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Voiced labiodental fricative

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"/v/" redirects here. For the video games board, see/v/ (imageboard).

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨v⟩ in IPA

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Voiced labiodental fricative

IPA number 129

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) v

Unicode(hex) U+0076

X-SAMPA v

Braille

Image

Avoiced labiodental fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩.

The sound is similar tovoiced alveolar fricative /z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers^{[citation needed]} but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages.^[1] Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages ofEurope,Africa, orWestern Asia, although the similarlabiodental approximant /ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of[v] and absence of[w], is a very distinctiveareal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas ofSiberia andCentral Asia.^{[citation needed]} Speakers ofEast Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as[b] (Korean andJapanese), or[f]/[w] (Cantonese andMandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.^{[citation needed]}

In certain languages, such asDanish,^[2]Faroese,^[3]Icelandic orNorwegian^[4] the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with thelabiodental approximant.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced labiodental fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation islabiodental, which means it is articulated with the lowerlip and the upperteeth.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		европа	[evˈropʼa]	'Europe'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		жъвэ /ẑvă	[ʐvɜ]^ⓘ	'oar'
Afrikaans		wees	[vɪəs]	'to be'	SeeAfrikaans phonology
Albanian		valixhe	[vaˈlidʒɛ]	'case'
Arabic	Algerian^[5]	كاڥي‎	[kavi]	'ataxy'	SeeArabic phonology
	Hejazi	فيروس	[vajˈruːs]	'virus'	Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as[f] by many speakers.
	Siirt^[5]	ذهب	[vaˈhab]	'gold'	SeeArabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[6]	վեց	[vɛtsʰ]^ⓘ	'six'
Assyrian		ܟܬܒ̣ܐctava	[ctaːva]	'book'	Only in theUrmia dialects.[ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to[w] in the other varieties.
Bai	Dali	?	[ŋv˩˧]	'fish'
Bulgarian		вода	[voda]	'water'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan	Alguerese^[7]	vell	[ˈveʎ]	'old'	SeeCatalan phonology
	Balearic^[8]^[7]
	Southern Catalonia^[9]
	Valencian^[9]^[7]
Chechen		вашa /vaşa	[vaʃa]	'brother'
Chinese	Wu	饭	[vɛ]	'cooked rice'
Chinese	Sichuanese	五	[vu˥˧]	'five'	Corresponds to/w/ in standard Mandarin.
Czech		voda	[ˈvodä]	'water'	SeeCzech phonology
Chichewa^[10]		^{[example needed]}			Has both plain and labialized.^[11]
Danish	Standard^[12]	véd	[ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]	'know(s)'	Most often an approximant[ʋ].^[2] SeeDanish phonology
Dutch	All dialects	wraak	[vraːk]	'revenge'	Allophone of/ʋ/ before/r/. SeeDutch phonology
	Most dialects	vreemd	[vreːmt]	'strange'	Often devoiced to[f] by speakers from the Netherlands. SeeDutch phonology
	Standard^[13]	vreemd	[vreːmt]	'strange'
English	All dialects	valve	[væɫv]^ⓘ	'valve'	SeeEnglish phonology
	African American^[14]	breathe	[bɹiːv]	'breathe'	Does not occur word-initially. Seeth-fronting
	Cockney^[15]	breathe	[bɹəi̯v]	'breathe'	Does not occur word-initially. Seeth-fronting
Esperanto		vundo	[ˈvundo]	'wound'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Ewe^[16]		evlo	[évló]	'he is evil'
Faroese^[3]		veður	[ˈveːʋuɹ]	'speech'	Word-initial allophone of/v/, in free variation with an approximant[ʋ].^[3] SeeFaroese phonology
French^[17]		valve	[valv]	'valve'	SeeFrench phonology
Georgian^[18]		ვიწრო	[ˈvitsʼɾo]	'narrow'
German		Wächter	[ˈvɛçtɐ]	'guard'	SeeStandard German phonology
Greek		βερνίκι verníki	[ve̞rˈnici]	'varnish'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Hebrew		גב	[ɡav]	'back'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindi^[19]		व्रत	[vrət̪]	'fast'	SeeHindustani phonology
Hmong		𖬖𖬰𖬜 /vaj	[va˥˨]	'king', 'vang clan last name'
Hungarian		veszély	[vɛseːj]	'danger'	SeeHungarian phonology
Irish		bhaile	[vaːlə]	'home'	SeeIrish phonology
Italian^[20]		avare	[aˈvare]	'miserly' (f. pl.)	SeeItalian phonology
Judaeo-Spanish		mueve	[ˈmwɛvɛ]	'nine'
Kabardian		вагъуэ /vağue /ۋاغوە	[vaːʁʷa]^ⓘ	'star'	Corresponds to[ʒʷ] in Adyghe
Macedonian		вода	[vɔda]	'water'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malayalam		വിയർപ്പ്	[vijɐɾpɨ̆]	'sweat'
Maltese		iva	[iva]	'yes'
Norwegian	Urban East^[4]	venn	[ve̞nː]	'friend'	Allophone of/ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech.^[4] SeeNorwegian phonology
Occitan	Auvergnat	vol	[vɔl]	'flight'	SeeOccitan phonology
	Limousin
	Provençal
Persian	Western	ورزش	[værzeʃ]	'sport'	SeePersian phonology
Polish^[21]		wór	[vur]^ⓘ	'bag'	SeePolish phonology
Portuguese^[22]		vila	[ˈvilɐ]	'town'	SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian		val	[väl]	'wave'	SeeRomanian phonology
Russian^[23]^[24]		волосы	[ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]	'hair'	Contrasts withpalatalized form. May be a lenited fricative[v̞] or an approximant[ʋ] instead.^[24] SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic		a-bhos	[əˈvɔs̪]	'over here'	Loosely articulated, can resemble[β]. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian		voda	[vɔ'da]	'water'	SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak^[25]		vzrast	[vzräst]	'height'	Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of/v/ is an approximant[ʋ].^[25] SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene^[26]	Standard	filozof gre	[filoˈz̪ôːvˈɡɾěː]	'philosopher goes'	Allophone of/f/ before voiced consonants.^[26] SeeSlovene phonology
Slovene^[26]	Some dialects	voda	[ˈvɔ̀ːd̪á]	'water'	Instead of/ʋ/. SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish^[27]^[28]		afgano	[ävˈɣ̞äno̞]	'Afghan'	Allophone of/f/ before voiced consonants. SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish		vägg	[ˈvɛɡː]	'wall'	SeeSwedish phonology
Turkish^[29]		vade	[väːˈd̪ɛ]	'due date'	The main allophone of/v/; realized as bilabial[β~β̞] in certain contexts.^[29] SeeTurkish phonology
Tamil		வார்த்தை	[vaːɾt̪ɐi̯]	'word'	SeeTamil phonology
Tyap		vak	[vag]	'road'
Umbundu^[30]		^{[example needed]}			Has both plain and nasalized.^[30]
Urdu		ورزش	[vəɾzɪʃ]	‘exercise’	SeeHindustani phonology
Vietnamese^[31]		và	[vaː˨˩]	'and'	In southern dialects, is infree variation with[j]. SeeVietnamese phonology
West Frisian		weevje	[ˈʋeɪ̯vjə]	'to weave'	Never occurs in word-initial positions. SeeWest Frisian phonology
Welsh		fi	[vi]	'I'	SeeWelsh phonology
Yi		ꃶ/vu	[vu˧]	'intestines'

Notes

[edit]

^"UPSID Segment Frequency". Retrieved13 February 2023.
^^a ^bBasbøll (2005:66)
^^a ^b ^cÁrnason (2011:115)
^^a ^b ^cKristoffersen (2000:74)
^^a ^bWatson (2002:15)
^Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
^^a ^b ^c"La /v/ labiodental"(PDF).IEC. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 July 2021. Retrieved13 June 2021.
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
^^a ^bWheeler (2002:13) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWheeler2002 (help)
^"PBase".pbase.phon.chass.ncsu.edu. Retrieved2025-10-31.
^"PBase".pbase.phon.chass.ncsu.edu. Retrieved2025-10-31.
^Basbøll (2005:62)
^Gussenhoven (1992:45)
^McWhorter (2001), pp. 148. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMcWhorter2001 (help)
^Wells (1982), p. 328. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWells1982 (help)
^Ladefoged (2005:156)
^Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^Pierrehumbert, Janet; Nair, Rami (1996), Laks, Bernard (ed.),Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods)(PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996,ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-03-13, retrieved2010-10-19
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^Jassem (2003:103)
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^Padgett (2003:42)
^^a ^bYanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
^^a ^bHanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
^^a ^bHerrity (2000:16)
^"Tema 2 Fonética y Fonología. La descripción de los sonidos"(PDF),uclm.es (in Spanish), archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-03-07
^"Consonantes oclusivas",plaza.ufl.edu, retrieved2024-07-20
^^a ^bGöksel & Kerslake (2005:6))
^^a ^b"Nasalization in Umbundu"(PDF).scispace.com. Retrieved2025-10-31.
^Thompson (1959:458–461)

References

[edit]

Árnason, Kristján (2011).The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0199229314.
Basbøll, Hans (2005),The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis,ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge,ISBN 978-0415114943
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010),"Slovak"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (3):373–378,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Herrity, Peter (2000),Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge,ISBN 0415231485
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000),The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21 (1):39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID 13470826
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wheeler, Max W. (2005),The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-925814-7
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015),"Russian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (2):221–228,doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[v] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ