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Voiceless velar fricative

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨x⟩ in IPA

Voiceless velar fricative

IPA number 140

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) x

Unicode(hex) U+0078

X-SAMPA x

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Avoiceless velar fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory ofOld English and can still be found in some dialects ofEnglish, most notably inScottish English, e.g. inloch,broch orsaugh (willow).

The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨x⟩, theLatin letter x. It is also used inbroad transcription instead of the symbol ⟨χ⟩, theGreek chi, for thevoiceless uvular fricative.

There is also avoiceless post-velar fricative (also calledpre-uvular) in some languages, which can be transcribed as ⟨x̠⟩ or ⟨χ̟⟩. Forvoiceless pre-velar fricative (also calledpost-palatal), seevoiceless palatal fricative.

Features

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Features of a voiceless velar fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isvelar, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

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IPA	Description
x	plain velar fricative
xʷ	labialised
xʼ	ejective
xʷʼ	ejective labialised
x̜ʷ	semi-labialised
x̹ʷ	strongly labialised
xʲ	palatalised
xʲʼ	ejective palatalised

Occurrence

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A voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred inProto-Germanic, the ancestor of theGermanic languages, as thereflex of theProto-Indo-European voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European*ḱr̥nom "horn" and*kʷód "what" became Proto-Germanic *hurnan and *hwat, where *h and *hw were likely[x] and[xʷ]. Thissound change is part ofGrimm's law.

InModern Greek, a voiceless velar fricative originated from theAncient Greek voiceless aspirated stop/kʰ/ in a sound change thatlenited all Greek aspirated stops to fricatives.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		хьзы /xzë	[xʲzə]	'name'
Adyghe		хы /xë	[xəː]^ⓘ	'six'
Afrikaans		groot	[χrʊət]	'big'
Albanian		gjuha	[ɟuxɑ]	'language'	Allophone of/h/. SeeAlbanian phonology
Aleut	Atkan dialect	alax	[ɑlɑx]	'two'
Arabic	Modern Standard	ﺧﻀراء	[xadˤraːʔ]	'green' (f.)	May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.^[1] SeeArabic phonology
Armenian		խրոխտ/xëroxt	[χəˈɾoχt]	'brave'
Assamese		অসমীয়া/oxomia	[ɔxɔmia]	'Assamese'
Assyrian		ܚܡܫܐxemša	[xεmʃa]	'five'
Avar		чeхь /čex	[tʃex]	'belly'
Azerbaijani		xoş /хош/ﺧﻮش	[xoʃ]	'pleasant'
Basque	Some speakers^[2]	jan	[xän]	'to eat'	Either velar or post-velar.^[2] For other speakers it's[j~ʝ~ɟ].^[3]
Blackfoot^[4]		ᖻᖳᐦᓱᖽᐧ /naaáhsiksi	[naːáxsik͡si̥]	'my grandparents'	Sometimes /x/ becomes allophone /h/ in beginning of words like "hánnia!" Really! Or becomes allphone /ç/ after i/ii like ihkitsika seven.
Brahui^[5]		ﺧﻦ/xan	[xan]	'eye'	Corresponds to /x/ inKurukh and /q/ inMalto.
Breton		horc'hi	[horxiː]	'our dog'
Bulgarian		тихо /tiho	[ˈt̪ixo]^ⓘ	'quietly'	Described as having "only slight friction" ([x̞]).^[6]
Catalan		kharja	[ˈxaɾ(d)ʑə]	'kharja'	Found in loanwords and interjections. SeeCatalan phonology
Chechen		хан /xan	[xɑːn]	'time'
Chinese	Mandarin	河 /hé	[xɤ˧˥]	'river'	SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Czech		chlap	[xlap]	'guy'	SeeCzech phonology
Danish	SouthernJutlandic	kage	[ˈkʰaːx]	'cake'	SeeSønderjysk dialect
Dutch	StandardBelgian^[7]^[8]	loochen	[ˈloː.xən]^ⓘ	'deny'	May be post-palatal[ç̠] instead. In dialects spoken above the riversRhine,Meuse andWaal the corresponding sound is a postvelar-uvular fricative trill[ʀ̝̊˖].^[8] SeeDutch phonology andHard and soft G in Dutch
Dutch	Southern Netherlands accents^[8]^[9]	loochen	[ˈloː.xən]^ⓘ	'deny'
English	Scottish	loch	[ɫɔx]	'loch'	Younger speakers maymerge this sound with/k/.^[10]^[11] SeeScottish English phonology
	Irish	lough	[lɑx]	'lough'	Occurs only inGaelic borrowings. SeeIrish English phonology
	Scouse^[12]	book	[bʉːx]	'book'	A syllable-final allophone of/k/ (lenition).
Esperanto		monaĥo	[moˈnaxo]	'monk'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Estonian		jah	[jɑx]	'yes'	Allophone of/h/. SeeEstonian phonology
Eyak		duxł	[tʊxɬ]	'traps'
Finnish		kahvi	[ˈkɑxʋi]	'coffee'	Allophone of/h/. SeeFinnish phonology
French		jota	[xɔta]	'jota'	Occurs only in loanwords (from Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, etc.). SeeFrench phonology
Georgian^[13]		ჯოხი /joxi	[ˈdʒɔxi]	'stick'
German		Buch	[buːx]^ⓘ	'book'	SeeStandard German phonology
Greek		τέχνη /téchnî	[ˈte̞xni]	'art'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Hebrew	Biblical	מִיכָאֵל/Michael	[mixaʔel]	'Michael'	SeeBiblical Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	ख़ुशी/xuśī	[xʊʃiː]	'happiness'	Occurs only in loanwords. May be replaced in Hindi with/kʰ/. Can be retracted. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	ﺧوشی/xuśī	[xʊʃiː]	'happiness'
Hungarian		sahhal	[ʃɒxːɒl]	'with a shah'	SeeHungarian phonology
Icelandic		október	[ˈɔxtoːupɛr̥]	'October'	SeeIcelandic phonology
Indonesian		khas	[xas]	'typical'	Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k] by some Indonesians. SeeIndonesian phonology
Irish		deoch	[dʲɔ̝̈x]	'drink'	SeeIrish phonology
Japanese		マッハ /mahha	[maxːa]	'Mach'	Allophone of/h/.^[14] SeeJapanese phonology
Kabardian		хы /khy	[xəː]^ⓘ	'sea'
Kazakh		ханзада /hanzada	[xanzada]	'prince'
Korean		흥정 /heungjeong	[xɯŋd͡ʑʌ̹ŋ]	'bargaining'	Allophone of/h/ before/ɯ/. SeeKorean phonology
Kurdish		xanî	[xɑːˈniː]	'house'	SeeKurdish phonology
Kurukh^[15]		कुँड़ुख़/kũṛux	[kũɽux]	'Kurukh'	Corresponds to /x/ inBrahui and /q/ inMalto.
Limburgish^[16]^[17]		loch	[lɔx]	'air'	The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect. SeeMaastrichtian dialect phonology andHard and soft G in Dutch
Lishan Didan	Urmi Dialect	חלבא/ xalwa	[xalwɑ]	'milk'	Generally post-velar
Lithuanian		choras	[ˈxɔrɐs̪]	'choir'	Occurs only in loanwords (usually international words)
Lojban		xatra	[xatra]	'letter'
Macedonian		Охрид /Ohrid	[ˈɔxrit]^ⓘ	'Ohrid'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malay		اﺧير /akhir	[axir]	'last', 'end'	Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k]. SeeMalay phonology
Manx		aashagh	[ˈɛːʒax]	'easy'
Nepali		आँखा/ā̃khā	[ä̃xä]	'eye'	Allophone of/kʰ/. SeeNepali phonology
Norwegian	Urban East^[18]	hat	[xɑːt]	'hate'	Possible allophone of/h/ near back vowels; can be voiced[ɣ] between two voiced sounds.^[18] SeeNorwegian phonology
Pashto		اخته / axta	[ax.t̪a]	'occupied'	SeePashto phonology
Persian		دُخـتَر / doxtär	[doxˈtær]	'daughter'	SeePersian phonology
Polish^[19]		chleb	[xlɛp]	'bread'	Also (in great majority of dialects) represented orthographically by⟨h⟩. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese	Fluminense	arte	[ˈaxtɕi]	'art'	In free variation with[χ],[ʁ],[ħ] and[h] before voiceless consonants
Portuguese	GeneralBrazilian^[20]	rosa	[ˈxɔzɐ]	'rose'	Some dialects. An allophone of/ʁ/. SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਖ਼ਬਰ/xabar	[xəbəɾ]	'news'	Less frequent and may merge with /kʰ/ in Gurmukhi varieties.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	ﺧﺒر/xabar	[xəbəɾ]	'news'
Romanian		hram	[xräm]	'patronal feast of a church'	Allophone of/h/. SeeRomanian phonology
Russian^[21]		хороший /horošij	[xɐˈr̠ʷo̞ʂɨ̞j]^ⓘ	'good'	SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[22]		drochaid	[ˈt̪ɾɔxɪtʲ]	'bridge'	SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian		храст /hrast	[xrâːst]	'oak'	SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		chlap	[xɫäp]	'guy'
Slovene	Standard	pohlep	[poˈxlɛ̂p]	'greed'	SeeSlovene phonology
Slovene	Some dialects	bog	[ˈbôːx]	'god'	Allophone of/ɣ/ before voiceless obstruents or pause. SeeSlovene phonology
Somali		khad	[xad]	'ink'	Also occurs allophone of /q/ in Arabic loan words. SeeSomali phonology
Spanish^[23]	Latin American^[24]	ojo	[ˈo̞xo̞]	'eye'	May beglottal instead;^[24] in northern and central Spain it is often post-velar^[24]^[25]^[26] oruvular /χ/.^[26]^[27] SeeSpanish phonology
Spanish^[23]	SouthernSpain^[24]	ojo	[ˈo̞xo̞]	'eye'
Sylheti		ꠈꠛꠞ/xobor	[xɔ́bɔɾ]	'news'
Tachelhit		ixf	[ixf]	'head'
Taqbaylit		axaṭar	[ɑχɑtˤɑr]	'because'
Tagalog		bakit	[baxit]	'why'	Allophone of/k/ in intervocalic positions. SeeTagalog phonology
Tamil	Brahmin Tamil,Sri Lankan Tamil (non-standard)	பகை/pakai	[pɐxɛ(i̯)]	'hate'	Intervocalic singular /k/ hasdebuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h]^[28]
Toda^[29]		pax	[pax]	'smoke'
Turkish^[30]		ıhlamur	[ɯxlämuɾ]	'linden'	Allophone of/h/.^[30] SeeTurkish phonology
Turkmen		hile	[xiːle]	'cunning' (noun)
Tyap		kham	[xam]	1. 'calabash'; 2. 'prostitute'
Xhosa		rhoxisa	[xɔkǁiːsa]	'to cancel'
Ukrainian		хлопець /hlopeć	[ˈxɫɔ̝pɛt͡sʲ]	'boy'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Uzbek^[31]		oxirgi	[ɒxirgi]	'last'	Post-velar. Occurs in environments different from word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it ispre-velar.^[31]
Vietnamese^[32]		không	[xəwŋ͡m˧]	'no', 'not', 'zero'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Yaghan		xan	[xan]	'here'
Yi		ꉾ /he	[xɤ˧]	'good'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[33]	mejor	[mɘxoɾ]	'better'	Used primarily in loanwords fromSpanish

Notes

[edit]

^Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35–36 and 38.
^^a ^bHualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003), pp. 16 and 26.
^Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003), p. 16.
^"Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide".Native-Languages.org. Retrieved2007-04-10.
^Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 100.
^Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999). "Bulgarian".Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. p. 55.ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0.
^Verhoeven (2005:243)
^^a ^b ^cCollins & Mees (2003:191)
^Gussenhoven (1999:74)
^"Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables". Archived fromthe original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved2014-12-03.
^"University of Essex :: Department of Language and Linguistics :: Welcome". Essex.ac.uk. Retrieved2013-08-01.
^Wells (1982:373)
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
^Okada, Hideo (December 1991)."Japanese".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.21 (2):94–96.doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X.S2CID 242782215. Retrieved14 July 2022.
^Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 74.
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
^Peters (2006:119)
^^a ^bVanvik (1979), p. 40.
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^Barbosa & Albano (2004), pp. 5–6.
^Padgett (2003), p. 42.
^Oftedal, M. (1956)The Gaelic of Leurbost. Oslo. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
^^a ^b ^c ^dChen (2007), p. 13.
^Hamond (2001:?), cited inScipione & Sayahi (2005:128)
^^a ^bLyons (1981), p. 76.
^Harris & Vincent (1988), p. 83.
^Zvelebil, Kamil (1965).Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138.JSTOR 24650188.
^Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 149.
^^a ^bGöksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
^^a ^bSjoberg (1963), pp. 11–12.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References

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Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-11
Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Chen, Yudong (2007),A Comparison of Spanish Produced by Chinese L2 Learners and Native Speakers---an Acoustic Phonetics Approach,ISBN 9780549464037
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 978-9004103405
Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge,ISBN 978-0415114943
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29 (2):155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID 145782045, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved2015-10-20
Hamond, Robert M. (2001),The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application, Cascadilla Press,ISBN 978-1-57473-018-0
Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988),"Spanish",The Romance Languages, Taylor & Francis, pp. 79–130,ISBN 978-0-415-16417-7
Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003),A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,ISBN 978-3-11-017683-4
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003).The Dravidian languages. Oxford University Press.
Lyons, John (1981),Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-54088-9
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21 (1):39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID 13470826
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (1):117–124,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Scipione, Ruth; Sayahi, Lotfi (2005),"Consonantal Variation of Spanish in Northern Morocco"(PDF), in Sayahi, Lotfi; Westmoreland, Maurice (eds.),Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35 (2):243–247,doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (3):351–360,doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
Watson, Janet C. E. (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wells, J.C. (1982),Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001),"The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing"(PDF),Language,77 (2):207–244,doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123,S2CID 28948663

External links

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List of languages with[x] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ