his capital fromRajagriha to Pataliputra and this status was maintained during the reign of the Mauryas and the Guptas.Ashoka the Great, administered his empire from here. Chandragupta Maurya andSamudragupta, valiant warriors, took Pataliputra as their capital...
Ajatashatru’s son had moved his capital fromRajagriha to Pataliputra and this status was maintained during the reign of the Mauryas and the Guptas.Ashoka the Great, administered his empire from here. Chandragupta Maurya andSamudragupta, valiant warriors, took Pataliputra as their capital. It was from here Chandragupta sent forth his army to fight theGreeks of the western frontier andChandragupta Vikramaditya repelled theShakas and theHuns from here.
It was there [Patna] that the Greek ambassadorMegasthenes stayed during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. The famous travelerFa-Hien in the 3rd century andHiuen-Tsang in the 7th century inspected the city. Many noted scholars likeKautilya stayed here and works like ‘Arthashastra’ were written from this place. This city was the fountainhead of the spring ofknowledge andwisdom in ancient times.
The Chinese Scholar Fa Hein who tookBuddhism back toChina in 400 BC described Patna in his dairy as the greatest city ofearth. It was capital to the Mauryas and Gupta India empires.
George Barclay, Jr., in "The Son of Man", p. 211
After a temporary eclipse, in 16th century,Sher Shah Suri returned the city to its former glory and established the present Patna. After the decline of theMughals, theBritish too found Patna a convenient regional capital and built a modern extension to this ancient city and called itBankipore. It was inGandhi Maidan in this area, thatMahatma Gandhi held his prayer meetings.
In the middle of 16th century,Sher Shah Suri built afort on the banks of theGanga understanding the strategic location of the city and importance of the port. The place has continued to be a significant trading centre during Sultanate period and flourished during the rule ofMughals andNawabs of Bengal.
Nancy Nancy, in "Thesis synopsis-Patna: A historic riverine city more".
Akbar himself came to capture the city, the downfall of which completed the conquest of Bengal. Then came the great days in which Patna was the center of political life in Bengal.Azim-us-Shan, the grandson ofAurangzeb held his court there, and gave to the city his own name –Azimabad, which it bears in works such asSeir-i-Mutaqherin. It is said writes O ‘Malley, “that the young prince aspired to make the city a second Delhi, but this ambition was cut short by the patricidal war which broke out on the death of Aurangzeb, in the course of which he met his death (1712) by being swallowed up alive by quicksand.
Walter Kelly Firminger, ed.(1909), in "The Diaries of Three Surgeons of Patna - 1763"
City of Patna, on the River Ganges, 19th-century painting.
Nancy Nancy, in "Thesis synopsis-Patna: A historic riverine city more".
It was a walled city and theEuropean trading companies settled outside the fort area all along the river front. The city developed in three phases during the European influence and theBritish rule: First along the river front, Next on the southern side of Maidan to railway station and Third after being made the capital of the province of Bihar along the Bailey road, the new capital area.
Nancy Nancy, in "Thesis synopsis-Patna: A historic riverine city more".
It was a major port on theGanges before the British and Calcutta. After the Battle of Bihar (1765), theEast India Company took charge and installed a puppet Raj, and Patna became capital ofBihar Province under theBritish Raj.
Nancy Nancy, in "Thesis synopsis-Patna: A historic riverine city more".
They [British] built their residences and residential quarters, churches, schools, clubs, institutions and official buildings. One of the major intervention in the city was development of theRace course the present dayGandhi Maidan, in the central part of the city. These are significant heritage components of the Institutional area along the river front today. They are notonaly historically important but also form the prominent Institutional, Public-Semi-Public space of the city continuous in use from more than 200 years.
Nancy Nancy, in "Thesis synopsis-Patna: A historic riverine city more".
Patna’s locational advantage, specifically its position on the greatGangetic artery connecting northern India to Bengal made it ideal as anentrepot city. Convenient land routes connected Patna both with the cities of the north and with important centers inBengal.Jehangir had ordered the construction of a road that would link Patna toAgra.
Patna’s biggest break asentrepot came with the consolidation ofMughal control over Bengal – particularly with the final suppression of the Pathan chiefs of Eastern Bengal in 1612... the city also served as an outlet for several commodities produced in its hinterland...By 1620 Patna was being described as the “chefest mart towne of all Bengala".
R. Huges and J. Parker, quoted in “Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733-1820”, p. 15
The modern city.
Situated on the south bank of theGanges River, this crowded, dirty, and noisy state capital has lost all resemblance of its past glory. It is difficult to imagine that modern Patna was once the largest city in theworld and the seat ofIndia’s greatest empire from the 6th century BCE to the 4th century CE. A series offires,floods andwars eventually destroyed most of Pataliputra, and all that now remains of the past are the ruins of a large pillared assembly hall at Kumrhar Archeological Park (6 km from the railway station), and some fantasticart in thePatna Museum.
Michelle Decary, Kory Goldberg, in "Along the Path: The Meditator's Companion to the Buddha's Land'", P p. 198
Patna Museum,Rajput fashioned, was built by the [[British in 1917 and now houses a collection of poorly labeled Buddhist statues from the past 2000 years. The museum’s marvelous collection of stone and metal statues and painyings of the Buddha and the bodhistvas demonstrate how the Dhamma had inspired beauty and creativity throughout the centuries.In addition to the art work, the museums most prized possession is a relic casket containing what is believed to be the portion of the Buddha’s ashes obtained by Lichhavi rulers after the Buddh;as passing.
Michelle Decary, Kory Goldberg, in "Along the Path: The Meditator's Companion to the Buddha's Land'", P p. 198
Thecasket is kept in a separate room making it possible tomeditate in the relic’s presence with out any outside disturbance...Behind a glass window, on a raisedplatform, sits a smallsoapstone casket, with its contents neatly laid out beside it acopper coin, a shell, twoglass beads and a smallgold plate (theashes are still inside the casket). We gaze silently at the casket for a few moments and then tell the guard we want tomeditate. It is not every day you get a private audience with theBuddha's remains.
Michelle Decary, Kory Goldberg, in "Along the Path: The Meditator's Companion to the Buddha's Land'", P.199
Emerald Buddha
InPataliputra,India, which is now the city of Patna, legend also says that theEmerald Buddha was created in Patna (then Pataliputra) by Agrasena in 43 BCE...in Northern Thailand,lightning struck apagoda in a temple inChiang Rai, after which something became visible under thestucco. The Emerald Buddha was dug out and the people thought the figurine was made fromemerald, hence its current name...TheBuddha's clothing are changed by theKing of Thailand, to celebrate the changing ofseasons.
Kumhrar, located in the city of Patna, is the site that consists of the archaeological excavations of Patliputra and marks the ancient capital of Ajatshatru, Chandragupta and Ashoka. The remains of the ancient city of Patilputra have been uncovered in Kumhrar, south of Patna. It is six km from the railway station, on the Kankarbagh Road. Excavations here have revealed relics of four continuous periods from 600 BC to 600 AD. An important find is the 80-pillared huge hall of the Mauryan dynasty dating back to 400 - 300 BC.
Agam Kuan (Unfathomable well) is one of the most important early historic archeological remains in Patna. It is situated just close toGulzarbagh railway Station, which is proposed to be associated with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
Alarmed by thefamine of 1770, captainJohn Garstin built this huge granaryGolghar for theBritish army in 1786. The massive structure is 29 m high and the walls are 3.6 m wide at the base. The winding stairway around this monument offers a brilliant panoramic view of the city and the Ganga flowing by.
Harmandir Takht is regarded as one of the holiest of the five takhts, Standing in the Chowk area of old Patna. The place once known as Kucha Farrukh Khan is now known as Harmandir Gali. TheSikhs consider the city of Patna as particularlyholy, as the tenth guru of the Sikhs was born here. It was here thatGuru Gobind Singh was born in the year 1666 and spent his early years before moving to Anandpur. Besides being the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh, Patna was also honoured by visits fromGuru Nanak as well asGuru Tegh Bahadur.
Spots, in "Tourist Spots"
Padri Ki Haveli, a Church constructed in 1772, is the oldestChristian shrine of Bihar, and was designed and completed byVenetianarchitect Tirreto fromCalcutta. In the quarrel between the English traders in Patna andNawab Mir Kasim, the ruler of Bengal, on 25 June 1763, the Haveli was pillaged by the Nawab's soldiers for itstreasures. The ancient records were destroyed and burnt. The structure was also attacked during thefirst war of Independence, in 1857. Today, the monument stands as an architectural wonder with intricate details which can be seen in few other churches of India.
Agam Kuan (Unfathomable well) is one of the most important early historic archaeological remains in Patna…which is believed to be a part of the legendary hall created byAshoka.
Spots, in "Tourist Spots"
...since Patna college was founded, Patna has been the most important place ofeducation in Bihar; and it is now a university town, the acknowledged headquarters of educational activity in the Province. Moreover, in 1912, with the inauguration of new Province of Bihar and Orissa, Patna was restored to its old station of a Provincial Capital.
Similar inscriptions are known to exist in some mosques which are still in use. But they cannot be copied because they have been covered with plaster. Years ago, Dr. Bloch had seen an inscription in the Patthar-kî-Masjid at Patna, the capital of Bihar, stating that the materials for the mosque were obtained from a Hindu temple at Majhauli (now in the Gorakhpur District of Uttar Pradesh).11 The temple was demolished in AH 1036 (AD 1626) by Prince Parwiz, a son of the Mughal emperor Jahãngîr. “I made the car stop,” writes Syed Hasan Askari, “and took my friends to the upper part of the historic Patthar-ki-Masjid. One of my American friends was an Arabist, but there was nothing for him to read, for the demoralised custodians had the inscription plastered with cement, considering that it contained provocative references.”12 Some friends of this author who visited the Jãmi‘ Masjid at Sambhal in the Moradabad District of Uttar Pradesh had the same experience when they expressed a desire to have a look at the inscriptions. This mosque was built in AD 1526 by an officer of Bãbur on the site and from the materials of the local Hari Mandir.
S.R. Goel in Shourie, A., & Goel, S. R. (1993). Hindu temples: What happened to them. Vol. II
